ANTENNA PROPAGATION

A
MINOR PROJECT REPORT
ON
DESIGNING OF 2X2 CIRCULAR MICRO STRIP PATCH
MIMO ANTENNA FOR 2.4 GHz APPLICATIONS
Submitted by
K. Yaswanth Pavankalyan Ch. Ajay Vardhan

(161FA05311) (171LA05001)

M. Krishna Prasad

(161FA05174)

In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

P. Krishna Chaitanya
Assistant professor
VFSTR

(ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH ‘A’ GRADE)

MHRD NIRF 88 RANK

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VFSTR
VADLAMUDI-522213
GUNTUR, ANDHRAPRADESH, INDIA
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CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the minor project report entitled”2X2 Circular Micro
Strip Patch MIMO Antenna for 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications” that is being submitted by
BATCH -19 in partial fulfillment for the award of III year II semester B.Tech degree in
Electronics and communication Engineering to Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology
and Research, is a record of work carried out by him under the guidance of P.Krishna
Chaitanya of ECE Department.

Signature of the faculty guide signature of the Head of the Department

P. Krishna Chaitanya Dr. T. Pitchaiah Ph.D., M.E, MIEEE

Assoc. Professor

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ABSTRACT
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques have
merged as a key technology for the next generation wireless
communication systems because they enable very high data rate
transmission. Unlike the Single Input Single Output (SISO) systems
MIMO systems enhance the capacity and data rate of wireless
transmission. In MIMO multiple antennas are used at the transmitter
and receiver sections. This project discusses the design and simulation
of a two-element MIMO antenna which can be used for WLAN
applications. The MIMO antenna system consists of two radiating
elements on a single low-cost FR4 substrate with a thickness of
1.6mm. The design and simulation has been carried out by using
HFSS Software.

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Contents

NAME OF THE
CHAPTER TOPIC PG.NO

Introduction to MIMO
1 Antennas 6-7

Types of MIMO
2 Antennas 9

Circular Micro strip

3 Patch Antenna 11

Design Equations and

4 Design Parameters 13

Design steps for 2X2

5 Circular Strip Antenna 15-17

Results and
6 Discussions 19-21

Advantages and
7 Disadvantages 23

8 References 25

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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MAIN OBJECTIVE
The main objective of our project is to design a 2X2 Circular Microstrip Patch MIMO
antenna at 2.4GHz for WLAN applications by using HFSS Software.

INTRODUCTION
In Wireless communications, spectrum is a scarce resource and hence for high data
rate transmission, the cost is very high. The use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and
receiver in wireless systems, popularly known as MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)
technology, has rapidly gained in popularity over the past decade due to its powerful
performance-enhancing capabilities. MIMO wireless systems have demonstrated the
capability to increase communication spectral efficiency in a multipath environment.

MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) is an antenna technology for wireless

communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the
destination (receiver). The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined
to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna
technology, the others being MISO (Multiple Input, Single Output) and SIMO (Single Input,
Multiple Output).

In conventional wireless communications, a single antenna is used at the source, and

another single antenna is used at the destination. In some cases, this gives rise to problems
with multipath effects. When an electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with obstructions
such as hills, canyons, buildings, and utility wires, the wave fronts are scattered, and thus they
take many paths to reach the destination. The late arrival of scattered portions of the signal
causes problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff effect), and intermittent reception (picket
fencing). In digital communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can cause a
reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of two or more
antennas, along with the transmission of multiple signals (one for each antenna) at the source
and the destination, eliminates the trouble caused by multipath wave propagation, and can
even take advantage of this effect. MIMO technology has aroused interest because of its
possible applications in digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks (WLANs),
metropolitan area networks (MANs), and mobile communications.

MIMO is usually derived by combining SIMO or Single Input Multiple Output, SISO or
Single Input Single Output and MISO or Multiple Input and Single Output standards. The access
point in MIMO helps in transmitting wireless signals over multiple antennae; thereby, increasing the
strength and effectiveness of the signal.

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There are different multi-antenna types that require different number of antennas, and also
different levels of complexity. These types can be balanced to provide optimum solution for
any kind of application.

SISO: It is also named as Single-Input Single-Output which means that the transmitter and
receiver of the radio system have only one antenna. SISO is a simple single variable control
system which is less complex than the MIMO systems. This system doesn’t require any
additional processing or diversity.

SIMO: The SIMO or Single-Input Multiple-Outputs means the transmitter has single antenna
and the receiver has multiple antennas. This is also known as receiving diversity, and it is
applicable in many applications. There are two types of SIMOs based on specifications like
size, cost and battery drain and they are:

Switched Diversity SIMO: This switched diversity SIMO looks for the strongest signal and
switches to that antenna compared to the weakest antenna.

Maximum Ratio Combining SIMO: This type of system takes both signals from the
antenna and sums them to give a combination. The signals from both the antennas contribute
to the overall signal.

MISO: The MISO or Multiple-Inputs Single-Output is also termed as transmit diversity. This
transmitter has multiple antennas, and the receiver has only one antenna. The advantage with
this system is that it has multiple antennas and the redundancy coding is moved from the
receiver to the transmitter. It also creates a positive impact based on the size, price and life of
the battery.

MIMO: MIMO is also termed as Multiple-Inputs Multiple-Outputs. MIMO is also used to

provide improvement in both channel robustness and as well as channel throughput. MIMO
means both transmitter and receiver have multiple antennas.

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CHAPTER 2
TYPES OF MIMO ANTENNAS

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Types of MIMO Antennas

There are two major categorizations to determine the types of MIMOs:

1. Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO)

2. Open Loop MIMO vs. Closed Loop MIMO

1. Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User- MIMO (MU-MIMO)

1.1 Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO):

Single-user MIMO can be defined as increase in the data rate for a single user equipment
(UE).

1.2 Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO):

If the industrial streams are allocated to numerous users, this is known as multi-user
MIMO. This MIMO mode is mostly useful in the uplink based on the complexity placed on
the user equipment side, and it can be kept to a minimum range by using only one antenna.
This MIMO is also known as Collaborative MIMO.

2. Open Loop MIMO vs. Closed Loop MIMO

2.1 Open Loop MIMO:

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By using this Open-Loop MIMO, the communications’ channel does not use explicit
information towards the propagation channel. The common Open-Loop MIMO systems
consist of Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), and Spatial Multiplexing (SM).

Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO

Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) is a technique of transmit diversity used in UMTSS
third-generation cellular systems. Space Time Transmit Diversity is optional in the UTRANN
air interface, but compulsory for user equipment. STTD utilizes Space Time Block Code
(STBC) to abuse redundancy in multiple transmitted forms of a signal. The same data is
coded and transmitted through various antennas that efficiently double the power in the
channel. This improves Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for the cell-edge performance.

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO

Spatial multiplexing is a transmission method used in MIMO wireless communications to

transmit encoded data signals independently and separately (so-called streams) from each of
the multiple transmit antennas. Therefore, the space dimension is used again, or multiplexed,
more than one time. SM Delivers parallel streams of data to CPE by using a multi-path. It can
double (2 x 2 MIMO) or quadruple (4 x 4) capacity and throughput. Spatial Multiplexing
gives higher capacity if RF conditions are favorable and users are closer to the BTS.

2.2Closed Loop MIMO:

MIMO antenna technologies are the key to increase the network capacity. It has started with
the sectorized antennas. These antennas operate as one cell and illuminate about 60 to 120
degrees. In GSM, the capacity can be tripled, by antennas at an angle of 120 degrees.
Adaptive antenna arrays intensify spatial multiplexing using narrow beams. Smart antenna
belongs to adaptive antenna arrays, but differs in their estimation of smart direction of arrival.
Smart antennas can also form a user-specific beam. Optionally smart antennas can also
reduce the complexity of the array system.

Beam forming is a technique used to form the radiation pattern of an antenna array. It can be
applied in antenna array systems or for any MIMO systems.

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CHAPTER 3
CIRCULAR MICRO STRIP PATCH
ANTENNA ARRAY

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CIRCULAR MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY

These are the antennas made from patches of conducting material on dielectric substrate
above the ground plane. Micro strip patch antennas patches are in diversity of shapes, such
as rectangular, square, triangular and circular, etc.

The antenna design consists substrate thickness 1.6 mm. the dielectric constant of the
substrate is 4.4 and antenna is fabricated on FR-4 material. In this report, select the value of
the substrate (FR-4) constraints relative dielectric constant (εr) to be 4.4 and the substrate
thickness (h) to be 1.6 mm.

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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN EQUATIONS AND DESIGN
PARAMETERS

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Then, we determine the radius of the circular Patch antenna using the expression:

𝛼 = 𝐹⁄ 0.5
2ℎ 𝜋𝐹
{1 + [ln ( ) + 1.7726]}
𝜋𝜀𝑟𝐹 2ℎ
8.791 ∗ 10^9
𝐹=
𝑓𝑟 √𝜀𝑟

Hence, the operating frequency for the dominant TM10 is

1.8412𝑉𝑜
(𝑓𝑟)110 =
2𝜋𝑎𝑟√𝜀𝑟

Where Vo= Free Space speed of light.

The 2 by 2circular micro-strip patch antenna design specifications are shown in below

PARAMETER VALUE

Operating Frequency 2.4GHz

Substrate Dielectric Material FR4 epoxy

Dielectric Constant 4.4

Substrate Length 67.075 mm

Substrate Width 240.7 mm

Width of 70.7 ohm Feed line 1.6 mm

Circular Patch Radius 17 mm

Feeding Technique Edge (line) feeding

Inter Element Spacing 62.5

Width of 100 ohm Feed line 0.7mm

Width of 50 ohm Feed line 3mm

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CHAPTER 5
DESIGN STEPS FOR 2X2 CIRCULAR
MICRO STRIP ANTENNA

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2X2 CIRCULAR MICRO-STRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY DESIGN

STEPS
In this project, we design a 2X2 Circular Micro strip patch antenna suitable methods are
used. The design procedure of 2X2 circular micro-strip patch antenna array as shown below
steps:

1. In HFSS design, select the rotate around model center and double click on Z-axis, which is
nothing but XY plane.

2. First draw a circle and radius of circular position origin (0, 0, 0), radius of the circle is 17
mm in Z-axis (XY-plane) and name of the circle is patch, define the patch color (brown
color) and set the transparency is 0.3.

3. Copy and paste the above circular patch, which is called second circular patch. The
patches are separated by 62.5 mm along Yaxis; the second circular patch position is 0, 62.5,
and 0.

4. Copy and paste the step2 circular patch, which is called third circular patch. The patches
are separated by 62.5 mm along Xaxis; this circular patch position is 62.5, 0, 0.

5. Copy and paste the circular patch2, which is called as fourth circular patch. The antenna
patches are divided by 62.5 mm along Xaxis and Y-axis, this circular patch position is 62.5,
62.5, 0.

6. All the patches are connected to 100 ohm lines each and the width of 100 ohm feed line is
0.7 mm.

7. Select and draw the rectangle box at first circular patch, this called first rectangle
(rectangle1), the rectangle1 dimensions are XSize: -0.7, YSize: -20 and Axis: Z and the
position of this rectangle1 is 0.35, 0, 0 (half of 100 ohm feed line width).

8. Copy and paste the rectangle1, which is called second rectangle (rectangle2). The inter
element spacing of patches are 62.5 mm, because of that, the rectangle1 Yposition is 62.5
mm. The rectangle2 X, Y and Z sizes are same sizes of rectangle1.

9. Copy and paste the rectangle1, which is called third rectangle (rectangle3). The inter
element spacing of patches are 62.5 mm and rectangle1 X-position is 0.35 mm, now add the
62.5+0.35=62.85; this value is the Xposition of rectangle3. The rectangle3 X, Y and Z sizes
are same sizes of rectangle1.

10.Copy and paste the rectangle2, which is called fourth rectangle (rectangle4), already the
rectangle2 X-position is 0.35, which can be added to the inter element spacing of patches,
now the X-position value is 0.35+62.5=62.85.

11.Select the rectangle and draw the one end of the first rectangle (rectangle1) to another end
of third rectangle (rectangle3), which is the fifth rectangle (rectangle5) and change the value
of YSize (=-0.7).

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12. Copy and paste the rectangle5, which is the sixth rectangle (rectangle6), the existing y-
position value is -20 and the new yposition value is 62.5-20=42.5.

13. The equivalent at the junction of each pair is 50 ohm. As shown in the design a quarter
wave transformer is placed between a 50 ohm equivalent point and 100 ohm line whose
resultant impedance is calculated as Z = √ZinZout = √50*100 = 70.7 ohm.

14. Select the rectangle and draw the one end of the fifth rectangle (rectangle5) to another
end of sixth rectangle (rectangle6), which is the seventh rectangle (rectangle7). The value of
YSize is 62.5/4 = 15.625+0.7 = 16.325 (i.e., -16.325), the value of XSize is 1.6 and the value
of X-Position is calculated as {[(XSize-1.6)/2]+xposition=XPosition}, here, [(63.2-
1.6)/2] - 0.35 = 30.45, this is the value of X-Position.

15.Copy and paste the rectangle7, which is called eighth rectangle (rectangle8), the new Y-
Position value is calculated as inter element spacing plus old y-position value plus 0.7 (here,
62.5-20.7=41.8+0.7=42.5) and change the sign conversion of YSize value.

16. Select the rectangle and draw the one end of the seventh rectangle (rectangle7) to another
end of eighth rectangle (rectangle8), which is the ninth rectangle (rectangle9). The value of
new X-position value is calculated as [(XSize-0.7)/2] plus old xposition value, [here (1.6-

0.7)/2=0.45+30.45=30.9] and new XSize value is 0.7.

17.Finally two pair of 100 ohm lines from each side resultant in an equivalent of 50 ohm
where the coaxial feeding is given and the 50 ohm feed line width is 3mm.

18. Select the rectangle and draw the one end of the seventh rectangle (rectangle7) to another
end of eighth rectangle (rectangle8), which is the tenth rectangle (rectangle10). The new X-
Position value is old x-position value minus 0.7 (i.e., 30.45-0.7=29.75) and the new Y-
Position value is calculated as (Ysize-3)/2 plus old y-position value [here,

(30.55-3)/2 = 13.775-4.375=9.4] and new XSize & YSize value are 3.

19. The rectangle10 is called as feed.

20. Select patch 1 to patch 4, rectangle1 to rectangle9 and feed line are in “Unite” condition.

21. Ground Plane: Select and draw the rectangle and change the rectangle name, which is
called “Ground Plane”, change the color and set the transparency (0.7). XPosition: 62.5 +
radius of circle + 6*height of substrate [62.5+17+9.6=89.1].

YPosition: 62.5 + radius of circle + 6*height of substrate [62.5+17+9.6=89.1].

ZPosition: -1.6.
XSize: -XPosition value+17+9.6 = 89.1+17+9.6 = 115.7 (i.e., -115.7).

YSize: YPosition value + 20.7 + 9.6 = 89.1+20.7+9.6 = 119.4 (i.e., -119.4) and axis is Z.

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22.Create Substrate: first set the 3 dimensional view and select and draw the box at one end
of the ground plane to another end of ground plane, name of the box is substrate, select the
FR4_epoxy material, and set the pink color and 0.7 transparency. The value of the substrate
is same as the values of ground plane except Zsize here Zsize is 1.6.

23. First set the 3 dimensional view and then select and draw the circle, which is called
ground_cut_out. The ground_cut_out positions are 31.25, 10.9, -1.6 and the radius is 1.6.
Finally set the 3 dimensional view.

24. Subtract the ground_cut_out from the ground.

25. Select and draw the cylinder, name of the cylinder is probe; material is pec and set the
colour. The probe positions are 31.25, 10.9, 0, height -6.6 and the radius is 0.35.

26. Select and draw the cylinder, name of the cylinder is pin; material is pec and set the
colour. The pin positions are 31.25, 10.9, -1.6, height -5 and the radius are 0.7.

27. Select and draw the cylinder, name of the cylinder is coax, material is Teflon,
transparency is 0.7 and set the color. The coax positions are 31.25, 10.9, -1.6, height 5 and
the radius is 1.6.

28. Select and draw the circle, name of the circle is source and set the color. The source
positions are 31.25, 10.9, -6.6 and the radius is 1.6.

29. Create Radiation Box: select the box and draw one end of the substrate to another end of
substrate extended, name of the box is Radiation Box, material is vacuum, set the color and
0.9 transparencies.

ZSize: 31.25+1.6 = 32.85. Remaining dimensions are same.

30. Select all the faces of radiation box and assign radiation boundary.

31.Right click on patch and assign perfect E1 boundary, right click on ground and assign
perfect E2 boundary, right click on source and assign wave port excitation and then select
the use port object name and click on OK button.

32. Select Add solution setup ----> solution frequency is 2.4 GHz and type the maximum
number of passes 12. Next select the add frequency sweep, select the fast sweep type, select
the frequency type is linear count, start frequency 1 GHz, stop frequency 5 GHz and count is
91.

33. Save the HFSS design, check the validate and analyse all.

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CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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Fig.3. Design of 2X2 Circular Strip Patch Antenna using HFSS Software

Fig.4. Proposed 2X2 Circular Patch Antenna showing perfect E1-plane

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Fig.5. Proposed 2X2 antenna showing perfect E2- plane (Ground)

Fig.6. VSWR Plot for 2X2 Circular Patch Antenna

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Fig.7. 3-D Gain plot for 2X2 Circular Patch Antenna

Fig.8. 3-D Directivity Plot for 2X2 Circular Patch Antenna

Fig.9. Radiation Plot for 2X2 Circular Patch Antenna with Л=0 oc and 90oc phase shift

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CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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Advantages:-
1. Microstrip Antennas are light weight, small volume, low profile antennas which can
conform to planar and non-planar surfaces.
2. MSAs allow for dual and triple frequency band operations, making them useful in a
number of different applications such as GSM, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular. MSAs
also allow for linear and circular polarization, adding to their already numerous
applications.
3. A MSA provides a wide range of design options to accommodate a consumer’s cost
and performance objectives.

Disadvantages:-
1. MSAs also show poor polarization purity and usually only radiate in half-space as
they are usually implemented on double sided laminates where one side is used as the
ground.
2. They also show large ohmic losses in the feed structure of arrays.
3. MSAs have many limitations. MSAs feature a narrow impedance bandwidth (1-5%),
low efficiency and somewhat lower gain (~6dB) which gives them low power-
handling capabilities.

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CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

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REFERENCES

1. https://www.edgefx.in/multiple-input-and-multiple-output-mimo-wireless-
communications/
2. https://www.avalan.com/blog/bid/356942/What-is-MIMO-Technology
3. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7489695
4. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Data_Integrity_Notice.cfm?abid=3288983
5. http://www.jestr.org/downloads/Volume8Issue4/fulltext84112015.pdf
6. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muzammil_Jusoh/publication/283553994_High_gain
_245_GHz_22_patch_array_stacked_antenna/links/5641623008aeacfd893658b7/High-gain-
245-GHz-22-patch-array-stacked-antenna.pdf
7. file:///C:/Users/HAI/Desktop/class%20review/192_53_Paper%201%20IJIRSET.pdf
8. https://www.edgefx.in/multiple-input-and-multiple-output-mimo-wireless-
communications/

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