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Cmaa-Block Retaining Wall PDF
Cmaa-Block Retaining Wall PDF
Concrete Retaining
Preface
Standards Australia has published AS 4678-2002 for
Concrete Masonry the design of earth retaining structures, including
Association of reinforced concrete masonry cantilever retaining
Australia Limited walls. It encompasses the following features:
ABN 33 065 618 840 ■ Limit state design
Level 6, 504 Pacific Highway ■ Partial loading and material factors
St Leonards NSW 2065 ■ Compatibility with the general approach taken in
(P0 Box 572 St Leonards NSW 1590)
AS 1170 SAA Loading code(Note 1)
Telephone: 02 9903 7760 ■ Compatibility with the structures standards such
Facsimile: 02 9437 9703
as AS 3600 Concrete structures(Note 2) and AS 3700
E-mail: info@cmaa.com.au
Masonry structures.
Internet: www.cmaa.com.au
This guide provides Australian designers and
contractors with a comprehensive approach to the
design and construction of reinforced concrete
masonry cantilever retaining walls based on:
■ The design and construction rules set out in
AS 4678-2002
■ An analysis method developed by the Concrete
Masonry Association of Australia (CMAA) to fit
Australian experience.
This guide describes the design and construction of
gravity earth retaining structures, consisting of a
reinforced concrete footing and a reinforced
concrete masonry cantilever stem.It includes:
■ A description of the principal features of the
Australian Standard
■ A description of the analysis method
■ Design tables for a limited range of soil
conditions and wall geometry
■ A design example which demonstrates the use of
the Australian Standard and analysis method
■ A site investigation check list
■ A detailed construction specification.
NOTES:
1 When published in early 2002, AS 4678 included load
factors which were compatible with the load factors on the
version of AS 1170 that was then current. However, changes
to AS 1170 in late 2002 have meant that exact similarity of
load factors no longer exists.
2 Design of the concrete base is based on Cement and
Concrete Association of Australia and Standards Australia
Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook, HB71–2002.
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Contents
1 Introduction 4
1.1 General 4
1.2 Glossary 4
1.3 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Cantilever Retaining Walls 5
1.4 Importance of a Geotechnical Report 6
1.5 Safety and Protection of Existing Structures 6
1.6 Global Slip Failure 6
1.7 Differential Settlement 7
1.8 Importance of Drainage 7
2 Design Considerations 8
2.1 Scope 8
2.2 Limit State Design 8
2.3 Partial Loading and Material Factors 8
2.4 Load Combinations and Factors for Stability 8
2.5 Load Combinations and Factors for Strength of Components 9
2.6 Live Loads 9
2.7 Earthquake Loads 9
2.8 Wind Loads 9
2.9 Hydraulic Loads 9
2.10 Drained Vs Undrained Parameters 9
2.11 Capacity Reduction Factors 9
2.12 Soil Analysis Model 9
2.13 Active Pressure 10
2.14 Pressure at Rest 10
2.15 Passive Pressure 10
2.16 Bearing Failure 10
2.17 Sliding Failure 11
2.18 Overturning 11
2.19 Global slip 11
3 Design Tables 12
3.1 General 12
3.2 Concrete and Masonry Properties 12
3.3 Foundation Material 12
3.4 Retained Soils and Infill Material 12
3.5 Lean Back 12
3.6 Backfill Slope 12
3.7 Live Loads 12
3.8 Earthquake Loads 12
4 Appendices 13
Appendix A – Design Tables 14
Appendix B – Design Example 28
Appendix C – Site Investigation 37
Appendix D – Construction Specification 39
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Components:
Concrete masonry units
Concrete blocks manufactured to provide an
attractive, durable, stable face to a retaining wall.
They are commonly "H" or "Double U" configuration.
Geotextile
A permeable, polymeric material, which may be
woven, non-woven or knitted. It is commonly used to
separate drainage material from other soil.
Retained material
The natural soil or rock, intended to be retained by
a retaining wall.
Foundation material
The natural soil or rock material under a retaining
wall.
Infill material
The soil material placed behind the retaining wall
facing. Often retained soil is used for this purpose.
NOTES:
3 This Guide uses the terminology “dead load” to indicate
permanent loads and “live load” to indicate imposed loads.
This terminology is consistent with the convention adopted
in AS 4678-2002.
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Drainage material
The crushed rock, gravel or similar material placed
1.3 Behaviour of Reinforced
behind a retaining wall to convey ground water Concrete Masonry
away from the wall and foundations. It is commonly
used in conjunction with other drainage media, such
Cantilever Retaining Walls
as agricultural pipes. If unrestrained, a soil embankment will slump to its
angle of repose. Some soils, such as clays, have
Soil types: cohesion that enables vertical and near-vertical
Cohesive fill faces to remain partially intact, but even these may
Naturally-occurring or processed materials with slump under the softening influence of ground
greater than 50% passing the 75 µm Australian water. When an earth retaining structure is
standard sieve, a plasticity index of less than 30% constructed, it restricts this slumping. The soil
and a liquid limit of less than 45%. exerts an active pressure on the structure, which
deflects a little and is then restrained by the friction
Controlled fill Class I and adhesion between the base and soil beneath,
Soil, rock or other inert material that has been passive soil pressures in front of the structure and
placed at a site in a controlled fashion and under the bearing capacity of the soil beneath the toe of
appropriate supervision to ensure the resultant the structure.
material is consistent in character, placed and
compacted to an average density equivalent to 98% If water is trapped behind the retaining structure, it
(and no test result below 95%) of the maximum dry exerts an additional hydraulic pressure. This ground
density (standard compactive effort) for the material water also reduces the adhesion and bearing
when tested in accordance with AS 1289.5.1.1. For resistance. If massive rock formations are present
cohesionless soils, material compacted to at least immediately behind the structure, these will restrict
75% Density index is satisfactory. the volume of soil which can be mobilised and thus
reduce the pressure.
Controlled fill Class II
Soil, rock or other inert material that has been The walls described in this guide are gravity earth
placed in specified layers and in a controlled retaining structures, consisting of a reinforced
fashion to ensure the resultant material is consistent concrete footing and a reinforced concrete masonry
in character, placed and compacted to an average cantilever stem (Figure 1.1). The retained soil exerts
density equivalent to 95% (and no test result below an active pressure on the infill material above the
92%) of the maximum dry density (standard heel of the base (in Arrangement 1)and this, in turn,
compactive effort) for the material when tested in exerts an active force on the stem of the wall. In
accordance with AS 1289.5.1.1. For cohesionless arrangement 2, the retained soil exerts an active
soils, material compacted to at least 75% Density pressure directly on the stem. Overturning is
index is satisfactory. Generally the layer thickness is resisted by the vertical load of the structure and,
specified as a maximum of 300 mm. where applicable,the soil above the heel. It is usual
to disregard any resistance to overturning provided
Uncontrolled fill by live loads.
Soil, rock or other inert material that has been
placed at a site and does not satisfy the materials
included above.
Retained soil
Insitu material
Natural soil, weathered rock and rock materials. Infil material
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■ Effect of any structures founded within a zone of The designer should also take into account the
effects of rock below or behind the structure in
influence.
resisting slip failure.
Analysis for global slip is not included in this guide
1.5 Safety and Protection of and it is recommended that designers carry out a
Existing Structures separate check using commercially available
software.
Whenever soil is excavated or embankments are
constructed, there is a danger of collapse. This may
occur through movement of the soil and any
associated structures by:
■ rotation around an external failure plane that
encompasses the structure,
■ slipping down an inclined plane,
■ sliding forward, or
■ local bearing failure or settlement.
Global
slip plane
Secondary
global slip
plane
Primary
global slip plane
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
Optional
capping 100-mm-deep catch drain with a minimum grade of
1 in 100 connected to the site drainage system
Retained soil
Infill material
Concrete
masonry
stem Geofabric separation layer between drainage fill material
and retained fill material
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In all cases, an experienced civil or geotechnical ■ Two leaves of 190 mm hollow block, separated
engineer should be engaged to determine the by a cavity of 80 mm and joined by steel ties to
appropriate soil properties. prevent spreading during the grouting process,
or peeling of the thin stem away form the thick
The Tables are based on a rough interface between stem.This arrangement gives a total width of
the base and the foundation, such that the internal 460 mm.
angle of friction, φ, is applicable.
The stem width may be progressively increased
down the wall to cater for increasing loads.
3.4 Retained Soils and Infill
Material 3.11 Control Joints
The design example indicates how to design for Control joints should be included in the stem at
different retained soils and infill material. For centres up to 16.0 m, depending on the soil type
simplicity, the Tables are based on materials with and quantity of horizontal reinforcement that is
the following properties: incorporated.
Characteristic internal friction angles 25° 30° 35°
Characteristic density (kg/m3) 19 19 19
Characteristic cohesion (kPa) 5.0 2.5 0 3.12 Hob
In all cases, an experienced civil or geotechnical Reinforced concrete footings for retaining walls should
engineer should be engaged to determine the include a means of positively locating the steel starter
appropriate soil properties. bars accurately and a means of providing drainage
through the wall at the level of the base. Both
requirements may be achieved by including a concrete
3.5 Lean-Back hob (or up-stand), through which vertical starter bars
Consistent with AS 4678, this guide does not cover are placed and on which the masonry is built.
the design of revetments with a lean-back of 20° or Horizontal 50-mm diameter weep holes may pass
more from vertical. The tabulated typical wall details through the hob at 1.2 m maximum centres.
are applicable for vertical walls.
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4 Appendices
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B1 B1
WALLS WITH SINGLE STEM OF 140-mm BLOCK WALLS WITH SINGLE STEM OF 190-mm BLOCK
T3 T3
T2 T2
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B1 B1
WALLS WITH SINGLE STEM OF 140-mm BLOCK WALLS WITH SINGLE STEM OF 190-mm BLOCK
T3 T3
T2 T2
Longitudinal reinforcement
X-bars in thin stem: N12 at 400 crs.
H4 700
lap X-bars
H4 700 NOTE: All cores Longitudinal reinforcement
lap fully grouted in thin stem: N12 at 400 crs. X-bars
X-bars Ties: N10 at 400 crs. (100 cog
NOTE: All cores and
each end) this course, R6 at
cavity fully grouted
H1 Y-bars H1 400 x 400 crs. for remainder
Y-bars
H5 N16 700 lap Longitudinal reinforcement H5 N16 700 lap Longitudinal reinforcement
N20 1000 lap in thick stem: N16 at 400 crs. N20 1000 lap in thick stem: 2-N16 at 400 crs.
Y-bars Y-bars
100 100
H2 SL72 mesh H2 SL72 mesh
H3 Y-bars H3 Y-bars
N16 at N16 at
300 crs 300 crs
B2 B3 B2 B3
B1 B1
WALLS WITH THIN STEM OF 190-mm BLOCK WALLS WITH THIN STEM OF 190-mm BLOCK
AND THICK STEM OF 290-mm BLOCK AND THICK STEM OF 190/80/190-mm CAVITY BLOCK
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Height of water table from top of drainage layer 4 Infill Soil Properties
Hw = 0 m Soil description
Limits for determining Structure Classification Controlled crushed sandstone or gravel fills
Class 2 controlled fill
2ω + φ
θtm = Characteristic internal angle of friction
3
φi = 35°
(2 x 0°) + 35°
= Design uncertainity factor for friction
3
Φuφi = 0.90
= 11.7°
Design angle of friction
θb = θtf
φ*i = tan-1[(tan φi)Φuφi]
2ω + 3φ = tan-1[(tan 35°)0.90]
=
5 = 32.2°
(2 x 0°) + (3 x 35°) Characteristic cohesion
=
5 ci = 3.0 kPa
= 21.0°
Design uncertainty factor for cohesion
NOTE: Structures beyond the base limit or beyond the Φuci = 0.75
top limits are unlikely to be affected by, or have an
affect upon, the structure clasification Design cohesion
c*i = ci Φuci
There are no major structures located within the limits.
= 3.0 x 0.75
Structure failure results moderate damage. = 2.3 kPa Assume zero for design
Structure Classification = 2
Soil density
Reduction factor Top limit (live load) γ*i = 18.6 kN/m3
Φn = 1.0
Top limit Design external friction angle
(dead load) δ*i = 2/3 φ*i
= 2 x 32.2
θb 3
= 21.5°
Base ω
limit
θtm
θtf
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
H10 = 592
Design angle of friction
φ*r = tan-1[(tan φi)Φuφr] β = 15°
= tan-1[(tan 29°)0.85]
= 25.2° Thin stem
H7 = 1800
Characteristic cohesion 190 Block properties:
80
cr = 5.0 kPa Face-shell
thickness,
H1 = 3600
Design uncertainty factor for cohesion
H9 = 4792
ts1 = 30 mm
H6 = 3700
Φucr = 0.70
H12 = 5192
H4 = 4200
Block core
H5 = 4600
H8 = 1900
Design cohesion taper,
H13 = 100
c*r = cr Φucr tt1 = 3 mm
= 5.0 x 0.70 Thick stem
= 3.5 kPa Assume zero for design
Soil density
H11 = 1000
γ*r = 19.6 kN/m3
H2 = 500
Base
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Client:
Project:
Location:
Proximity of other structures and loads to the face of the retaining wall:
Structure or load Distance (m)
Distance of live loads from top of wall
Distance of dead loads from top of wall
Distance of other structures from base of wall
Structure classification:
For guidance refer AS 4678, Table 1.1
Structure Classification Examples
1 Where failure would result in significant damage or risk to life
2 Where failure would result in moderate damage and loss of services
3 Where failure would result in minimal damage and loss of access
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
Soil Properties
Effective
Density internal angle Cohesion
Soil (kg/m3) of friction (°) (kPa) Soil type*
Insitu foundation
Infill soil
* Please indicate the appropriate type(s) and add any other notes.
Hard rock, sandstone, gravel, sand, silty sand, clayey sand, stiff clay, weak clay, other
Is there ground water seepage present? Now ( yes/no ) After heavy rain (yes/no)
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Structures
Concrete Retaining
ISBN 0 909407 49 5
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