Training Manual: Sliding Vane Process Pumps

Page Number
Effective Dec 2001

TRAINING MANUAL Replaces
Sliding Vane Process Pumps Section
SLIDING VANE PUMPS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1: PUMPING BASICS
1.1 The Pumping Process 1
1.2 Basic Hydraulic and Fluid Characteristics 3
1.3 Pump Types 15
SECTION 2: BLACKMER PUMP DESIGN, FEATURES AND OPERATION

2.1 Rotary Pump Types 20
2.2 Blackmer Pump Operation 21
2.3 Pump Components 23
2.4 Blackmer Operational Advantages 31
SECTION 3: INSTALLATION AND STARTUP

3.1 Pump Shipment and Delivery 34
3.2 Pump Installation 37
3.3 Pump Startup 45
SECTION 4: PUMP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

4.1 Pump Operation 51
4.2 Pump Maintenance 53
SECTION 5: BASIC SERVICE PROCEDURES

5.1 Preparations 56
5.2 Pump Disassembly 57
5.3 Common Procedures 59
5.4 Pump Assembly 60
SECTION 6: TROUBLESHOOTING
6.1 Troubleshooting Tools and Techniques 62
6.2 Troubleshooting Common Problems 65
6.3 Wear and Failure Analysis 73
SECTION 7: ORDERING PARTS

7.1 Decoding Blackmer ID Tags 80
7.2 Identifying Blackmer Pump Models 82
7.3 The Ordering Process 85
SECTION 8: APPENDIXE S
8.1 Basic Pump Application Considerations 88
8.2 Recommended Spare Parts
8.3 Viscosities of Typical Liquids
8.4 Pressure Losses and Flow Resistances
8.5 Conversion Charts
8.6 Pump ID No. Codes
8.7 Pump Model Codes
SECTION 9: INDEX
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SECTION 1: PUMPING BASICS
Section Topic Page
1.1 THE BASIC PUMPING PROCESS 2
1.2 FACTORS THAT EFFECT PUMPING
Fluid Characteristics 3
Hydraulic Fundamentals
Static hydraulics 6
Dynamic hydraulics 8
1.3 PUMP TYPES
Kinetic/positive displacement pumps 15
Pump characteristics 16
Pump universe (chart) 18
SECTION 1.1: THE BASIC PUMPING PROCESS

Pumps are the second-most common machine in the world, outnumbered only by electrical motors.
From the simplest hand pump to the most complex multi-stage pumping system, pumps operate in the
same basic manner: they convert mechanical energy from an outside source into pressure energy in a
fluid.
There are three parts to a pumping system:

1) the inlet (sometimes called intake or suction) — the opening (or openings) through which pumped
fluid enters the pumping chamber;1
2) the pumping chamber — the space inside the pump into which fluid is drawn, and from which fluid is
2
discharged by the action of the pumping element;
3) the discharge (sometimes called outlet) — the opening (or openings) through which pump fluid leaves
3
the pumping chamber.
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS: THE BASIC FORCE BEHIND FLOW

A basic law of fluid dynamics states a fluid at higher pressure will move towards an area of lower
pressure. This pressure differential causes flow in a pumping system. Figs. 1a and b show, in simplified
form, how pumps create pressure differentials to produce flow.
Fig1a
Fig. 1a: Pump operation creates a low pressure area at the inlet port. The pressure differential
causes fluid to flow from the pipe into the pump.
Fig 1b
Fig. 1b: As fluid enters the pumping chamber, the pump increases the fluid’s pressure, which
causes higher pressure fluid in the pump to flow through the lower pressure outlet piping.
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RESISTANCE, PRESSURE AND FLOW:
Fig 2a Fig 2b
Without flow resistance, the pressure energy in a fluid quickly dissipates. An example is the
faucet in Fig. 2a.
Resistance to flow — created by factors such as the pump casing, gravity and piping allows
pressure energy to be retained in the fluid. This maintains the pressure needed for flow, as shown by the
pipe in Fig. 2b.
The greater the resistance to flow, the greater the pressure. However, flow restrictions also cause
friction, turbulence and other pumping losses that reduce the pressure energy available in the fluid.
For more information on fluid behavior , flow and flow restrictions, in the pumping process, see the
“Dynamic Hydraulics” section on pp. 8-9.
SECTION 1.2: FACTORS THAT AFFECT PUMPING

There are many factors that influence how a pump functions, ranging from the boiling point of a
fluid to the roughness of the connecting pipe.
Fluid Characteristics
All fluids exhibit the following characteristics — which can greatly affect pump pressure
requirements, pump performance, and even pump life.
Specific Gravity (S.G.)

Specific gravity is the measure of a fluid’s density. It is expressed by comparing the fluid’s weight
to the weight of the same volume of water.
Fig 3a Fig 3b
As Fig. 3a shows, water has a specific gravity of 1. Gasoline, which is lighter than water, has an
S.G. of .72. Molasses, a fluid heavier than water, has an S.G. of 1.42 as shown in Fig 3b.
The greater a fluid’s specific gravity, the greater the pressure required to pump the fluid to a given height.
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VISCOSITY
Fig 4
Viscosity is a fluid’s tendency to resist flow due to the existence of internal friction within the fluid.4
Fig. 4 shows one way viscosity can be visualized. If the space between two surfaces is filled with a fluid, a
force (referred to as shear stress) is required to overcome friction in the fluid and move one surface at a
constant velocity (referred to as the shear rate) relative to the other surface.5 The greater a fluid’s
viscosity, the more force is required to make it flow.
There are two basic viscosity parameters: dynamic and kinematic. Dynamic viscosity (also called
absolute viscosity) is the force required to move a unit area a specified distance.6 In English units,
dynamic viscosity is measured in pounds-seconds per square foot, or in slugs per foot-second. Metric
measurement of dynamic velocity is by centipoises (cP).7
With kinematic viscosity, the specific gravity of the fluid is taken into account. Kinematic viscosity
is measured by determining the period of time it takes for a fluid to flow a specified distance. In the US,
this is often measured in SSU’s (Seybolt Seconds Universal). The most common metric measurement
unit is centistokes (cks).8
The following formulas provide several ways to determine viscosity measurements.

Absolute Viscosity = Kinematic Viscosity x Specific Gravity (S.G.)
Kinematic Viscosity = Absolute Viscosity/S.G.
Centistokes = Centipoise/S.G.
Centipoise = Centistokes x S.G.9
NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Fig 5
Viscosity is not a constant, fixed quality. It can vary with conditions such as temperature, pressure, and
shear rate. Viscosity behaves in different ways with different types of liquids.
Newtonian fluids — such as water and mineral oil — have the same viscosity regardless of the
shear applied to the fluid. (Fig 5)
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Fig 6
Non-newtonian fluids have viscosities that vary with shear rate and other conditions. In some cases,
viscosity increases with shear; in other cases, viscosity decreases with shear. These viscosity changes
can be temporary or permanent. Fig. 6 shows viscosity curves for some non-newtonian fluids.
For viscosities of common industrial fluids, see Appendix 8.3.
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the measure of a fluid’s internal energy level.
Fluid temperature can determine how it will react to the pumping process. A change in temperature
may affect a fluid’s viscosity or its specific weight10.
VAPOR PRESSURE
The vapor pressure (vp) of a fluid is the pressure at which it will begin to ‘boil’ or vaporize, changing
from a fluid into a gas.
At different pressures, a fluid will boil at different temperatures. Water is the most common example.
At sea level atmospheric pressure, (14.7 psia), water boils at 212°F. Reduce the pressure to 0.95 psia,
and
water boils at 100°F. Increase the pressure, and water boils at a higher temperature.
Fig. 7
Each fluid has its own vapor pressure/temperature relationship, similar to the one for water in the
chart below.
Fig. 8
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Vapor pressure is an important consideration in the pumping process. Fluid flows into a pump when the
pump creates a low pressure area at its inlet. If inlet pressure is reduced to the fluid’s vapor pressure, the
fluid will boil in the pump — a condition known as cavitation11. (For more on cavitation, see Pg. 14).
ABRASIVENESS
Abrasiveness is caused by solid particles suspended in a fluid. The degree of abrasiveness in a
fluid is determined by five factors:
1) solids concentration
2) solids size and mass
3) solids shape (e.g. spherical, angular, sharply fractured)
4) solids hardness
5) relative velocity between the solids and the surface they contact12
CORROSIVENESS
Standard DIN 50900 defines corrosion as “the reaction of a material with its environment, causing
a measurable change in the material”.13 The change can be surface erosion, material fatigue, or
intergranular corrosion (the dissolving of grain boundaries that bind a material together.)14
Many factors influence a fluid’s corrosive effect on a material. Some of the most important are:
> fluid type (i.e. acids and alkalis are highly corrosive)
> temperature (higher temperatures typically increase corrosion)
> level of fluid purity (greater impurity tends to increase corrosion)15
STATIC HYDRAULICS: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AT REST
PRESSURE
The basic definition of pressure is “force per unit area.”16 In a piping system, three types of
pressure — atmospheric, hydraulic and in some cases vapor pressure -can act on the fluid.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted on an area due to the weight of the atmosphere.17
At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, (101.32 kPa). The atmosphere exerts 14.7 pounds
of force on each square inch of surface. (101.34 newtons per square meter). As elevation increases,
atmospheric pressure decreases by approximately 0.5 psi (3.4 kPa) for each 1,000 ft (305 m). Therefore,
in Denver, CO, at an altitude of 6,000 ft. (1,829 m) atmospheric pressure is only 11.7 psi (80.64 kPa).18
In an open (vented to the atmosphere) pump or piping system, fluid is under atmospheric
pressure. This should be taken into consideration when planning a pumping system.
STATIC HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
Fig. 9
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Hydraulic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid on an area. Fig. 9 shows this relationship with a cubic
foot of water. The total weight of a cubic foot of water is 62.4 lbs. Therefore, the hydraulic pressure
present is 62.4 pounds per square foot.
Since a square inch is 1/144 of a square foot, the hydraulic pressure in psi would be 62.4/144 or 0.433
psi.
Static hydraulic pressure is determined by two factors:

1) the density (specific gravity-see p. 5) of the fluid per unit
2) the height of the fluid (the total volume of the fluid compared to the area it rests on)
Fig.10 demonstrates how these factors affect hydraulic pressure.
Fig. 10
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE AND ELEVATION
Fig. 11
In a static fluid, the difference in hydraulic pressure is based on vertical distance between two
points.
For example, fluid at halfway up a pipe has half the total water weighing down on it as water at the
bottom of a pipe. Therefore, the hydraulic pressure at the halfway point is half of the pressure at the base.
As Fig. 11 shows, neither the total distance of a piping system nor container shape has an effect
19
on hydraulic pressure; vertical distance is the only significant factor.
20
MEASURING PRESSURE
Fig. 12a Fig. 12b
GAUGE PRESSURE
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Gauge pressure uses atmospheric pressure as the zero point.
Gauge pressure is referred to as psig in English measurement. As Fig. 12a shows, 0 psig equals 14.7
psia.
In metric measurement, Pg refers to gauge pressure. Fig 12b shows that 0 Pg equals 101.32 kPa,
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE*
Absolute pressure uses perfect vacuum as the zero point.
In English measurement absolute pressure is expressed as psia.

To convert psig to psia, add 14.7 to the psig reading.
To convert psia to psig, subtract 14.7 from the psia level.
In metric terms, absolute pressure is referred to as Pabs.

To convert Pg to Pabs, add 101.32 kPa to the Pabs reading.
To convert Pabs to Pg, subtract 101.32 kPa from the Pabs level.
VACUUM PRESSURE*
Vacuum pressure refers to any pressure below actual atmospheric pressure. As Fig. 12a shows,
a vacuum pressure exists when psig is lower than 0, or psia is less than 14.7.
*These definitions pertain to sea level only. At all other altitudes, atmospheric pressure is used as
the zero point.
DYNAMIC HYDRAULICS: THE BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDS IN MOTION.
FLUID ENERGY SOURCES

The energy that causes fluid motion can come from four sources: potential, pressure, kinetic or
mechanical energy.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Fig. 13
Potential energy is the energy present in the fluid at rest, depending on its relative position to the
21
pump.
PRESSURE ENERGY
Fig. 14
Pressure energy is the internal energy present in a contained fluid.22
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KINETIC ENERGY
Fig. 15
23
Kinetic energy is energy of the fluid resulting from its motion.
MECHANICAL ENERGY
Fig. 16
Mechanical energy is provided by the pump’s motive power (i.e. motor), and is the primary source of
pumping energy. Mechanical energy is transferred by the pumping element to the fluid, where it augments
the potential, pressure and kinetic energy already present in the fluid.
Any of these energy types — potential, pressure, mechanical and kinetic — may be changed from one
form to another in the system, as these two examples indicate.
Fig. 17
Potential energy changes to kinetic energy as a fluid flows down a pipe system.
Fig. 18
Mechanical energy from the pump is converted to potential energy by pumping the fluid to a
higher elevation.
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FLUID ENERGY LOSSES
FRICTION LOSSES
The energy added to a flow is dissipated by several factors, including gravity and the fluid’s
viscosity. However, friction losses are usually the primary cause of fluid energy loss.
As a fluid flows, friction between the fluid and the piping system converts a portion of the fluid’s
pressure energy into heat energy. The result of this process is pressure drop. If pressure drop is equal or
greater than the available pressure energy, flow cannot be sustained.
Friction loss and pressure drop are dependent on several variables:
Fig. 19
> Pipe size: the larger the pipe diameter, the less the pressure drop.
Fig. 20
> Pipe roughness: the rougher the pipe interior, the greater the friction — and pressure drop — at a
fixed flow rate.
Fig. 21
> Fitting: elbows, valves and other pipe fittings restrict flow and increase pressure drop at a fixed
flow rate.
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Fig. 22
> Sudden expansion or constriction of pipe creates turbulence and friction.
A list of friction coefficients for pipe sizes and fittings are found in Appendix 8.2.
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS: TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
HEAD
Head is a fluid’s hydraulic pressure. Because head measures the amount of pressure available in
24
a fluid, it is an effective measure of the fluid’s energy content.
Datum Point (starting point for the scale) for head measurement is either atmospheric pressure,
or the pressure reading taken at the centerline of the pump.
Head can be expressed as psig (kPa), or as feet (meters) of liquid. Feet (meters) of head refers
to the theoretical distance fluid pressure can elevate a column of the fluid. To convert pressure to
elevation, use the following formulas.
psi to feet of head:

25
psi x 2.31/specific weight of fluid = Ft. of Head
kPa to meters of head:

kPa x 0.102/specific weight of fluid26
LIFT
Lift indicates how much suction pressure is needed to raise a fluid into a pump inlet, as shown in Fig.
23.
Lift can be expressed in terms of vacuum pressure ( in. Hg or mm Hg) or as feet or meters of suction.
27
There are several terms that define the different head and lift conditions found in a pumping system:
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Fig. 23
FRICTION HEAD — the hydraulic pressure required to overcome frictional resistance of a piping
system.
SUCTION HEAD — a condition that occurs when the pump centerline is located below the liquid supply,
as shown in Fig. 23.
STATIC SUCTION HEAD — the vertical distance between the liquid surface and the pump centerline
below it.
TOTAL SUCTION HEAD — the hydraulic pressure above atmospheric at the intake port of the pump in
operation. It represents static suction head minus the friction head of the suction piping.
STATIC SUCTION LIFT — a condition that occurs when the pump centerline is located above the liquid
supply. (See Fig. 23)
TOTAL SUCTION LIFT— the hydraulic pressure above atmospheric at the intake port of a pump in
operation. It represents static suction head plus the friction head of the suction piping.
STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD —the hydraulic pressure exerted at pump discharge by the liquid at rest.
It represents the vertical distance from the pump centerline to the receiving tank fluid surface, or the point
of free discharge.(See Fig. 23)
TOTAL DISCHARGE HEAD — the total hydraulic pressure at the discharge port with the pump in
operation. It is the sum of the static discharge head and friction head of the discharge piping.
TOTAL HEAD (also referred to as Total Dynamic Head or Total Pumping Head) — the measure of the
energy added to the fluid by the pump.
It is the total discharge head plus the total suction lift (see Fig. 23), or the difference between the total
discharge head and the total suction head (see Fig. 23).
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Fig. 24
NPSH (NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD) is the total suction head minus the vapor pressure of the
liquid being pumped. (NPSH is sometimes referred to as NPIP — Net Positive Inlet Pressure)
NPSH = Total Suction Head - Vapor Pressure
NPSHA (NPSH Available) is the net pressure available at the inlet of the pump.
NPSHR (NPSH Required) is the minimum net pressure required to efficiently move fluid through a
pump. NPSHR represents the pressure loss that occurs during the pumping process. Fig. 25a shows how
available pressure changes during the pumping process.
25a
NPSHA must exceed NPSHR, or efficient fluid flow will not occur. Fig. 25b shows this relationship.
Fig. 25b
FLUID BEHAVIOR IN THE PUMP
Fig. 26
Once the fluid reaches the pump, it is affected by the low and high pressure areas created by the
pumping element.
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CAVITATION
Fig. 27
Cavitation occurs when the pressure inside the pump drops below the fluid’s vapor pressure. The
fluid then ‘boils’ — converts to a gaseous state.
As a gas, the bubbles take up greater volume, reducing pump capacity. Converting back into
liquid as pressure increases, the bubbles violently collapse, or implode — which can damage pump parts,
cause vibration and high noise levels.
VAPOR LOCK
Vapor lock occurs when vapor becomes trapped in the pumping chamber. This can reduce a
pump’s operating efficiency to the point where the pump cannot generate sufficient inlet or discharge
pressure to sustain flow.
AGITATION
Fluid moving through a pumping element is subjected to agitation. With shear-sensitive fluids, the
frictional energy caused by agitation can temporarily or permanently change fluid characteristics or
damage the fluid constituents. Pump design and speeds effect the degree of agitation.
The viscosity and consistency of newtonian fluids (described in Section 2) remain constant under
agitation. However, non-newtonian fluids become either thinner or thicker under agitation. Some non-
newtonian fluids do not recover their original viscosity when agitation is stopped.
SLIP AND PUMPING EFFICIENCY
Fig. 28
Slip occurs when fluid flows backward through the pump’s sealing points. Slippage is a result of
the following factors:
> Clearances inside a pump that are necessary to permit pump element(s) to move.
> Internal wear — the greater the wear, the greater the internal clearances — and the slippage.
> Fluid viscosity — the higher a fluid’s viscosity, the lower the slippage.
> Operating pressure — the greater the operating pressure, the greater the slippage.
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Slippage affects the pump’s volumetric efficiency. Any degree of slippage will reduce the volume of
fluid the pump displaces. The effect of pump slippage can be determined by comparing pump design
capacity with actual pump performance.
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

Fluid moving through the inlet or outlet piping is effected by several factors. These factors create
resistance that produces pressure and can reduce the flow.
Figs. 29a & 29b
LAMINAR FLOW, shown in Fig. 29a, occurs in a pipe when average volume is relatively low and
energy is lost mainly as a result of viscosity. In laminar flow, liquid tends to move parallel to the pipe wall,
with greater velocity in the center than along the pipe walls.
TURBULENT FLOW, shown in Fig. 29b, occurs when average velocity is high, and energy is lost
mainly as a result of turbulence caused by pipe roughness. In turbulent flows, liquid tends to flow in non-
parallel directions relative to the pipe walls. Turbulent flow increases pressure drop, which means greater
pressure is required to maintain flow.
The average velocity when flow changes from laminar to turbulent is not definite. There is a critical
zone in which either flow can occur.28
SECTION 1.3: PUMP TYPES

KINETIC AND POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
As explained in Section 1.1, pumps create flow by transmitting pressure energy to a fluid. However,
there are two very different ways that pumps can transfer energy.
Positive displacement (PD) pumps directly transfer fluid by mechanical means — by vanes, pistons,
gears, rotors, screws or diaphragms.
Kinetic pumps use the centrifugal force to generate pressure energy.
PUMP OPERATION: CENTRIFUGAL VS. PD.
Fig. 30
KINETIC (CENTRIFUGAL)
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Kinetic pumps are continuous energy, continuous delivery devices.29 In a kinetic pump, an element
rotating at high speed causes fluid to move at an increasing velocity as it travels from the pump inlet to the
discharge.
This flow creates a low pressure area at the pump inlet, which allows more fluid to enter the pumping
element.
After fluid exits the rotating element at a high velocity it gathers in the surrounding area where the
kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy required for discharge flow.
The inlet and outlet on kinetic pumps are hydraulically linked. There is no sealed chamber in the pump.
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
Fig. 31
PD pumps operate on a different principle than kinetic pumps. PD pumps are batch delivery, periodic
energy addition devices that rely on a sealed chamber to transmit pressure energy to an isolated volume
of fluid.30
To create inlet suction, the pumping element mechanically forms an expanding volume, which creates a
low pressure area that is then filled by fluid.
The fluid is then positively transported to discharge by means of a mechanically sealed chamber.
At the pump discharge, the sealed chamber is mechanically reduced. This reduction of volume
transfers pressure energy to the fluid and forces the fluid out the discharge piping.
PD AND KINETIC PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
PRIMING
Generally, PD pumps provide superior self-priming characteristics to kinetic pumps. The sealed
chamber on PD pumps provides better suction than the unsealed kinetic pumping chamber. PD pumps
usually prime with entrained air and gas present — a condition that often causes kinetic pumps to vapor
lock.
FLOW CAPACITY
Fig. 32a Fig. 32b
Positive displacement pumps displace a constant volume of fluid per revolution. Pump flow capacity
varies directly with pump speed, as seen in Fig. 32a. Head pressure and viscosity have minimal effect.
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The volume of fluid displaced by a single revolution on a kinetic pump is greatly affected by viscosity
and pressure. This relationship is shown in Fig. 32b.
OPERATING SPEED
To create the low pressure needed to produce flow in a kinetic pump, the pumping element often
rotates at relatively high speeds. By contrast, PD pumps usually operate at slower speeds. This slower
operating speed puts less strain on seals, bearings and other critical components.
FLOW
Because PD pumps displace a constant volume with each revolution, flow rates vary directly with pump
speed, as shown in Fig. 33. This characteristic makes flow predictable at all speeds.
Kinetic pumps do not share this linear flow/pressure relationship.

.
Fig. 33
FLOW VS. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURES
n general, positive displacement pumps maintain flow as differential pressure increases. This occurs
because the pumping chamber on a PD pump is sealed from inlet to discharge. In kinetic pumps, inlet
and outlet are hydraulically linked, which reduces flow as differential pressure increases.
Fig. 34
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VISCOSITY HANDLING
Kinetic pumps depend on an increase in velocity to create pressure for flow. The higher a fluid’s
viscosity,
the greater the resistance to flow. Therefore, as viscosity increases kinetic pump efficiency decreases.
PD pumps transfer the fluid, rather than accelerating it. As a result, PD pumps can more
efficiently handle higher viscosities.
Since PD pumps minimally accelerate fluids, they can create flow with minimum shear and
agitation.
CLOSED DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS

PD pumps cannot operate against a closed discharge due to the sealed pump chamber design.
The pump will continue to transfer fluid and build up pressure until pump or system failure occurs.
By contrast a kinetic pump, under closed discharge, will simply recirculate the fluid already in the pump
chamber, limiting pressure build up.
As a result, PD pump systems should be equipped with a relief valve to prevent excessive
pressure build-up.
For more on relief valve operation, see Section 2.2 (pg 30)
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THE PUMP UNIVERSE
Although there are some highly specialized pumps which are neither kinetic nor PD, nearly all of
the millions of pumps in use today can be classified in the categories shown below.
Fig. 35
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1 Source — Hydraulic Institute Standards, p154
2 ibid., p 153
3 ibid., p 154
4 Cameron Hydraulic Data, p4-23.
5 Pump Handbook p8.32
6 Cameron Hydraulic Data, p 4-23
7 Pump Handbook, p 8-32
8 ibid., p 8-32
9 Waukesha Pump Engineering Manual p3
10 Hydraulic Institute Standards p 77
11 Pump Handbook p 3.67
12 Ibid., p 5.6
13 Pumping Manual, P 448
14 Pump Handbook, P 5.4-5.5
15 Pump Users Handbook P 174
16 Waukesha Pump Engineering Manual, P. 9
17 Pump Users Handbook, p.2
18 conversion info from Cameron Hydraulic Data
19 Waukesha Pump Engineering Manual, P 10
20 information for this section derived from Pump Users Handbook, p.2
21 Pump User’s Handbook, P4
22 Waukesha Pump Engineering Manual p 13.
23 op cit. p. 4
24 Pump User’s Handbook, p.2
25 Hydraulic Institute Standards, p 66
26 Pump Handbook p. 13.26
27 Information for this section is taken from Eco Tech Data, p. 174; Hydraulic Institute Standards, p. 66;
Cameron Hydraulic Data, p. 1-6, 1-7, 1-10; Blackmer Hydraulic Data For Pump Applications, p. 3; Pump
Handbook, P.13-5
28 Pump Users Handbook, p 9-10, Pump Handbook, p8.31-8.32
29 Pump Users Handbook, p. 23
30 Ibid., p. 22-23
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SECTION 2 BLACKMER PUMP DESIGN, FEATURES AND OPERATION
Section Topic Page
2.1 Rotary Pump Types 20
2.2 Blackmer Pump Operation
Rotary-vane operating principles 21
Sliding vanes 22
2.3 Pump Components
Rotor 23
Vanes 24
Pumping chamber 25
Bearings/bushing 26
Seals 27
Head/body 29
Relief valve 30
Construction materials 31
Misc. parts 31
2.4 Blackmer Pump Operational Advantages 31
SECTION 2.1: ROTARY VANE PUMP TYPES

Classified as rotary pumps, Blackmer’s design is positive displacement using a rotating element inside
a stationary chamber to move liquids by transferring pressure energy to the fluid.
Blackmer pumps employ a constant displacement vane-in-rotor design and are further classified as
rotary vane pumps.
The chart below lists the most common types of rotary pumps.
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SECTION 2.2 BLACKMER PUMP OPERATION
THE ROTARY SLIDING-VANE OPERATING PRINCIPLE
The rotary sliding-vane pump is a Blackmer innovation, based on the first pump Robert Blackmer built
in 1901. As a Positive Displacement pump it moves a constant volume of liquid with each revolution.
Fig. 1
Fig.1 As the rotor rotates, sliding-vanes move outward at the intake port to form an expanding sealed
chamber. This action creates a low pressure area that draws fluid into the pump.
Fig. 2
Fig.2 During rotation, the sliding vanes remain in contact with the pump bore, maintaining the sealed
chamber as it transports the fluid from intake to outlet.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3 At the outlet, the vanes move back into their slots as the pumping chamber volume decreases.
This creates a high pressure area that causes fluid to flow out the pump.
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SLIDING -VANES: THE BLACKMER DESIGN
HOW SLIDING-VANES WORK

Sliding-vanes, a distinctive feature of the Blackmer design, are located in slots in the pump rotor. The
vanes move inward and outward as the rotor turns.
Three forces cause the sliding-vanes to move.
Fig. 4
Pushrods, located between opposing pairs of vanes, (see Fig.4) initiate vane movement. As one
vane is being forced back into its slot by the contracting pump chamber, the pushrod forces the opposing
vane out of its slot.
Centrifugal force also helps moves vanes outward.
Fig. 5
As fluid enters the vane slot through grooves on the vanes and/or the rotor it creates hydraulic
pressure under the vane. This pressure insures the vane remains in contact with the chamber wall and
also creates a seal between the vane and the slot.(See Fig 5)
HOW SLIDING-VANES MAINTAIN HIGH PUMP EFFICIENCY
Fig. 6
Positive displacement pumps rely on a sealed chamber to move fluid. Maintaining close internal
tolerances inside the pump is critical to pump efficiency.
Internal wear is often unavoidable on an operational pump. Once pumping begins internal tolerances may
increase. This could result in a decrease in pumping efficiency.
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Blackmer sliding-vanes are designed to maintain internal tolerances at near original levels. As Fig. 6
shows, when the vanes wear, they slide further out of the slot. Even after substantial vane wear, internal
tolerances remain at as-new levels . As a result slip is minimized keeping the pump operating at high
efficiency for nearly it’s entire life, as indicated in Fig. 7
Fig. 7
SECTION 2.3: BLACKMER PUMP COMPONENTS
Fig. 8
ROTOR
Fig. 9
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FUNCTIONS:
1) Transmits rotary motion from the shaft and motor to the vanes.
2) Provides sealing element between:
— rotor and pump heads
— rotor and pump bore
— rotor and vanes
Fig. 10
VANES
Fig. 11
FUNCTIONS:
1) The front of the vane pushes fluid out the discharge port.
2) The moving vane creates a low pressure area behind it which draws fluid into the pump.
3) Provides sealing element between rotor, bore, and pump heads to create a sealed pumping chamber.
Fig. 12
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VANE MATERIALS
METALLIC VANES
Metallic vanes tolerate higher temperatures than non-metallic vanes —500°F vs. 240°F (260°C vs.
116° C).
Metallic vanes are usually used for elevated temperatures and sometimes for high viscosity fluids. The
heavier weight of the metal gives the vanes greater centrifugal force helping keep the vanes pressed tight
against the pumping chamber.
— iron is the standard general purpose material
— hardened iron is used for highly abrasive applications
— bronze is available as an alternative to iron for special applications to reduce overall pump wear
NON-METALLIC (PLASTIC) VANES

Non-metallic vanes offer cost effective construction and eliminate metal-to-metal contact.
— Duravane (injection molded plastic— a general-purpose vane with high chemical compatibility)
— Laminate (compression molded plastic— extremely tough and durable. reduced chemical
compatibility)
— Maxvane (injection molded plastic—a general purpose vane offered in some models)
— Polyvane ( random-strand compression molded— only used on the largest pumps)
PUMPING CHAMBER
Fig. 13
FUNCTIONS:
1) Provides the areas for fluid volume expansion (intake) and reduction (discharge).
2) Provides opening for fluid inlet and outlet.
3) Provides sealing surface for vanes.
4) Provides rotor seal point.
BEARINGS/BUSHINGS
Fig. 14
FUNCTIONS:
1) Reduces rotary friction by hydrodynamic (sleeve bearing) or rolling (roller/ball bearing)mechanisms.
2) Supports the rotor against pressure forces.
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3) Centers and maintains rotor location in pumping chamber.
BEARING TYPES
Fig. 15a Fig. 15b
Sleeve bearings reduce friction by capturing a thin film of liquid between the rotating and stationary
members. Sleeve bearings are usually made of a self-lubricating material, such as carbon graphite (Fig
15a).
Roller/ball bearings, sometimes called anti-friction bearings, use spherical balls or rollers to minimize
friction between two surfaces. Ball bearings are usually required for higher speed pump applications.
Roller/ball bearings require maintenance (i.e. regular lubrication) because they are situated outside the
pumpage in the Blackmer design (Fig 15b).
BEARING SUPPORT/LOCATION:
Fig. 16a Fig. 16b
Many pump types, most notably gear pumps, use a single bearing location to support the entire shaft
and rotor. This cantilevered bearing loading (Fig. 16a) places uneven stresses on the bearings, causing
accelerated wear.
Blackmer pump rotors are supported by bearings on either side as shown in Fig. 16b. This produces
symmetrical bearing loading. Stresses and loads are spread evenly over both bearings. As a result,
bearings wear evenly and have longer operating life with fewer problems.
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SEALS
Fig. 17
FUNCTION:
1) Provides seal between rotating shaft and stationary housing to keep fluid inside and atmosphere out of
the pump.
SEAL TYPES:
Mechanical seals — use a mechanical means (springs, hydraulic pressure) to keep seal faces in
continuous contact with each other. This creates a seal that offers reliable shaft sealing under normal
static or dynamic conditions.
Fig. 18
Blackmer mechanical seals are standard equipment on many Blackmer pumps. They are specifically
designed to fit the seal housing area in Blackmer pumps.
Cartridge seals (Fig. 18) are fully-assembled seal units. Non-cartridge seals consist of individual seal
components, which are installed and assembled in the pump.
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Fig. 19
Commercial mechanical seals are used for special applications, typically on internal bearing pumps.
Both cartridge and non-cartridge seals are used, depending on pump configuration and application
conditions.
PACKING
Fig. 20
Packing is a low-cost, low-tech sealing solution. Packing is traditionally a tightly-woven fibrous
compound (similar to rope), which is impregnated with graphite or other compounds that offer some
lubricating properties.
PACKING IS DESIGNED TO PERMIT SLIGHT LEAKAGE. The pumpage provides a film of fluid
between the rotating shaft and the stationary packing and helps cool and lubricate the seal area.
LIP SEALS
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Fig. 21
Lip seals are a simple mechanical-style seal, normally used with fluids — such as resins — which are
not handled well by conventional mechanical seals. Lip seals are designed so as not to require or permit
leakage.
SEAL-LESS DESIGNS
Fig. 22
Seal-less designs are used in applications where fluids are expensive or hazardous and zero shaft
leakage is required.
On seal-less pumps, the pump shaft and pumpage is completely enclosed and sealed. The pump
uses a magnetic drive to rotate the pump shaft.
HEAD/BODY
Fig. 23
FUNCTIONS:
1) Encases pumping chamber and completes the pumping chamber sealing envelope.
2) Allows provision for relief valve.
3) Provides piping connection.
4) Provides method of mounting pump to base.
RELIEF VALVE
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Fig. 24
1) Protects the pump from excessive system pressures.
RELIEF VALVE OPERATION
A positive displacement pump will continue to build up pressure against a closed discharge resulting in
potential damage to the pump. Therefore, a Blackmer pump must be equipped with either an integral
relief valve or a relief valve installed in the discharge piping.
Fig. 25
Blackmer relief valves are spring-loaded ‘bonnet’ design valves. When pressure inside the pump
exceeds a predetermined point (the ‘cracking’ point), the bypass valve opens to allow fluid to flow from the
discharge side of the pump to the inlet side.
MISCELLANEOUS PARTS
Fig. 26
FUNCTIONS:
1) To fasten and assemble pump parts .
2) To retain parts to shaft.
3) To provide sealing between two static surfaces.
PUMP CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
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FUNCTIONS:
1) Cast iron — general material, moderate thermal shock and pressure resistance.
2) Ductile iron — high thermal shock resistance, high strength.
3) Stainless steel — high corrosion resistance; easy-to-clean non-porous surface.
4) Cast steel — for specific application requirements.
SECTION 2.4 BLACKMER OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES
Blackmer pump design and construction provide several important operational advantages over other
pump types.
HIGH VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
Fig. 27
Due to Blackmer’s self-adjusting design, the efficiency remains at near-original levels while operating
efficiency for many other pump types can decrease over time.
EXCELLENT SUCTION CAPABILITY

With its sealed pumping chamber design, a rotary sliding-vane pump can deliver high suction rates.
Blackmer’s design assures high suction performance is maintained over a longer period of time.
LOW SHEAR CHARACTERISTICS

Unlike kinetic pumps, which add a great deal of shear energy to a fluid while increasing its velocity,
Blackmer pumps use a sealed chamber to gently transfer fluid minimizing shear forces.
PREFERRED TECHNOLOGY FOR VOC’S AND THIN FLUIDS

With its ability to handle thin fluids for long periods of time while maintaining high efficiency and suction
lift capabilities, Blackmer pumps are preferred for handling hazardous, expensive or “difficult to pump”
fluids.
HIGH PERFORMANCE WITH THIN AND THICK FLUIDS

The Blackmer pump’s high volumetric efficiency provides the ability to pump fluids ranging from very
thin (.5cP) to viscous (20,000cP). With special attention to system and pump requirements greater
viscosities can be handled.
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NO METAL-TO-METAL CONTACT
When equipped with non-metallic vanes, a Blackmer pump has no metal-to-metal contact. This
reduces galling, pump wear, and maintenance.
DRY RUNNING FOR SELF-PRIMING AND LINE STRIPPING

A combination of features — including non-metallic vanes, self-adjusting design, and high suction lift
— allows a Blackmer pump to run dry for short periods of time for superior self-priming and line stripping
performance.
SIMPLE MAINTENANCE
Blackmer pumps are designed for quick disassembly and easy replacement of wear parts
reducing maintenance requirements and downtime.
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SECTION 3: INSTALLATION AND STARTUP
Section Topic Page
3.1 Pump Shipment and Delivery
Pump packaging 34
Pump inspection 35
Short- and long-term storage 36
Pump handling and lifting 36
3.2 Pump Installation

Preparing the base 37
Coupling alignment 37
Piping 39
Electrical connections 45
3.3 Pump Startup

Pre-startup checklist 46
Startup procedure 47
Operational check 47
Relief valve testing and adjustment 48
Performance documentation 50
WORKING SAFELY WITH BLACKMER PUMPS
Working with Blackmer pumps involves working with fluids under pressure, rotating machinery, and
electricity. Always work safely! Observe the guidelines below, and follow all other safety procedures when
working on a Blackmer pump.
SAFETY WARNINGS
The following icons are found on Blackmer pumps, and are used in Blackmer IOM (Installation,
Operation, and Maintenance) literature.
Fig.1
If pumping hazardous or toxic fluids, system must be flushed and decontaminated — inside and out —
prior to performing maintenance.
Fig.2
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Fig.3
Failure to disconnect and lockout electrical power before attempting maintenance can cause serious
personal injury or death.
Fig.4
Failure to relieve system pressure prior to performing pump service or maintenance can cause personal
injury or property damage.
SECTION 3.1: PUMP SHIPMENT AND DELIVERY

PUMP PACKAGING
Blackmer pumps and pumping units are packed to prevent damage during normal shipment nd
handling. Depending on the model and size, a pump is shipped in one of the following manners:
Fig.5
Smaller pumps are foam packed and shipped in cartons.
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Fig.6
Heavier pumps are secured to a bottom board by shrink-wrap and packed in a carton.
Fig.7
Large pumps and pumping units are skidded and wrapped in plastic to provide protection from the
elements. On large pumps, careful attention is paid to shaft support and protection.
Fig. 8
Export packing for larger pumps consists of either an enclosed carton or a wood-framed box on a skid.
PUMP INSPECTION
As soon as you receive the pump or pumping unit, carefully inspect it.
Examine the shipment to ensure it is complete; check all items against shipping list to shipment
shipment is complete. If any parts are missing, contact Blackmer as soon as possible.
Check for shipping damage. If damage has occurred in shipping, make note on shipping bill, and file all
claims with the transportation company.
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If possible, test pump operation — check for free movement of shaft, etc. Contact Blackmer as soon
as possible if there are any problems.1
SHORT AND LONG TERM STORAGE OF NEW PUMPS
SHORT TERM (6 MONTHS OR LESS):

Standard pump packaging should provide sufficient protection against the elements — providing pump
is stored in a dry, covered location. Protective blanking plates should not be removed. Lubricate the unit
before storing..2
LONG TERM (MORE THAN 6 MONTHS):

Thoroughly dry the pump unit by blowing hot air through it. Apply preservative treatment to bearings,
shafts and other machined surfaces. Rotate shaft several times every month to prevent seizure. If
freezing conditions are possible, drain plugs should be removed. Refer to motor and coupling
manufacturers for their long-term storage procedures. Store pump in a dry, covered location.3
PUMP HANDLING AND LIFTING

Proper pump handling during shipment and installation prevents injury to you and damage to the
pump. In addition, it will reduce the amount of pre-start alignment required.
Whenever lifting is required, use good common senses in choosing lifting locations and
techniques.
Fig. 9
To lift a bare-shaft Blackmer pump, place a sling under the pump’s inboard and outboard
bearing hubs, or hoist by using a forged eyebolt completely threaded into the pump. Never lift a pump by
its shaft!!
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SECTION 3.2: PUMP INSTALLATION
NOTE: This is a general discussion of basic installation procedures. Always refer to specific Blackmer
pump model installation literature and instructions and to industry standards for installation of other
machinery.
Unless a pump unit is designed to be portable, it must have a solid, positive mounting. A good
mounting — one that is heavy enough to give rigid support to the baseplate and absorb the stresses and
strains of daily operation — enhances system performance, reduces system noise, and minimizes
misalignment and wear.
BASE AND FOUNDATION
SITE SELECTION
The site you choose for pump installation should be near the fluid supply and allow adequate
space for operating, maintenance, and inspection. In a typical installation the pump shaft is maintained on
a horizontal plane.
If possible, foundations should be constructed on concrete built on a solid foundation.
If it is necessary to support the pump on a steel frame, the frame should support the entire
length of the baseplate. Mounting on a steel frame may result in higher noise levels.
Unsupported wood floors are unreliable, and should be avoided.
PRE-INSTALLATION CLEANING
Foreign matter in a pump or piping will cause damage to both the pump and the system.
Thoroughly clean the pump and piping before installation. Keep suction and discharge ports covered until
piping is connected. Clean all areas that will come in contact with grout to remove grease and oil.
BASE MOUNTING
Fig. 10
Once located on the foundation, the baseplate must be secured by anchor bolts (Fig. 11). This
arrangement allows for slight movement of the baseplate during leveling and alignment.
For new foundations, the anchor bolts should be set in concrete. When pumps are mounted on an
existing concrete floor, holes should be drilled in the floor to accommodate the bolts. Inadequate
anchoring can result in misalignment of the unit components and reduce the unit’s reliability.
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4
BASEPLATE LEVELING
Fig. 11
Any unevenness or distortion in the baseplate will result in coupling misalignment. Serious operational
wear and/or problems can result.
Baseplates must be leveled to compensate for uneven foundation surfaces and to prevent baseplate
distortion during bolt-down.
THE BASIC LEVELING PROCESS IS AS FOLLOWS:

1) Place preliminary shims between the base and the foundation adjacent to the anchor bolts where the
base does not contact the foundation.
2) Tighten all anchor bolts.
3) Place dial indicators at each corner of the baseplate to determine base movement relative to the
foundation.3
4) Loosen each bolt and check for dial movement on all four indicators.4
5) If there is more than .002” of dial movement, place shims on each side of the anchor bolt (Fig. 12);
adjust shims until dial movement is minimized.5
6) Tighten and then loosen bolt; if more than .002” of play, reshim to eliminate excess movement.
5
GROUTING
Fig. 12
NOTE: Grouting occurs only after initial pump alignment.

Grouting is strongly recommended. When grout hardens it joins the foundation and baseplate
together in a single unit.
The following is the recommended grouting process:
1) Clean areas of baseplate that will contact grout with an non-oil cleaner to remove oil, grease or loose
paint.
2) Install the unit leveling and anchoring the base per instructions in preceding paragraph.
3
2) Build dam around foundation.
3) Wet foundation; mix a non-shrinking grout per instructions and pour through grout hole in base, up to
4
level of dam.
5
4) Let set for 1 - 2 hours.
5) Fill remainder of baseplate with grout.6
7
6) Let grout cure for 48 hours before final tightening of foundation bolts.
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COUPLING ALIGNMENT
A 5-STAGE PROCESS
Because proper alignment is so critical to pump unit performance, reliability and life, alignment should
be checked at every stage of installation — as well as during pump operation
Initial alignment assures proper alignment can be obtained. It is done after the pump is installed but
before baseplate grouting (if applicable) or pump operation. The pump should be at ambient temperature.
After grouting, alignment must be rechecked to assure no changes have occurred.
After piping connection, alignment is again checked, to determine if piping strains have affected
alignment.
Final (hot) alignment assures proper alignment when both pump and drive are at operating
temperature.
Periodic alignment checks should occur as part of regular maintenance processes.
TYPES OF MISALIGNMENT
Fig. 13
A coupling can experience three types of misalignment: angular, parallel and angular/parallel
6
(Fig 13).
ALIGNMENT CHECKS
There are several methods used to align components. Presented here are only three that can be used.
They are in no specific sequence (Adhere to specific coupling manufacturers recommendations) .
Fig. 14
Parallel alignment is best checked by a dial indicator, or, if necessary, a straightedge (Fig. 14). With the
indicator attached to the pump end of the shaft, turn both shafts by hand, checking the reading through
one complete revolution. A general rule is that the maximum offset at final alignment should be less than
.005”.
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Fig. 15a Fig. 15b
To check angular alignment, insert a feeler gauge between the coupling halves at 90 degrees
increments (Fig. 15 a&b). A general rule is that the maximum variance at final alignment should not
exceed ,005”.
LASER ALIGNMENT
Laser alignment uses non-sagging light beams to simultaneously detect both angular and parallel
misalignment. This process is extremely accurate. The equipment needed is more expensive than dial or
feeler gauges.7
ALIGNMENT CORRECTION
Fig. 16
ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT — VERTICAL (TOP-TO-BOTTOM) CORRECTION

If there is a negative dial reading, raise the drive feet (by adding shims), or lower the pump feet (by
removing shims).
If there is a positive dial reading, lower the drive feet or raise the pump feet.
PARALLEL ALIGNMENT — VERTICAL (TOP-TO-BOTTOM) CORRECTION

If there is a negative dial reading, add shims under the drive equal to half the dial reading.
If there is a positive dial reading, remove shims under the drive equal to half the dial reading.
ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT — HORIZONTAL (SIDE-TO-SIDE) CORRECTION
Fig. 17
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If there is a negative dial reading, slide the shaft end of the drive to the left, or the other end to the right.
If there is a positive dial reading, slide the shaft end of the drive to the right, or the other end to the left.
PARALLEL MISALIGNMENT — HORIZONTAL (SIDE-TO-SIDE) CORRECTION

If there is a negative dial reading, slide the drive left evenly, until dial reading zeroes out.
If there is a positive dial reading, slide the drive right evenly, until dial reading zeroes out.
9
PIPING
GOOD PIPING PRACTICE: GENERAL GUIDELINES

Proper pipe system design and installation is essential to obtain specified pump performance.
The following guidelines should be followed as closely as possible.
INLET PIPE
Fig. 18a Fig. 18b
1) Avoid pipe elbows, valves and other fittings close to the pump inlet (Fig. 18a). These create excessive
turbulence, especially with thin fluids. The general rule is 5 to 10 times the pipe diameter of straight pipe
between fitting and inlet Fig (18b). If the elbow must be closer to the pump use the longest radius elbow
possible.
2) Pipe size should never be more than one or two sizes larger than the pump inlet with a reducer at the
inlet flange. INLET PIPE MUST NEVER BE SMALLER THAN THE PUMP INLET!
3) Under suction lift conditions, inlet pipe must:

slope upward to pump
be free of air pockets
be completely airtight
4) Under suction head/flooded suction conditions, inlet pipe must:

have an isolation valve installed in the suction pipe (to permit pump inspection and service).
be free of air pockets
be level or slope downward to pump
should not extend below suction inlet
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Fig. 19a Fig. 19b
5) Eccentric reducers should be used. Install with sloping side down to prevent vapor building up in
piping.
6) Suction strainers, when used, must have a net “free area” of at least 3 times the suction pipe area.
It is recommended that, for new system start-ups, a strainer be temporarily installed ahead of the pump to
remove any debris in the piping. Clean the strainer immediately after the first use.
DISCHARGE PIPING
Fig. 20
1) Isolation and check valves should be installed in discharge line. The isolation valve allows flow shut-off
for maintenance and inspection of the pump. The check valve prevents pump or seal damage caused by
reverse flow when pump drive is not in operation.
2) Increasers, if used, should be placed between pump and check valve.
PIPE STRAINS AND SUPPORT
Fig. 21
The pump should never be used as a pipe support!

This puts excessive strains and loading on the pump causing shaft and bearing misalignment that
leads to accelerated component wear, leaks and pump failures.
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Fig. 22a & b
Another factor that causes pump strains is piping misalignment. To prevent this, always run pipe from
the pump, not to the pump.
Before attaching inlet piping to pump, thoroughly flush pipe to clean out any debris that could
damage the pump on startup.
TESTING FOR PROPER PIPING SUPPORT/ALIGNMENT
Two ways to see if there are excessive piping strains on a pump.
Fig. 23
THE SIMPLE METHOD:

1) Loosen flange bolts — little or no movement should be seen.
2) Disconnect pipe flange from pump. If excessive force is needed to separate or reconnect pipe, pipe
is misaligned.
3) If excessive force is needed to align pipe with the pump flange the pipe is misaligned.
Fig. 24
THE DIAL INDICATOR METHOD:
1) Locate dial indicators 90 degrees apart on pump shaft near coupling.
2) Loosen each flange, If more than .001” of dial movement is observed, pipe stress is causing
distortion.
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THERMAL EXPANSION
Fig. 25
Thermal expansion of pipe can place enormous strains on the pump causing coupling misalignment
and/or shaft breakage.
Fig. 26a Fig. 26b
Always design pipe systems to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction. Fig. 26a shows
expansion joints, which expand and contract to compensate for thermal dimensional changes. Fig. 26b
shows solid pipe supports/ restraints near the pump, along with a piping loop to allow thermal expansion
and contraction.
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
Electrical connections should only be performed by qualified personnel!
This ensures safe installation, proper pump rotation, and trouble-free service — along with the
assurance that all required codes and regulations are fully met.
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SECTION 3.3: PUMP STARTUP
PRE-STARTUP: A CHECKLIST
Many problems and failures that occur at start-up can be avoided by following the 5-point checklist.
Fig. 27
Verify that all components requiring lubrication have been filled with the proper fluids.
Check pump unit for free rotation.
Have qualified personnel verify all electrical connections.
Fig. 28
Verify that all valves and controls are in the appropriate positions. Never start up a positive
displacement pump with the discharge line closed!
Fig. 29
Jog motor to check for correct rotation — and any uncommon noises, vibrations, etc.
If all steps have been followed and everything is in order, the unit is ready for startup!
THE STARTUP PROCEDURE
Start pumping systems.

Observe for priming. Priming should occur within 10 - 30 seconds.
If priming occurs, proceed to “Operations Check”.
If priming does not occur, stop pump and examine system.
See Section 6 for troubleshooting advice on non-priming pumps.
If there are no problems with the pump and system, prime the pump by wetting internal parts with fluid
being pumped. This increases the pump’s ability to ‘move’ air and draw fluid into the pump.
Restart pump and observe for priming. If priming still does not occur shut down the pump immediately.
Refer to Section 6 for additional troubleshooting suggestions or contact your local Blackmer Distributor.
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OPERATIONS CHECK
As soon as the pump is functioning check the pump and system for the following:
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
1) Note any unusual noises or vibration.
2) Compare pump motor power consumption against the manufacturer’s book power requirements.
Fig. 32
3) Check pump and system for leaks.
Fig. 33
4) Verify system flow at specified pressure and viscosity against expected flow rates. The flow rate is
found in the Blackmer “Pump Curve” for the specific pump model. (Observed flow should approximate
the flow listed in the Pump Curves)
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RELIEF VALVE TESTING AND ADJUSTMENT
Proper relief valve (R/V) operation is essential, not only to protect the pump against dangerous
pressure build-up, but to assure smooth pump operation.
PREPARATION
Determine the number and location of the relief valves:
>on pump only
>on pump and surrounding system
Fig. 34
>Install a vacuum gauge on the pump suction port and a pressure gauge on the discharge port.
DETERMINING R/V PRESSURE SETTINGS
Fig. 35
Begin closing valve downstream of pump. Observe suction and discharge gauge readings.
Warning: If gauge readings exceed desired operating pressure by 15 - 25 psi — and don’t level off —
open downstream valve immediately! Evaluate Relief Valve and system for problems.
When the discharge pressure gauge needle becomes stationary or begins to drop the Relief Valve is
beginning to open.
Close valve completely to determine the R/V’s maximum pressure setting.

Reopen downstream valve. Do not leave pump at full bypass longer than necessary. A positive
displacement pump in full bypass (relieving excess pressure internally) will generate heat.
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PROPER R/V SETTINGS: GENERAL RULES
FOR PUMP-MOUNTED R/V

For discharge pressure under 100 psi, R/V should be set 10 psi higher than operating pressure.
For discharge pressure above 100 psi, R/V should be set at 10% of the pump differential pressure.
FOR R/V ON PUMP AND SYSTEM

System R/Vs are set at differential pressure (for pressure controlled systems), or at 10 psi over
differential pressure (for system safety relief valves).
Pump R/V should be set at least 10 psi higher than system R/V, to keep valves from ‘hunting’ (the
alternating opening and closing of both valves).
RELIEF VALVE ADJUSTMENT
Fig. 36
The following are general guidelines for R/V adjustment. Refer to proper Blackmer IOM literature for
specific adjustment instructions .
To increase the pressure setting:
Remove the R/V cap and turn the adjusting screw inwards (clockwise).
To decrease the pressure setting:

Remove R/V cap and turn screw outwards (counterclockwise).
Verify the Relief Valve setting using the steps outlined in R/V Setting and Adjustment.
1
Refer to the specific Blackmer pump model parts list for various spring pressure ratings.
DOCUMENTATION
Once the pump is functioning a pump record should be established. The record should include
pump performance, along with the date and type of all maintenance and repairs.
THE BENEFITS:
Provides baseline data for future reference.
With starting performance levels documented, you can quickly determine how much (if any) pump
performance has changed since installation.
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Helps determine more efficient lubrication/maintenance schedules.
By noting the number of pump repairs over a period of time, you can determine whether you need to
make service more — or less — frequent.
Helps troubleshoot pump for application problems.

If the record shows a pump type suffers repeated problems in an application, it’s an indication
something is wrong with the pump or installation. Examining the record can provide clues to the nature of
the problem.
Helps develop a better spare parts inventory.

Over time, the type and frequency of pump repairs and maintenance will indicate which parts you
should have in your spare parts inventory.
1
Pumps Principles & Practice, p. 100
2
Ibid, p. 100
3
Pump Users Handbook, p. 195
4
Information in this section adapted from Goulds Pumps IOM Instructions
5
Pump Users Handbook, P 196-200; Goulds Pumps IOM Instructions
6
Hydraulic Institute Standards, p. 199
7
Pumping Manual, p. 628; Pump Users Guide, p 199-200
8
Goulds Pumps IOM Manuals
9
Information for piping requirements from Goulds Pumps IOM Manuals; Pumping Manual p. 673-674;
Pump Handbook p 12-7/8; Waukesha IOM Manual, p.7-8
10
Information for Start-up section taken from Pumping Manual , p. 635-636, Gould Pumps IOM Manuals;
Pump Users Handbook, p. 200; Waukesah IOM Manual, p.5, Hydraulic Institute standards P. 203
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SECTION 4: PUMP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Section Topic Page
4.1 Startup
Pump Operation 51
Flow control 52
Running pump in reverse 53
Pump shutdown 53
4.2 Pump Maintenance

Preventative maintenance 53
Lubrication 54
Pump flushing 55
SECTION 4.1: PUMP OPERATION

PROPER PUMP STARTING PROCEDURE
Starting a pump involves more than simply turning on the motor. Following proper startup
procedures can assure safe, smooth pumping system operation.
PRE-OPERATIONS CHECKLIST
1) Carefully review the pump’s Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual included with the pump.
2) Inspect pump and adjoining pipe for signs of leakage. (Note: some slight leakage is normal for packing-
equipped pumps.)
3) Make sure all valves and fittings on suction and discharge side are in the proper startup or operating
positions.
4) Check fluid levels — oil in gear reducer boxes, etc.
5) Have all electrical connections and related equipment checked by qualified personnel.
STARTING PROCEDURE
1) Start pump motor. Priming should occur within 10-30 seconds.
If priming does not occur, shut motor off. Examine pump and system is operational to verify all valves are
open, sufficient fluid is available for pumping, etc.
If system appears to be functional, wet inside parts of pump with fluid. Restart motor. If priming still does
not occur, shut pump down and refer to Section 6 for additional Troubleshooting ideas. Consult your local
Blackmer Distributor.
2) Check for leakage from piping and equipment, Note any abnormal noise.
3) Check pump, motor couplings, gear reducer (if applicable) for excessive temperatures.
FLOW CONTROL
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Fig. 1
Since a Blackmer pump is positive displacement, flow cannot be controlled by ‘throttling’ (partially
closing a pump discharge valve).
The preferred method of controlling flow with a Blackmer pump is by altering pump speed. The use of
a bypass valve could be an alternate method.
Controlling flow with a bypass valve is shown in Fig. 1. Opening the bypass valve routes a controlled
portion of the discharge flow back to the source.
Fig. 2
Blackmer pumps deliver a specific volume of fluid with each rotation. Increasing or decreasing pump
rotation speed will control flow rate ( Fig. 2). Rotation speed can be controlled in 2 ways, depending on
the pump drive:
1) by variable-speed reduction unit (mechanical)
2) control methods on the electric motor
PUMP ROTATION
Fig. 3a (left hand rotation) Fig. 3b (right hand rotation)
DETERMINING PUMP ROTATION
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Fig. 3b shows a Blackmer pump with right hand rotation. The intake port and relief valve are on the
right when the drive shaft is toward you. Right hand rotation is standard on Blackmer pumps.
Fig. 3a shows a Blackmer pump set up for left-handed rotation — the intake port and relief valve are on
the left when the drive shaft is toward you.
RUNNING THE PUMP IN REVERSE

To drain a line, it may be desirable to run the pump in reverse. Blackmer pumps may be run in reverse
for short periods of time (the recommendation is less than 10 minutes).
When running in reverse, pump flow rate may decrease. The amount of loss will depend on pump
speed and system conditions. A separate relief valve is necessary to prevent pressure build-up.
PUMP SHUTDOWN
For Short Periods:

1) Shut down and lock out motor drive to prevent accidental rotation.
2) Slowly close discharge valves associated with the pump.
For Long Periods:

1) Follow steps 1) and 2) above.
2) Close suction valve.
3) Drain fluid from pump — take special care with hazardous or toxic fluids.
4) Make sure all parts have proper lubrication.
SECTION 4.2: PUMP MAINTENANCE

NOTE:
The information in this section is designed to give you a basic understanding of the maintenance
required for successful pump operation. For actual maintenance guidelines, please refer to specific
Blackmer IOM literature.
All pump maintenance must be done by individuals trained and experienced in both pump maintenance
and the type of system involved.
PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE
PM TOOLS
Permanently Installed Instrumentation (Recommended)
Install these instruments on a pump to assist with maintenance and troubleshooting:
> vacuum gauge mounted on pump suction and pressure gauge mounted on pump discharge
> flow metering device mounted on discharge line (if applicable)
> thermocouples for bearings, cooling/heating jackets, or motor (if applicable)
Portable Instrumentation (Recommended)
The following are essential tools for pump maintenance, especially if there is little or no installed
pump instrumentation:
> pressure and vacuum gauges-liquid filled
> tachometer
> thermometers (magnetic/clip on)
> flow meter
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1
PM SCHEDULES
Refer to specific pump’s Installation, Operation and Maintenance manual
The following schedules are recommended for moderate-duty applications. If pumps are
operating under severe conditions — high ambient temperature, high operating speeds, highly abrasive
fluids, etc. — maintenance schedule should be more frequent.
Routine Inspection/Maintenance (Daily, Weekly, Monthly)

> Bearing lubrication
> Seal/packing monitoring
> Discharge pressure check
> Temperature monitoring
> Check for unusual noise, vibration and bearing temperature
> Inspect pumps and piping for leaks
> Inspect and clean strainers
Six Month Inspection/Maintenance (In addition to routine maintenance)

> Check foundation and foundation bolts for tightness
> Check shaft alignment
> If pump has been left idle, check fluid levels, rotate shaft, examine mechanical seals/packing.
Annual Inspection/Maintenance
> Check pump flow
> Check inlet vacuum and discharge pressure
If any of the above differ greatly from baseline performance, pump should be disassembled and evaluated
for excessive wear.
LUBRICATION
Generally, there are three areas on a pump that may require regular lubrication:
1) Bearings
2) Gear reducers (when equipped)
3) Pump drive/coupling
SLEEVE BEARINGS
Sleeve bearings used with Blackmer pumps are lubricated by the pumped fluid and require no
additional lubrication.
ROLLER/BALL BEARINGS
Fig. 4
Roller and ball bearing require regular lubrication, usually every 250 hours, depending on application
conditions such as speed, pressure and ambient operating temperature.
Proper greasing procedure is as follows:
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1) Remove grease relief fittings from bearing cover
2) Slowly apply grease with hand grease gun, until new grease begins to
escape from grease relief port. Consult pump literature for recommended grease grades.
Do not use a power grease gun, and do not overgrease!
Overgreasing pumps equipped with mechanical seals can cause seal failure.
3) Replace grease relief fittings and dispose of excess grease properly.
GEAR REDUCERS
Many gear reducers are shipped without oil in the gearcase. The unit must be lubricated before first
use.
Fill the gearcase with the oil grade specified on the gear reducer’s tag. Oil should be changed after the
first 48 hours, and then approximately every 500 running hours thereafter, depending on conditions.
(Refer to specific reducer literature)
DRIVE/COUPLING
Consult and follow manufacturer recommendations.
PUMP FLUSHING
Improper pump flushing can lead to accelerated wear and pump damage. For proper flushing, follow
these guidelines:
1) Run the pump with discharge open and suction valve closed. Bleed air into the pump through
the intake gauge plug hole, or through a larger fitting in the intake pipe.
2) Pump air for 30 second intervals to clean out most of the pumpage.
3) Circulate a system-compatible flushing fluid through the pump for one minute to clear out the
remainder
of the original pumpage.
4) To remove the flushing fluid, follow steps 1) and 2) above. Note: some residual will remain in the
pump
and piping.
1
Adapted from Goulds Pumps, IOM Manuals; Pump Handbook, p 12-15
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SECTION 5: BASIC SERVICE PROCEDURES
Section Topic Page
5.1 Preparations 56
5.2 Pump Disassembly

Exceptions to the rules 57
Basic disassembly procedures 57
5.3 Common Procedures

Vane Replacement 59
Reversing Pump Rotation 59
5.4 Pump Assembly

Assembly procedures 60
Pump recommissioning 61
SECTION 5.1: PREPARATIONS

In order to properly service Blackmer pumps, you must have the right instructions and the right tools.
LITERATURE
Blackmer IOM (Installation, Operations Maintenance) instructions for the pump model.
Blackmer Parts List for the pump model.
TOOLS
Soft-headed hammer
Locknut spanner wrench
socket wrench set (pneumatic impact wrench may come in handy for larger pumps)
small o-ring pick
allen head wrench set
small standard head screwdriver
punch tool
In some cases, an arbor press may be necessary to press bearings in place on shaft.
PUMP STAND
Fig. 1
A simple pump stand constructed of 2x6 lumber (Fig. 1) will hold most smaller Blackmer pumps in
place during servicing.
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SECTION 5.2 PUMP DISASSEMBLY
NOTE: Before you begin, consult service literature for the specific pump model for detailed instructions on
all service procedures.
The following sections are generalized guidelines intended to familiarize you with only the basic service
processes.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULES
Blackmer pumps are all based on the same design. Features and component locations may vary from
one pump model to the next. The following are some of the ways Blackmer pumps differ from one
another:
• Disc hole locations

• Head flow passage locations
• Vane vent slot locations
• Bearing types and installations
• Bearing lock collar adjustments
• Seal types and installations
• Liner/casing orientation
• Removable or non-removable liner
• Lip seal orientation
BASIC DISASSEMBLY PROCEDURES

NOTE: For disassembly, always start with the inboard (shaft) side.
Fig. 2
FOR PUMPS WITH BALL/ROLLER BEARINGS AND MECHANICAL SEALS
1) Drain the pump and system; clean pump shaft thoroughly making sure it is free of nicks and burrs. This
prevents damage to mechanical seal during disassembly and reassembly.
2) Remove the inboard (shaft side) bearing cover and lock collar if fitted.
3) Remove outboard bearing cover and lock collar if fitted.
4) Remove inboard pump head with bearing and mechanical seal.
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5) Remove inboard ball/roller bearing from head.
6) Remove inboard mechanical seal from head.
7) Remove shaft and rotor, vanes and pushrods.
8) Remove outboard head with bearing and mechanical seal.
9) Remove the outboard ball/roller bearing from head.
10) Remove outboard mechanical seal from head.
FOR PUMPS WITH SLEEVE BEARINGS AND PACKING/LIP SEAL
Fig. 3
1) Drain the pump and system; clean pump shaft thoroughly making sure it is free of nicks and burrs. This
prevents damage to the sleeve bearings during disassembly and reassembly.
2) Remove packing follower and packing or other type of shaft seal.
3) Remove inboard head (sleeve bearing is press-fit into head).
4) Remove rotor and shaft, vanes and pushrods.
5) Remove outboard bearing cover.
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SECTION 5.3 COMMON PROCEDURES
VANE REPLACEMENT
Fig. 4
The Blackmer pump design allows you to remove and replace vanes simply by removing the outboard
head with the pump still piped in place.
1) Remove head assembly for outboard (non-driven) side of pump.
2) Turn shaft by hand until a vane comes to top (12 o’clock) position of rotor.
3) Remove and replace the vane. Insure the rounded edge is facing out and relief groove faces in
direction of rotation. NOTE: if significant pushrod damage is observed on the bottom edge of the vane,
pushrod replacement should be considered.
4) Repeat Steps 2) and 3) for each vane. This method prevents the pushrods falling out.
5) Before replacing head verify all vanes are correctly installed.
REVERSING PUMP ROTATION
Reversing pump operation is a relatively simple process for Blackmer pumps that have removable liners.
1) Remove both heads from pump.
2) Rotate pump cylinder or casing 180°.
3) Reverse vanes so the relief grooves face new direction of rotation.
4) Reinstall the heads.
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SECTION 5.4: PUMP ASSEMBLY
NOTE: Assembly always starts with outboard side. (See page 52 for left hand and right hand rotation
description)
FOR PUMPS WITH BALL/ROLLER BEARINGS AND MECHANICAL SEALS
1) Install mechanical seals into pump heads.
2) Install bearings into head recesses.
3) Bolt outboard head to pump body.

For clockwise rotation, inlet port is to left.
For counterclockwise rotation, intake port is to right.
Fig. 5
4) Install vanes and pushrod into rotor; insert rotor assembly into pump.
Rounded edges of vanes face outward.
Relief grooves face direction of rotation.
Insure seal drive tangs properly engage rotor.
5) Bolt inboard head to pump body.
6) Install bearing locknuts if fitted and attach bearing covers to head.
FOR PUMPS WITH SLEEVE BEARINGS AND PACKING/LIP SEAL
1) If bearings have been removed, install new sleeve bearings in pump heads.
2) Attach outboard head to pump body.

For clockwise rotation, position intake port to left.
For counterclockwise rotation, position intake to right.
3) Attach outboard heating jacket (if equipped).
4) Install bearing cover to outboard bearing.
5) Install pushrods and vanes in rotor.

Rounded edges of vanes face outward.
Relief grooves face direction of rotation.
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6) Slide non-driven (short) end of shaft/rotor assembly into pump chamber and outboard head.
7) Attach inboard head/bearing (and heating jacket, if equipped).
8) Insert packing and packing follower (or lip seal).
RECOMMISSIONING A PUMP
After completing service and reassembling the pump, follow this checklist to make certain the pump is
properly reinstalled and ready for operation.
1) Check coupling alignment

2) Check seal/packing installation
3) Jog pump motor to test for proper rotation
4) Restart pump, following guidelines in Section IV.1.
5) Check pump and piping for leaks.
6) After short run, check for vibration, noise, excessive temperature and leaks — especially at seals
7) Document service completed and pump performance information in the Pump Record
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SECTION 6: TROUBLESHOOTING
Section Topic Page
6.1 Troubleshooting Tools and Techniques

Isolating Problems 62
6.2 Troubleshooting Common Problems
No priming 65
Reduced capacity 66
Excessive noise 66
Vane damage 67
Broken shaft 68
Mechanical seal leakage 68
Motor overload 69
Leaking pumpage 69
Escaping grease 70
Shaft binds on installation 70
Shaft binds after short operation 71
Pump overheating 72
Rapid parts wear 72
6.3 Wear and Failure Analysis
Vanes 73
Rotor 74
Disc/head 75
Bearings/bushings 75
Shaft 76
Seals 78
SECTION 6.1: TROUBLESHOOTING TOOLS AND

TECHNIQUES
TROUBLESHOOTING PUMPING PROBLEMS IS A THREE-STEP PROCESS THAT INVOLVES:
1) Examining the symptoms

Mechanical symptoms indicate the pump or drive may have a broken or worn part, a leak or a vibration.
Performance symptoms indicate a problem with the pumping — low or erratic flow, priming problems,
cavitation, etc.
2) Identifying the problem

A symptom is not necessarily the problem. If you correct only the symptom you may not solve the
underlying problem and the symptom may quickly reappear.
As an example, a pump may have broken vanes. The vanes are the symptom. However, the
problem may not be the vanes themselves. It may be excessively large solids in the flow, severe cavitation
or hydraulic shock. In a situation such as this, replacing the vanes will only result in more broken vanes —
and more service callbacks.
3) Isolating the cause

The cause is the source of the problem — the condition that must be corrected. Referring to the
example above, the symptom is broken vane; one problem might be excessively large solids and the
cause may be a clogged, or removed, strainer basket that permits contaminants to reach the pump.
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IDENTIFYING PROBLEM AREAS
Fig. 1
When there is a pumping problem, the problem can be traced to one of 3 areas:
1) faulty pump — something wrong with the way the pump was made
2) faulty pump selection — the incorrect pump for the application
3) faulty pump operation — the pump is being used incorrectly
Fig. 1 shows the primary causes for these three problems.
ISOLATING PROBLEMS WITH PRESSURE GAUGES
Fig. 2
There is a tendency to blame the pump whenever there is a problem with fluid flow. However, other
components in the fluid transfer system may be causing the problem.
The easiest way to isolate a pumping problem is by breaking the pumping system into three sections:
inlet (the system before the pump inlet)
the pump itself
discharge (the system after the pump outlet)
Pressure levels at the pump’s inlet and discharge can tell you a great deal about conditions in the inlet
and discharge sections of the pump system. Installing vacuum and pressure gauges on the pump (Fig.
94) helps you isolate and identify pumping system problems.
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The following are general guidelines on interpreting vacuum gauge readings.
SUCTION PORT VACUUM GAUGE READINGS

High reading: (greater than calculated)
intake restriction
static lift too high
liquid too viscous
inlet pipe too small
Low reading: (lower than calculated)
air leak in suction line
end of suction pipe not in liquid
excessive clearances inside pump
Erratic reading: (unstable)

liquid vaporizing
pump vibrating from cavitation
misalignment
DISCHARGE PORT PRESSURE GAUGE READINGS

High reading: (greater than calculated)
relief valve set too high
valve partially closed
plugged filter
line partially plugged form build-up
high viscosity
discharge line too small or long
high specific gravity of liquid
Low reading: (lower than calculated)

relief valve not properly seated
relief valve set too low
too much interior pump clearance
bypass around pump partially open
Erratic reading: (unstable)

cavitation
liquid coming to pump in ‘slugs’
suction line air leak
coupling misalignment
SECTION 6.2: TROUBLESHOOTING COMMON PROBLEMS

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THE 13 MOST COMMON PUMP PROBLEMS
1. No Priming 8. Leakage
2. Reduced Capacity 9. Escaping Grease
3. Excessive Noise 10. Shaft Binding upon Assembly
4. Vane Damage 11. Shaft Binding after Short Use
5. Broken Shaft 12. Pump Overheating
6. Mechanical Seal Leakage 13. Rapid Parts Wear
(on some models)
7. Motor Overload
GENERAL PUMP TROUBLESHOOTING PUMP NOT PRIMING
SYMPTOM / PROBABLE CAUSE CORRECTIVE ACTION
1. Pump not wetted. Prime pump (evaluate system).
2. Suction valve closed. Open valve.
3. Air leaks in suction line. Can be difficult to locate.

Typically pump looses prime.
Check valves, strainers, piping, etc.
4. Air leaks in pump. At Packing, inlet flange, head,

mechanical seal.
5. Suction line, valves, or strainer Open, clean, evaluate system

clogged or too restrictive. piping for restrictions.
6. Wrong rotation on motor. Reverse motor rotation.
7. Broken drive train. Repair as needed.
8. Pump vapor-locked. Bleed off vapor, evaluate system.
9. Pump speed too low for priming. Evaluate system hydraulics and
(suction lift to high) compare suction lift to pump
vacuum capability.
10. Worn vanes. Replace vanes. Evaluate pump parts.
11. Packing adjustment loose allowing “N” model styles only.

air into pump.
12. Worm Pump. Inspect for worn pump parts such

as heads / discs, rotor OD, rotor
width, vanes.
REDUCED CAPACITY
1. Suction valves not fully open. Open fully. Use vacuum gauge as
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indicator.
2. Air leaks in suction line. See #3 above. Repair as needed.
3. Inadequate NPSH. Evaluate system NPSHA to pump.

NPSHA (system NPSHA must be
greater than pump NPSHA).
4. Reduced speed. Pump speed not as expected.

Pump flow directly related to speed.
Increase speed if practical.
5. Damaged or worn parts. Replace as needed.

(refer to “Parts Replacement”)
6. Air leak at packing Tighten packing only enough to

reduce leakage to a minimum.
7. Rotor & shaft installed backwards. ML4 series only.
8. Excessive piping restrictions:

• Discharge side Check R/V setting, system, etc.
• line causing partial flow through the
relief valve.
• Suction side • Reduce restrictions in piping.
9. Relief valve worn, set too low, or Evaluate, Repair and Reset.
not sealing properly.
10. Vanes damaged, worn or View vanes through port to verify

incorrectly installed: correct installation.
(see “Replacing Vanes Only”).
EXCESSIVE NOISE
1. Excessive vacuum on the pump due to: Analyze system vs. vacuum reading
• Undersized piping or restrictive
fittings in the suction line.
• Pump speed too fast for the
viscosity being handled.
• Pump too far from the fluid source.
• Strainer plugged or too small.
2. Running the pump with closed or Pump in bypass mode may be noisy
clogged discharge line. depending on piping and fluid
characteristics.
3. Misalignment of the pump, reducer, Check alignment.

or motor.
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4. Sleeve bearings worn or damaged. Check bearing and shaft dimensions.
5. VIbration from improperly anchored Structure noise. Isolate source and

piping. correct.
6. Baseplate not securely mounted. Secure baseplate.
7. Bent shaft. Check shaft run-out.
8. Excessively worn rotor. Check rotor dimensions.
9. Malfunctioning valve in the system. Check all R/Vs and system valves.
10. Insufficient oil in the gear reducer. Check oil level and viscosity.
11. Damaged vanes. Replace and analyze failure mode.

(see the following category)
12. Air trapped in discharge piping. Bleed off air in high point in piping
system.
13. System pressure greater than pump R/V open or chattering. Adjust all
R/V setting. valves as required.
14. Decoupling of magnetic coupling. Seal-less model only.
DAMAGED VANES
1. Foreign objects entering the pump. Evaluate source. Install strainer.
2. Running the pump dry for extended Check for safeguards for time limits
can cause this. periods limits.
3. Cavitation. Analyze inlet piping, gauge readings,

and fluid characteristics.
4. Viscosity too high for the vanes and/or Evaluate inlet conditions vs. viscosity
the pump speed. vs. pump speed.
5. Incompatibility with the liquids pumped. Chemical attack. Install compatible

materials.
6. Excessive heat. Check vane material temperature

limit vs. system conditions.
7. Worn or bent push rods, or worn push Evaluate and correct.

rod holes.
8. Settled or solidified material in the Cold start-up damage - vane breakage.

pump at start-up.
9. Hydraulic hammer - pressure spikes. Quick closure of downsteam valves

causing vane breakage.
10. Vanes installed incorrectly. Check for correct installation.
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BROKEN SHAFT
1. Foreign objects entering the pump. Evaluate source. Install strainer.
2. Viscosity too high for pump speed. Evaluate inlet conditions vs. viscosity
vs. pump speed.
3. Relief valve not opening Check R/V, etc.
4. Extra-clearance rotor required. Many models require extra-clearance

rotor over certain viscosity (check
specific model)
5. Hydraulic hammer - pressure spikes. Quick closure of downsteam valves

causing vane breakage.
6. Pump drive misalignment. Check alignment and coupling type.
7. Over-tightened V-belts, if used. Evaluate V-belt selection, number of

belts, etc.
8. Excessively worn vanes or vane slots. Replace rotor - can cause vanes to
hang-up and shaft/vane breakage.
9. Settled or solidified material in the Cold start-up causing shaft breakage.

pump at start-up. Viscosity too high for pump speed.
MECHANICAL SEAL LEAKAGE
1. Seal faces cracked, scratched, nicked Evaluate. Replace with appropriate

dirty, or worn. materials.
2. O-rings not compatible with the liquids Chemical attack. Install compatible
pumped. materials.
3. Shaft at seal area damaged, worn, or Evaluate cause. Clean or replace as

dirty. needed.
4. Seal faces pitted due to corrosion, Evaluate cause. Take corrective action
Cavitation, or overheating. using alternative seal materials if necessary.
5. O-rings nicked, cut, or twisted. Inspect O-rings, grooves, and cavities.

Repair or replace as needed.
6. Pump sleeve bearings (bushings) Inspect and replace as needed.

worn excessively.
7. Bearings over greased, forcing grease Take precautions to not over grease
between the mechanical seal faces. bearings. Removal of vent plug before
greasing and use of hand grease gun
(pump slowly) (reinstall vent plug).
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OVERLOAD ON MOTOR
***** Qualified electrical service personnel required for electrical work *****
1. Motor horsepower not sufficient Check power required for normal and
for application. R/V horsepower required.
2. Improper wire size or wiring. Check motor voltage load at source

and at motor conduit box. There
should be little or no difference in these
two reading. If large difference, larger
wire, loose connection, or starter
problems may exist.
3. Misalignment Check coupling alignment.
4. Excessive viscosity, pressure, or speed. Check application specs. against

performance curves.
5. Faulty or worn sleeve bearings. Inspect and replace as needed.
6. Rotor rubbing into head. Evaluate. Correct.
7. Excessively tight packing. Loosen packing. Just loosening

(see “Packing Adjustment”) packing follower may not be enough
since packing takes a set.
8. Unevenly tightened packing follower Evaluate follower for heating or wear.

causing shaft interface follower. Readjust as needed.
9. Bearing locknuts improperly adjusted. On models with bearing retaining lock

nuts, improper adjustment will cause
pump to bind.
LEAKAGE
1. Between head/body/relief valve cover/ Damaged, missing or incompatible

etc. o-ring / gasket.
2. From seal area. Weep hole in head/hub. • Incompatible elastomer / o-ring

(Blackmer mechanical seals) • Damaged o-rings
• Pitted surface where o-ring seats
(head / shaft)
• Broken / worn rotating or
stationary component
• Rusty seal seat
• Broken / damaged seal drive
tangs or anti-rotation pin out or
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location causing misalignment
of seat.
3. From seal area - Improper installation (check manufac-

(Commercial Non-Blackmer seal) turers installation instructions). Failure
to remove all packing & park washer
before installation.
4. From casting parts. Porosity in casting.
ESCAPING GREASE
1. Around shaft at bearing cover. Damaged grease seal
2. Around gland bearing at shaft. Incompatible auto lubricator adjustment.
3. From Weep hole. Slight grease leakage may occur after

(Blackmer mechanical seal pumps) regreasing of pump. If more than slight
amount, bearings were over greased.
4. From grease relief fitting. Same as 3.

Best to remove grease fitting when
greasing. Purpose of grease relief is
to allow expulsion of excess grease.
Removal of relief during greasing
removes the chances of pushing
grease into mechanical seals.
SHAFT BINDING
(UPON ASSEMBLY)
1. Burrs, dirt or foreign particles on the On smaller pumps this can be very
heads, discs or rotor. critical. All parts must be free from
foreign clean and particles before
assemble.
2. Improper locknut adjustment. Readjust locknut. (XL, MLX, HXL,

some X models).
3. Excessively tight packing. Packing should not be adjusted tight

(packed models) but final adjusted upon installation and
start-up.
4. Contaminated seal faces: Carbon seal faces / stationary seats

* The cleaner the faces the less should be clean and free of all liquid
less the seal drag or other products (alcohol works well
for removing grease and oil). Apply
light oil or suitable lube to bronze seal
faces only.
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5. Parts not to print - Rotor OD / straddle (width)
- Liner vs. rotor width inadequate
(typical liner is .002 to .006” greater in
width than rotor).
- Vanes tall on pushrods too long. If
pump assembles less pushrods and
vanes but binds with the vanes and
pushrods installed check vanes /
pushrods to factory dimensions.
6. Blackmer mechanical seal not seated. - Seal jacket drive tangs not engaged in
rotor drive slots properly.
- Stationary seat anti-rotation pin not in
proper location to allow complete fit into
head.
SHAFT BINDS AFTER SHORT TIME IN OPERATION
1. Shaft binds in sleeve bearing Inadequate bearing journal to bearing

fit on sleeve bearing pumps. (Typical
shaft OD to bearing ID is .005 to .010
inches new) (Larger the shaft the
greater the clearance).
2. Rotor in pumping chamber. Rotor width or other part such as vane

width clearance inadequate causing
damage to rotor ends or head/discs.
3. Contact between rotor and head Improper bearing locknut adjustment

or disc. biasing rotor to one side of pump
therefor causing rotor end / disc-head
damage.
4. Bearing lock nuts over tightened Bearing locknut adjustment to tight

causing shearing off of lock washer tab
at rotor allowing bearing locknut to
tighten and pulling rotor into head/disc.
5. Rotor / heads galled Running pump dry or baised against

head/disc.
Once head/disc and rotor galling

occurs, the resultant damage will
worsen over time. New parts required.
OTHER POSSIBLE CAUSES OF SHAFT BINDING
• Foreign particles on rotor, under vanes

• Damaged vanes / rotor
• Bent push rods
• Liquids that “set-up” when inactive or shear to fast, etc.
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PUMP OVERHEATING
1. Continual full bypass of liquid Inspect and correct.

- Relief valve setting too low.
- Restricted discharge line.
- Closed discharge valve.
2. Packing overt-tightened or packing Adjust packing / pack follower

follower rubbing against shaft. correctly.
3. Cavitation.
RAPID PUMP PARTS WEAR
1. Misinformed of true application Re-evaluate and select appropriate

pump model for conditions
• Abrasives
• Starved suction (Cavitation)
• Excessive pressure or operation in
relief mode (full bypass) for extended
periods of time.
• Long duty cycle (continuous) at high
pressures on low lubrication fluids.
2. Chemical attack of parts. Check for material compatibility.
3. Pump being steam/caustic/other flushed. Reduce flushing cycle time or bypass

pump during flush cycle.
SECTION 6.3: WEAR AND FAILURE ANALYSIS

The manner in which a component wears or breaks will often indicate the source of a pumping
problem. Learning to identify these wear and failure patterns can greatly improve troubleshooting speed
and accuracy.
VANES
Fig. 3
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BACK CENTER BOTTOM FRONT
Vanes normal wear patterns occur at the bottom of the front side, the center of the back side and along
the top edge. Some wear may be evident at the point the pushrod contacts the vane.
General rule for vane replacement: if more than half the vane is out of the slot at full extension, replace.
If there is any doubt about vane suitability, discard and replace the vane.
Fig. 4
Pushrod penetration usually indicates cavitation; if there is no other evidence of cavitation, penetration
may be caused by overly high viscosities.
Fig. 5
Melted vanes mean excessive dry running.
Fig. 6
Eroded pushrods/vanes may be caused by chemical incompatibility or cavitation.
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Fig. 7
Broken vanes indicate foreign objects in pump, severe cavitation or a chemical attack.
ROTORS
Fig. 8
Width:
The rotor is not designed to rub on the head/discs. Little or no wear should be observed — except with
abrasives.
Fig. 9
O.D.
The pump rotor design is such that the rotor does not come in contact with the cylinder or liner at the
seal
point. Worn bearings, bearing housings or abrasives can cause wear on the rotor O.D.
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back of vane slot front of vane slot
Fig. 10a Fig. 10b
VANE SLOTS
This area will tolerate more wear than rotor width or O.D.
PUMP DISC/HEAD
Fig. 11
Typically, head should not come into contact with rotor. If there is contact the wear pattern will be
circular, matching rotor O.D.
If wear is observed over 1/3 to 1/2 of head (Fig. 103b) the rotor is not running perpendicular to the
heads. This could indicate lock collar mis-adjustment, high abrasives or excessive external forces acting
on the rotor and shaft.
If heads and/or rotor are galled (rough, grooved balling of material). galling will quickly aggravate itself.
New head and rotor are required. Galling can be a symptom of misadjustment of lock collars and/or
excessive external forces.
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BALL/ROLLER BEARING O.D. TO HEAD FIT
Fig. 12
Bearings are a tight slip fit into the heads or hubs. No significant wear should be observed.
Look for signs of rotational wear caused by excessive looseness; this problem quickly aggravates itself
and
the bearing outer race may spin in the housing.
SLEEVE BEARINGS
Fig. 13
Typical wear pattern is to one side of the bearing.

A shaft track width of 1/8” to 1/2” (3mm to 13mm) can be normal.
Out of roundness should be less than .010” (.25mm)
SHAFT WEAR
Packing Area
Fig. 14
Wear is due to abrasives, tight packing or long service.

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Some wear can be tolerated — use good judgment.
Bearing Area — Ball/Roller Bearings
Fig. 15
Premature wear or pitting can be caused by loose bearings. (Bearings should be a tight slip-fit.)
Fig. 16
Bearing Area - Sleeve Bearings
Run-in bearing clearance can be .002” to .006” (,05mm to ,15mm) greater than original shaft O.D. to
bearing bore I.D. which is .006” to .010” (.05mm to .25mm). The larger the pump, the greater the
clearance.
SHAFT BREAKAGE
Fatigue Stress Failure
Fig. 17a Fig. 17b Fig. 17c
Fatigue failure is caused by bending stresses placed on the shaft. Fig. 17a shows high overall stress,
with failure occurring quickly.
Fig. 17b and 17c show low overall stress; failure occurs over a long period of time.
Fatigue failure is typically characterized by a relatively flat surface. Coupling misalignment will typically
cause the shaft to break outside the pump bearing and exhibit the flat surface area.
Torque Stress Failure
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Fig. 18
Torque stress failures occur due to a torsional overload on the shaft — the shaft is twisted until it
breaks. A pump seizure or excessive viscosity is the usual cause of torque stress failures.
2
SEALS
Seal rings
Fig. 19
Condition: radial cracking across seal face; chipping at edges

Cause: vaporization (excessive heat build-up boils away lubricating film)
Fig. 20
Condition: polished circular scoring; rounded edges

Cause: dry running
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Fig. 21
Condition: heavy grooving across face

Cause: abrasives in pumpage
Fig. 22
Condition: uneven wear patterns

Cause: seal face distortion
3
O-RINGS
Fig. 23
Condition: ring eaten away on one side

Cause: material incompatible with pumpage
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Fig. 24
Condition: hardening, cracking, discoloration

Cause: overheating
1 Adapted from Pumps Principles & Practice, p. 109

2 Ibid, p. 131-133
3 ibid p 134-135
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SECTION 7: ORDERING PARTS
Section Topic Page
7.1 Decoding Blackmer ID Tags

Serial no. 80
ID no. 82
Model no. 83
7.2 Identifying Blackmer Pump Models

Basic pump configurations 82
Identifying pumps by phone 84
7.3 The Ordering Process

Specifying & pricing parts 85
Ordering over the phone 86
SECTION 7.1: DECODING BLACKMER ID TAGS
Fig. 1
Blackmer pump ID tags provide you with all the information you require — pump model, date of
manufacture, construction features and materials, — to accurately order replacement parts .
For complete details on Blackmer ID tag codes, refer to the Blackmer Serial Number/ID Tag System
brochure.
SERIAL NUMBER
Fig. 2
WHAT IT TELLS YOU:
Letter at end of Serial No. indicates year the pump was made.
The older numbering system placed the letter designating year of manufacture BEFORE the serial
number.
FROM 1976 AND LATER: FROM 1950 THROUGH 1975
Serial No. Suffix Year of Manufacture Serial No. Prefix Year of Manufacture
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A 1976 A 1950
B 1977 B 1951
C 1978 C 1952
D 1979 D 1953
E 1980 E 1954
F 1984 I 1958
J 1985 J 1959
K 1986 K 1960
L 1987 L 1961
M 1988 M 1962
N 1989 N 1963
P 1990 O 1964
R 1991 P 1965
S 1992 Q 1966
T 1993 R 1967
U 1994 S 1968
V 1995 T 1969
W 1996 U 1970
X 1997 V 1971
Y 1998 W 1972
L 1987 X 1973
M 1988 Y 1974
N 1989 Z 1975
P 1990
R 1991
S 1992
T 1993
U 1994
V 1995
W 1996
X 1997
Y 1998
Example: 115644H = pump was made in 1983
ID NUMBER
Fig. 3
WHAT IT TELLS YOU:
The pump’s features and construction materials.
Example: ID No. 41A-11-1AA22
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4 = Duravanes
1 = standard length rotor/shaft
A- = I-N-C-N seal
1 = steel relief spring
- = no special parts
1 = external roller/ball bearing
A = standard liner
A = standard heads
2 = hardened discs
2 = Viton elastomers
For explanation of specific Blackmer ID tag codes, refer to Appendix 8.5.
MODEL NUMBER
Fig. 4
WHAT IT TELLS YOU:
The pump model and pump size.
Example: X2 = general duty cast-iron pump, 2” size
For explanation of specific Blackmer Model codes, refer to Appendix 8. 6.
SECTION 7.2: IDENTIFYING BLACKMER PUMP MODELS

At times, you may come across Blackmer pumps with missing or unreadable ID tags.
There are several distinct characteristics that help you identify a specific Blackmer pump model. In
addition, there is information you can provide Blackmer by telephone which will allow us to identify the
Blackmer pump model.
BASIC BLACKMER PUMP CONFIGURATIONS
X AND XL SERIES
X-No liner
XL-With replaceable liners
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GX SERIES
Identifying Characteristics: integral gear reducer
no liner
NP, SNP SERIES

Identifying Characteristics: SNP has stainless steel construction
Sleeve bearings in pumpage
NP pump is cast iron
XLW SERIES
Identifying Characteristic: “W” in model number indicates wear resistant
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ML SERIES
Identifying Characteristics: straight flow through porting
4 inch porting
replaceable liner
bolt-on relief valve assembly
HXL SERIES
Identifying Characteristics: Larger ports (6” or bigger) than ML
IDENTIFYING PUMPS BY TELEPHONE

If you provide us with the following information when you phone Blackmer, we may be able to identify
which pump model you have.
BASIC PUMP CONFIGURATION:

Ask yourself these questions about the pump:
> Single or double shaft?
> Packing or mechanical seal?
> 90° porting or straight-through porting?
> Bolt-on relief valve or built-in relief valve?
> Gearbox reducer mounted directly on head or not?
> Body construction material — cast iron, stainless steel, ductile iron?
> With or without replaceable liner?
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PUMP DIMENSIONS
APPLICATION INFORMATION
The more application details you can provide, the better our chances of identifying the pump.
> Clean or contaminated liquid
> Lubricating or non-lubricating fluid
> Abrasives
— how much
— what types/sizes
— hardness
— concentration
> Approximate age of pump
SECTION 7.3: ORDERING PARTS
LITERATURE REQUIRED FOR ACCURATE ORDERING
Fig. 5a Fig. 5b
To assure that you have all the information required to order the proper part, you must consult two
pieces of Blackmer literature:
• the parts list for the pump model
• the current Master Parts Price List
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SPECIFYING THE PARTS
1) Match part to Ref. No. in exploded view (Fig. 5b).
2) Match Ref. No. to Part No. in table.
3) Look up Part No. in Master Parts Price List (Fig. 5a) to determine price.
4) To determine part construction materials, consult materials code in Master Parts Price List. (Material
Code definitions are listed on inside front cover of Master Parts Price List.)
Fig. 6
ORDERING PARTS BY PHONE
To make certain you accurately order parts, be sure to have all the following information ready before
you call:
> Each part name and part number

> The quantity needed of each part
> Pump ID, Serial and Model numbers
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SECTION 8: APPENDIXES
Section Topic
8.1 Basic Pump Application Considerations
Contents:
• Standard Classification Data 80
8.2 Bulletin 30 - Liquid Data and Material Compatibility Guide

Contents
• Viscosity
• Vapor Pressure
• Material Compatibility
8.3 Bulletin 33 - Hydraulic Data for Pump Applications

Contents:
• Pressure Loss
8.4 Pump Identification

Contents:
• Blackmer Serial Number/ID Tag System One/4
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SECTION V8.1: BASIC PUMP APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
Many application factors have an influence on the pumping process. The following list highlights
the conditions that are the most important.
FLUID CONSIDERATIONS
Viscosity
A heavier viscosity requires more pressure to move, which may require that pump speed (or size) be
increased. Non-newtonian fluids change viscosity under agitation in the pump, becoming thinner or
thicker.
Specific Gravity
The greater a fluid’s density, the greater the suction lift required to bring the fluid to the pump — and the
greater the discharge head needed to keep it moving.
Fluid Temperature
The temperature at which a fluid is pumped affects the fluid’s viscosity — and whether or not it will boil
when exposed to pump vacuum conditions.
Vapor Pressure
A fluid’s vapor pressure can, depending on fluid temperature and operating pressure, cause cavitation or
prevent suction.
Corrosiveness/Abrasiveness
Both conditions increase internal pump clearances, which increases slip and reduces pump efficiency.
Shear/Product Breakage Sensitivity

Fluids that are particularly sensitive to degradation under pumping agitation require a slower pump speed
— which, in turn, can affect everything from pump suction lift to outlet pressures.
PUMPING SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
Flow Requirements
Flow requirements determine pump size, pump speed, suction and discharge pressure requirements —
and all the variables, from cavitation risk to pump wear, that go with these factors.
Pump Inlet Conditions/NPSH

Conditions at the pump inlet determine how much suction is required, and how much suction is available
from the pump, along with the risk of cavitation and vapor lock.
Pump Characteristics
The pump configuration itself influences fluid flow characteristics. Different pumps of the same flow
capacity operate at different speeds, producing different levels of agitation — which changes fluid
characteristics and the fluid’s ability to be easily pumped.
Service and Duty Cycle

Intermittent or continuous pump operation determine conditions as operating temperature and internal
pump wear — factors that affect, among other things, fluid viscosity, cavitation, and pumping efficiency,
Pump Outlet Conditions/Friction Loss

Each elbow, valve, strainer or trap in a pipe system increases friction loss, and increases pump outlet
pressure requirements. Generally, the larger the system’s pipe, the less flow resistance — and the lower
the fluid pressure. Longer pipe lengths produce greater pressure drop, so pump outlet pressure must be
greater.
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Training Manual: Sliding Vane Process Pumps

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Effective Dec 2001

Sliding Vane Process Pumps Section

SLIDING VANE PUMPS

SECTION 2: BLACKMER PUMP DESIGN, FEATURES AND OPERATION

SECTION 3: INSTALLATION AND STARTUP

SECTION 4: PUMP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

SECTION 5: BASIC SERVICE PROCEDURES

SECTION 7: ORDERING PARTS

SECTION 1.1: THE BASIC PUMPING PROCESS

There are three parts to a pumping system:

PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS: THE BASIC FORCE BEHIND FLOW

SECTION 1.2: FACTORS THAT AFFECT PUMPING

Specific Gravity (S.G.)

The following formulas provide several ways to determine viscosity measurements.

NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

STATIC HYDRAULICS: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AT REST

STATIC HYDRAULIC PRESSURE

Static hydraulic pressure is determined by two factors:

Fig.10 demonstrates how these factors affect hydraulic pressure.

HYDRAULIC PRESSURE AND ELEVATION

Fig. 12a Fig. 12b

In English measurement absolute pressure is expressed as psia.

In metric terms, absolute pressure is referred to as Pabs.

DYNAMIC HYDRAULICS: THE BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDS IN MOTION.

FLUID ENERGY SOURCES

Pressure energy is the internal energy present in a contained fluid.22

Friction loss and pressure drop are dependent on several variables:

> Sudden expansion or constriction of pipe creates turbulence and friction.

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS: TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

psi to feet of head:

kPa to meters of head:

NPSH = Total Suction Head - Vapor Pressure

FLUID BEHAVIOR IN THE PUMP

SLIP AND PUMPING EFFICIENCY

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

Figs. 29a & 29b

SECTION 1.3: PUMP TYPES

Kinetic pumps use the centrifugal force to generate pressure energy.

PUMP OPERATION: CENTRIFUGAL VS. PD.

PD AND KINETIC PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

Kinetic pumps do not share this linear flow/pressure relationship.

FLOW VS. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURES

CLOSED DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS

SECTION 2.1: ROTARY VANE PUMP TYPES

HOW SLIDING-VANES WORK

Three forces cause the sliding-vanes to move.

Centrifugal force also helps moves vanes outward.

HOW SLIDING-VANES MAINTAIN HIGH PUMP EFFICIENCY

SECTION 2.3: BLACKMER PUMP COMPONENTS

NON-METALLIC (PLASTIC) VANES

Fig. 15a Fig. 15b

Fig. 16a Fig. 16b

1) Protects the pump from excessive system pressures.

RELIEF VALVE OPERATION

SECTION 2.4 BLACKMER OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES

HIGH VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

EXCELLENT SUCTION CAPABILITY

LOW SHEAR CHARACTERISTICS

PREFERRED TECHNOLOGY FOR VOC’S AND THIN FLUIDS

HIGH PERFORMANCE WITH THIN AND THICK FLUIDS