1 What is semiconductor?

Semiconductor …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(a) Examples of semiconductors:…………………, …………………, ……………, ……………… and so on.

Semiconductor

(b) Characteristics of semiconductors: ……………………………………………………………………………

(c) The conductivity of semiconductor can be increased by ……………………………..………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) What is doping process?

Doping ……………………………………..………………………………………………………………...
Semiconductor Doping Type of semiconductor
Silicon or 5 valence electrons
germanium has like phosphorus,
4 valence arsenic, antimony
electrons at the
outermost shell 3 valence electrons
like boron, gallium,
iridium

Combination of p-type semiconductor with n-type semiconductor with produce a semiconductor ……………..
2 Doping silicon with impurities

n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor

(Dopant: pentavalent like phosphorus) (Doped with trivalent like boron)
Question 1
Which of the following can be used as dopant in a n-type semiconductor?
A Silicon B Boron C Phosphorus D Nitrogen
Question 2
The doping process of pure semiconductor with pentavalent element will
A cause the semiconductor to be negatively charged
B produce p-type semiconductor
C cause the resistance of the semiconductor to increase
D produce majority charged carrier which are electrons
6 What is diode?
Diode is an electronic which …………………………………………………………………………………….

Common use of diode

-………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

-………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
What is meant by rectification?

Rectification …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Type of rectification by diodes: …………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………….
(a) Half wave rectification circuit

The input voltage is a.c. meaning that the current can start to flow from A or from G.
If from A 
The flow of current is …………………. and therefore has ………………………………. for this cycle.

If from G 
The flow of current is ………………….. by the diode and so ……………………………. for this circle
The above process is repeated.

Smoothening process is by ………………………….

(b) Full-wave rectification circuit

The input voltage is a.c. meaning that the current can start to flow from A or from N.
If from A
The flow of current is …………………. and therefore has ………………………………… for this cycle.
If from N
The flow of current is ………….………..and so …………………………….….. for this circle.
The above process is repeated.
(c) Smoothening process by capacitor
A capacitor is connected …………………….. to the resistor.
The waveform is displayed using CRO (parallel to the resistor).
7 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.
Transistor is an electronic used as
(a) an automatic switch
(b) a current amplifier

Transistor

n-p-n transistor p-n-p transistor

(symbol) (symbol)

(a) Transistor as an automatic switch

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) has a very low resistance when exposed to sunlight but very high
resistance when at nighttime.
Again to remember: High resistance Cause high potential difference
The arrangement of R1 resistor and LDR along AB is used as potential divider of the voltage.
𝑅1 𝐿𝐷𝑅
Voltage at R1 = (𝑅 +𝐿𝐷𝑅) × 12 V and Voltage at LDR = (𝑅 +𝐿𝐷𝑅) × 12 V
1 1

Function of base resistor is to control the base current.

Function of transistor in this circuit is as an automatic switch.
Explain the working principle of transistor circuit in daylight.
1st: In daylight, the LDR has very low resistance as exposed to
sunlight.
2nd: Low resistance of LDR will cause a smaller share of battery
voltage across it.
rd
3 : This low voltage across the base-emitter does not switch the
transistor on.
4th: Therefore, the transistor circuit is not complete and the lamp does
not light up.
Explain the working principle of transistor circuit in nightime.
1st: In nightime, the LDR has very high resistance as the surrounding
is dark.
 2nd: High resistance of LDR will cause a high share of battery voltage
across it.
3rd: This high voltage across the LDR will drive a base current
through the transistor and switch it on.
th
4 : Therefore, the transistor circuit is complete and the lamp lights
up.
(b) Transistor as current amplifier
X Loudspeaker

40 kΩ
C P
R Capacitor
B 6 V dc
Microphone Y Q
E
10 kΩ

S Z

1st: The microphone is to convert the sound energy into electrical

energy. This electrical energy will be sent to capacity.
2nd: The capacitor will block the steady current and allow the a.c
current to pass through it.
3rd: The small a.c current will pass to the base of transistor will
cause a big amplification to the output current.
Here, the transistor is act as current amplifier.
4th: The loudspeaker now converts the electrical signal back to
sound energy again.

(c) Question 1
How many types of transistor are there? Name them.
Two. n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.

Question 2
Compare the magnitude of the collector current Ic to the base current, Ib.
Ib is 1000 times bigger than the Ic.

Question 3
What must you do before any current can flow in the emitter-collector circuit?
A small Ib must supply to the base of the transistor.

8 What are logic gates?

Logic gates are the decision makers in electronic systems.
They are called gates because they can have many inputs to a device but only give a single output.

X-exclusive gate AND gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1

OR gate NOT gate

 Input 1 Input 2 Output Input Output
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NAND gate (AND first NOR gate (OR first then

then Not gate) NOT gate)

Input 1 Input 2 Output Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0

NOT gate is different from other logic gate as it has only one input with one output.

(b) Electric circuit which represents the logic gates

Logic Gate Electric circuit
AND Gate

Both inputs must be closed to complete the circuit

OR Gate

Either one switch or both are closed will complete

the circuit.
NOT Gate

Input 1 is closed will cause the bulb to switch off.

Input 1 acts as current jumper.
NAND Gate

Both inputs closed will switch of the bulb. (Current

jumper occurs when both the inputs are closed)
NOR Gate

Either one or both inputs closed will switch off the

bulb.
INTENSIVE EXERCISE
1 Diagram 1 shows the use of a transistor in a circuit.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan kegunaan transistor dalam suatu litar.

Relay switch
1500 Ω 240 V
IC
R1 IB
6V

Motor
R2 V2 IE

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
(a) Name the type of transistor used.
Namakan jenis transistor yang digunakan.

………………………………………………………………………
(b) State the function of resistor R1.
Nyatakan fungsi bagi perintang R1.

………………………………………………………………………
(c) State the function of resistor 1500 Ω and R2.
Nyatakan fungsi perintang 1500 Ω and R2.

………………………………………………………………………
(d) What is the function of transistor in this circuit?
Apakah fungsi transistor di dalam litar ini?

………………………………………………………………………
(e) What is the function of relay switch?
Apakah fungsi suis geganti itu?

………………………………………………………………………
(f) The transistor is switched on when the base voltage V2 is 2 V.
Transistor itu dihidupkan apabila voltan dasar V 2 ialah 2V.
(i) Calculate the voltage across the resistor 1500 Ω.
Hitung voltan merentasi 1500 .

(ii) Calculate the minimum value R2 when the transistor is switched on.
Hitung nilai minimum bagi R2 apabila transistor itu dihidupkan.

(g) Name the terminal Ic, Ib and Ie of the transistor.

Namakan terminal Ic, Ib dan Ie bagi transistor itu.

………………………………………………………………………
(h) Why the terminal Ie must be connected to the cathode of the battery?
Mengapa terminal Ie mesti disambungkan kepada katod bateri?

………………………………………………………………………
(g) The resistor R2 is then replaced with a light dependent resistor, LDR, which has high resistance when the
surrouding is dark.
Perintang R2 kemudian digantikan dengan satu perintang peka cahaya, LDR di mana ia mempunyai rintangan yang
tinggi apabila persekitaran adalah gelap.
(i) State whether the bulb lighted up during the day.
Nyatakan sama ada mentol itu menyala semasa hari siang.

………………………………………………………………
(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 1(g)(i).
Beri sebab untuk jawapan di 1(g)(i).

………………………………………………………………
 ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(h) If the circuit in Diagram 1 is modified to electric alarm circuit which will siren when there is a fire.
Suggest two modifications needed to be done.
Jika litar dalam Rajah 1 diubahsuai menjadi litar penggera elektrik di mna ia akan berbunyi jika ada api.
Cadangkan dua pengubahsuaian yang perlu dilakukan.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
(i) Explain the working principle of relay switch.
Terangkan prinsip kerja bagi suis geganti.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………

2 Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show two circuits which consist of identical
ammeters, dry cells and semiconductor diodes.
Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan dua litar yang mengandungi ammeter serupa,
sel kering and diod semikonduktor.
1 2 1 2
0 3 0 3

Diagram 2.1 / Rajah 2.1 Diagram 2.2 / Rajah 2.2

(a) Name an example of pure semiconductor material.
Namakan satu contoh bahan semikonduktor tulen.

…………………………………………………………………………
(b) Observe Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2, state the difference between:
Perhatikan Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2, nyatakan perbezaan antara:
(i) The connection of the diodes
Sambungan diod

…………………………………………………………………
(ii) The reading of the ammeters
Bacaan ammeter

…………………………………………………………………
iii) Explain the difference in the readings of the ammeters
Terangkan perbezaan dalam bacaan ammeter

…………………………………………………………………

(c) Based on the answer in 2(b)(iii), state the function of diode.

Berdasarkan pada jawapan di 2(b)(iii), nyatakan fungsi bagi diode.

……………………………………………………………………….
(d) Diagram 2.3 shows a cathode ray oscilloscope, CRO is connected to a
diode circuit.
Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan satu osiloskop sinar katod, CRO yang disambungkan
kepada satu litar diode.
 Diode
a.c Diod To CRO
a.u
R
Ke OSK

Diagram 2.3 / Rajah 2.3

(e) Sketch the output waveform on the diagram given below.
Lakarkan bentuk gelombang output pada rajah diberi di bawah .
Output voltage

Time
0

(f) Sketch the output waveform on the Diagram below if a capacitor is

connected parallel to resistor in (e).
Lakarkan bentuk gelombang output pada rajah bawah jika satu kapasitor
disambungkan selari dengan perintang di (e).
Output voltage

Time
0

Diagram 2.6 shows a cathode ray oscilloscope, CRO is connected to

another diodes circuit.
Rajah 2.6 menunjukkan satu osiloskop sinar katod, CRO yang disambungkan
kepada litar diod yang satu lagi.
Diode
Diod
a.c
a.u

R C To CRO
Ke OSK

Diagram 2.6 / Rajah 2.6

Sketch the output waveform in Diagram 2.6 that shown by the CRO.
Lakarkan bentuk gelombang output di Rajah 2.6 yang ditunjukkan oleh
CRO.
Output voltage

Time
0
(g) State the function of capacitor in Diagram 2.6.
 Nyatakan fungsi bagi kapasitor dalam Rajah 2.6.

………………………………………………………………………………

3 Diagram 3.1 shows a bright spot, M, formed on the screen on the cathode
ray oscilloscope, CRO, when it is switched on.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan satu tompok cerah terbentuk pada skrin di osiloskop
sinar katod, OSK, apabila ia dihidupkan.

BRILLIANCE
OFF
M FOCUS

X GAIN

X SHIFT

Y-GAIN STABILITY VARIABLE

VOLT/DIV TIME / DIV
5 2 1
10 1ms 100 us
.5 10 ms 10 us TRIG
Y-INPUT 20
50 .1 100 ms 1 us
EXT
SWEEP
DC AC TRIGLEVEL OUTPUT

AUTO

Diagram 3.1 / Rajah 3.1

(a) What is the meaning of cathode ray?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh sinar katod?
………………………………………………………………………
(b) What is the meaning of thermionic emission?
Apakah maksud pancaran termion?

……………………………………………………………………
(c) Name the particle that produces the bright spot, M, when it hits the
fluorescent screen of the CRO.
Namakan zarah yang menghasilkan tompok cerah, M, apabila ia
menghentam skrin berpendaflour OSK itu.

………………………………………………………………………
(d) Explain how to produce a bright spot, M on the screen of CRO?
Erangkan bagaimana menghasilkan tompok cerah, M pada skrin OSK?

………………………………………………………………………

(e) Diagram 2.2 shows the bright spot, N when a direct current d.c.
supply is connected to the Y-input of the CRO.
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan tompok cerah, N apabila satu bekalan arus terus,
a.t disambungkan ke input Y suatu OSK.
 BRILLIANCE
OFF
N FOCUS

X GAIN

X SHIFT

Y-GAIN STABILITY VARIABLE

VOLT/DIV TIME / DIV
5 2 1
10 1ms 100 us
.5 10 ms 10 us TRIG
Y-INPUT 20
50 .1 100 ms 1 us
To direct
EXT
current supply SWEEP
DC AC TRIGLEVEL
d.c OUTPUT

AUTO

Diagram 2.2 / Rajah 2.2

The Y-gain of the CRO is set at 5 V / division with the time-base is
set off.
(i) Calculate the value of the voltage shown by N.
Hitung nilai bagi voltan yang ditunjukkan oleh N.

(ii) State the peak voltage, Vp, of N.

Nyatakan voltan puncak, Vp bagi N.

(iii) Calculate the root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s , of the a.c

supply.
Hitung voltan punca kuasa dua, Vpmk, bagi bekalan a.u

(f) The CRO in Diagram 2.2 is connected to alternating current supply,

a.c and the time-base is set off. On Diagram 2.3 below, sketch the
output waveform that will be displayed on the screen.
OSK di Rajah 2.2 disambungkan ke bekalan arus ulangalik, a.u dan dasar
masa dimatikan. Pada Rajah 2.3, lakar bentuk gelombang output yang
akan dtunjukkan oleh skrin.

4 (a) What is the semiconductor?

Apakah itu semikonduktor?

………………………………………………………………………
(b) How to produce a p-type semiconductor?
Bagaimana menghasilkan satu semikonduktor jenis p?

………………………………………………………………………
(c) How to produce a n-type semiconductor?
Bagaimana menghasilkan satu semikonduktor jenis-n?

………………………………………………………………………
(d) What will be formed if the p-type semiconductor is fused together
with the n-type semiconductor?
Apakah yang akan terbentuk jika semikonduktor jenis-p difiuskan bersama
dengan semikonduktor jenis-n?

………………………………………………………………………
(e) What is meant by logic gate?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh get logic?

………………………………………………………………………

(f) Complete the table given below.

Lengkapkan jadual diberi di bawah.
AND gate OR gate NOT gate
P R P R P R
Q Q

P Q R P Q R P R
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1

NOR gate NAND gate X-exclusive gate

P R P R P R
Q Q Q

P Q R P Q R P Q R
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

(g) You are given several batteries, two switches and one bulb. Show
how you would arrange these component to produce:
Anda giberi beberapa batteries, dua suis dan satu mentol. Tunjukkan
bagaimana anda akan menyusun komponen-komponen yang diberi untuk
menghasilkan:
-AND gate circuit / Litar logik AND
-NOT gate circuit / Litar logik NOT
-NOR gate circui / Litar logik NOR
-OR gate circuit / Litar logik OR
-NAND gate circuit / Litar Logik NAND