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    FDF

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    of 18
    ‘Copernican Astronomy 15 Copernican Astronomy ‘The Earth isnot the center ofthe Almost everyone believes that the Fathi planet which travels in a nearly Mercury 04 om 0.056 0.059 ems 08 on 038 om Eat 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mare a8 133 333 Jopiter 19 sai 1a \ Sora 25 955 0 fy influence through combination of rays emitted by the Sun and the natural ‘magnetism of the planet. He was influenced inthis belief by some clever demon- ‘trations of magnetic effects by Wiliam Gilbert, an English physician and phys- “The complete ransatd ttl of the book he published in 1609 onthe irstswo laws is New Astronomy Based on Causation, or a Physics of the Sky Derived {from Investigations ofthe Motions ofthe Star Mars, Founded on Observations of ‘the Noble Tycho Brake (usually referred to asthe New Astronomy). Kepler had actually completed an outline ofthe book in 1605, but it took four years to gett printed because of a dispute with Tycho Brah's heirs over the ownership of the at, ‘Kepler's third law, called the Harmonic Law, was desribed in a book ealed Harmony of the World, published while he held @ new and lesser position as provincial mathematician in the town of Linz, Austria (his former patton, Rudolph, had been forced to abdicate his throne, and Kepler lost his job), Inthis book Kepler returned tothe Pythagorean mysticism of his earl days, searching for harmonic relationships among the distances of the planes from the Sun. Instead of finding a relationship between the “musical notes" of the heavenly spheres and their ize, he found the relationship between the speed ofthe planets that is, their periods), which he somehow associated with musical notes and ‘harmony, and he sizeof their obits, He supported the connections with harmony by some suprisingly accurate calculations. Kepler was the right person atthe right time to discover the laws of planetary motion. Fist an perhaps mos significantly, Kepler was an intense Pythagorean istic, He was also an extremely capable mathematician who belived that the ‘universe wa full of mathematical harmonics. Because he was so interested in figures and shapes, it was relatively easy for him to consider elliptical orbits once he finally realized that circular constructions must be wrong. Finally, Kepler was Brabe’s assistant, so that had accesso Tycho Brabe's measurements and knew how accurate they were. Noone else would have had the ability oF the 48 Seven Ideas that Shook the Universe meres to perform all the mathematical calculations required to discover the laws of planetary moon, and no one else would have egardedan eight minut angul discrepancy as signiticant Kepler sent copies of his work wo many of the best-known astronomers of his day and corresponded copiously with them. In general, akiough he was gestly respected, the significance and implication of his esl remained unrecognized for along time except by a few English astronomers and philosophers. Most, astronomers hal become so accustomed othe relatively poor agreement between, ‘theory and data, and so imbued with the idea of circular motion, that they were not ‘much impressed with Kepler's results Galileo, for example, totally ignored Kepler's work even though they had ‘corresponded and Galileo vas quick to seek Kepler’ approval of his own tle- scopic observations. Iti not clear whether Galileo was put off by Kepler’ Pythagorean mysticism oso convinced of eicalar motion asthe natural motion forthe Earth and other plants that he simply could not accept any othe explana tion. The faci, however, that Galileo didnot embark onhistelescope work uni after Kepler published the New Astronomy, no did e publish is Dialgues ui 1682, two years after Kepler's death ‘Only ater Kepler calculated new set of astronomical tables, called the udolphine Tables and published in 1627, was it possible to se his ideas andthe

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