1 The student 1 lifts the log at a point 1 m from the end of the log.

So from the center, he must exert

the force F1 at a distance 4 m. Now let us say, the student 2 exerts a force F2 at a distance x relative
to the center. Now the net torque must be zero. So the net torque relative to center is

4 F1  xF2  0

Torques, that produce anti clockwise rotations are taken as positive and taken as negative otherwise.
Since the student 2 wishes to carry 78% more of the load than the student 1, the load carried by the
student 2 are the force he must exert on the log in terms of load carried by the student 1 is

F2  1.78F1

The net force acting is

F1  F2  W  2.78F1  W
W
F1 
2.78

Using torque equation

W W W
4 F1  xF2  0  4  x1.78 F1  4  x1.78
2.781 2.78 2.78
4  1.78 x
4
x m
1.78
x  2.25 m

From the center, the student 2 must lift at a distance 2.25 m to carry 78% load more than the student
1.

4 Let A and B are the vectors, the difference between them is

D  A B

The sum of these two is

S  A B

IF these two vectors are perpendicular, then

  
2 2
S  D  A  B  A  B  0  A A  A B  B  A  B  B  0  A  B  0

A B

So, the two vectors have equal magnitude if their sum is perpendicular to the difference.

If you have any doubts feel free to comment down. All the best