BY

A. ANCY STEFFINA
DEVISREE
II ECE
VVCOE
OBJECTIVE

To provide a study of different fractal antenna

with an overview of recent developments
FRACTAL ANTENNA – AN
INTRODUCTION
 Fractal antenna theory – a new area
 “fractal ” means broken or irregular
fragments
 “Family of complex shapes that possess an
inherent self similarity or self affinity in
their geometrical structure”
 Came from unique occurances in nature
FRACTAL ANTENNA
FRACTAL ANTENNA
 Suggests some attractive solutions for using
single small antenna needed for different
frequency bands (multiband operation)
 Size, area and mass reduction
(miniaturization)
 The effective length of the antenna can be
increased keeping the total area same
GEOMETRY OF FRACTALS
 The shape can be formed by iterative
mathematical process called IFS
 Based on series of affine transformations
w(x,y) = (ax+by+e, cx+dy+f)
○ a,b,c,d control rotation and scaling
○ e , f control linear translation
 Repeatedly applying W to the previous
geometryfractal geometry
A1=W(A0); A2 = W (A1);……..
GEOMETRY OF FRACTALS
 IFS generated a sequence that converges to a
final image
 More no. of iterations increase in effective
length  decrease in resonant frequency
 Fractal geometry used in most of the works:
Koch fractal
Sirepinski fractal
Koch island fractal
A four iteration Koch fractal

A three iteration Sirepinski fractal

A three iteration Koch island
HOW MINIATURIZATION ?

 Achieving lower fr with reduced length is

miniaturization
 Fractal geometry comprise larger antenna
length in a smaller volume
HOW MULTIBAND OPERATION?
 A single antenna
operating in two or more
freuquency bands
multiband operation
 Antenna elements
operating in different
frequency used
 In fractal antenna
coupling between sharp
angles produce different
current paths achieving
multi band operation
 FRACTAL LOOP ANTENNAS

 Loop antenna needs

more space
 Small loop
 low input resistance-
mismatch to the
transmission line
KOCH LOOP
•A koch loop can be used loop antenna
•Perimeter gets increased maintaining the same volume
• less volume required for resonance
• input impedance improved
SIREPINSKI MONOPOLE AND
DIPOLE

 Multiple bands controlled by scale factors

 Flare angle controls the frequency shift
 Models developed to predict the performance
FRACTAL ANTENNA ARRAY
 Antenna array : to improve the gain
 Random fractal used to generate array
configuration between periodic and random
 Low side lobe (feature of periodic array )
 Robust (feature of random array)
 four stage linear Cantor array
CONCLUSION
 An overview of fractal antenna theory was
presented
 Small sized, lo profile and low weight
antennas can be developed by using fractal
geometries
 Being in early stage of development more
innovations to come in the future