Linear Systems

Course Notes 2.6: Introduction to Linear Systems 3.
1: Linear Systems
Outline
Week 3: Introduction to Linear Systems
Course Notes: 2.6, 3.1
Goals: Consider the solution to a system of linear equations as a

geometric object; learn basic techniques (back substitution, row
reduction) for solving systems of linear equations.
Course Notes 2.6: Introduction to Linear Systems 3.1: Linear Systems
Intersections: R2
Which of the following could be the intersection of lines

a1 x + a2 y = a3 and b1 x + b2 y = b3 ?
A. nothing B. point C. line D. plane

E. two points F. two lines
Intersections: R2

a1 x + a2 y = a3 and b1 x + b2 y = b3 ?

Intersections: R2

a1 x + a2 y = a3 and b1 x + b2 y = b3 ?

The intersection of the two lines is the set of points (x, y ) that are
solutions to this system of linear equations:
a1 x + a2 y = a3
b1 x + b2 y = b3
Intersections: R2

a1 x + a2 y = a3 and b1 x + b2 y = b3 ?

a1 x + a2 y = a3
b1 x + b2 y = b3

a1 a2
If the intersection is a point, what can we say about det ?
b1 b2
A. zero B. nonzero C. positive D. negative
Intersections: R2

a1 x + a2 y = a3 and b1 x + b2 y = b3 ?

a1 x + a2 y = a3
b1 x + b2 y = b3

a1 a2
If the intersection is a point, what can we say about det ?
b1 b2
A. zero B. nonzero C. positive D. negative
Intersections: R3
Which of the following could be the intersection of two planes in

R3 ?
Intersections: R3
Which of the following could be the intersection of two planes in

R3 ?
Intersections: R3
Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

R3 ?
E. two points F. two lines G. two planes
Intersections: R3

R3 ?
Intersections: R3

R3 ?
Intersections: R3

R3 ?
Intersections: R3

R3 ?
Intersections: R3

R3 ?
Intersections: R3

R3 ?
Intersections: R3

R3 ?
a1 x + a2 y + a3 z = a4
b1 x + b2 y + b3 z = b4
c1 x + c2 y + c3 z = c4
Possible solutions:
∅
x=q
x = q + sa
x = q + sa + tb
Intersections: R3

R3 ?
a1 x + a2 y + a3 z = a4
b1 x + b2 y + b3 z = b4
c1 x + c2 y + c3 z = c4
Suppose the intersection of the three planes is a point. Then

 
a1 a2 a3
det b1 b2 b3  6= 0
c1 c2 c3
(Remember the volume of a parallelepiped.)

Intersections: R3

R3 ?
a1 x + a2 y + a3 z = a4
b1 x + b2 y + b3 z = b4
c1 x + c2 y + c3 z = c4
Suppose (1, 3, 5) and (2, 6, 10) are solutions to the system of

equations.
How many solutions total are there?

Intersections: R3

R3 ?
a1 x + a2 y + a3 z = a4
b1 x + b2 y + b3 z = b4
c1 x + c2 y + c3 z = c4
Suppose (1, 3, 5) and (2, 6, 10) are solutions to the system of

equations.
How many solutions total are there?
Give another solution.

Definition: Linear Combination

If a1 , a2 , . . ., an are a collection of vectors, and s1 , s2 , . . . , sn are
scalars, then
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an
is a linear combination of a1 , a2 , . . . , an .
Given a collection of vectors, the set of all their possible linear
combinations is the span of the vectors.
On the other hand, a1 × a2 and a1 · a2 are not linear combinations

of a1 and a2 .

scalars, then
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an
So, the parametric equation x = sa + tb is just the set of all linear

combinations of a and b .

scalars, then
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an

Fact: if a and b are vectors in R2 that are not parallel, then every
point in R2 can be written as a linear combination of a and b .

scalars, then
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an

Related Fact: if a , b , and c are vectors in R3 that do not all lie
on the same plane, then every point in R3 can be written as a
linear combination of a , b , and c .

scalars, then
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an

Related Fact: if a , b , and c are vectors in R3 that do not all lie
on the same plane, then every point in R3 can be written as a
linear combination of a , b , and c .
Test for colinearity or coplanarity using determinant.
Linear (In)dependence
Definition we want:
If a1 , a2 , . . ., an are a collection of vectors, we call them linearly
independent if none is a linear combination of the others.
Definition we want:
Definition: Linear Independence
independent if the only solution to the equation
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an = 0
is
Definition we want:
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an = 0
is s1 = s1 = · · · = sn = 0.
Definition we want:
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an = 0
is s1 = s1 = · · · = sn = 0.
So, the vectors are linearly dependent if there exist scalars
s1 , s2 , . . . , sn , at least one of which is nonzero, such that
s1 a1 + s2 a2 + · · · + sn an = 0.
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
Example: 1 , 2 , 3 are linearly dependent.
1 2 3
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
1 2 3
h1i h1i h2i
(1) 1 + 2 = 3
1 2 3
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
1 2 3
h1i h1i h2i h1i h1i h2i h0i
(1) 1 + 2 = 3 (2) Equivalently, 1 + 2 − 3 = 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 0
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
1 2 3
(1) 1 + 2 = 3 (2) Equivalently, 1 + 2 − 3 = 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 0
Example: {[ 10 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 16
14 ]} are linearly dependent
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
1 2 3
(1) 1 + 2 = 3 (2) Equivalently, 1 + 2 − 3 = 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 0
Example: {[ 10 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 16
(1) 2 [ 10 ] + 7 [ 22 ] = [ 16
14 ]
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
1 2 3
(1) 1 + 2 = 3 (2) Equivalently, 1 + 2 − 3 = 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 0
Example: {[ 10 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 16
(1) 2 [ 10 ] + 7 [ 22 ] = [ 16 1 2 16 0
14 ] (2) Equivalently, 2 [ 0 ] + 7 [ 2 ] − [ 14 ] = [ 0 ]
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
1 2 3
(1) 1 + 2 = 3 (2) Equivalently, 1 + 2 − 3 = 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 0
Example: {[ 10 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 16
(1) 2 [ 10 ] + 7 [ 22 ] = [ 16 1 2 16 0
14 ] (2) Equivalently, 2 [ 0 ] + 7 [ 2 ] − [ 14 ] = [ 0 ]
nh 1 i h 0 i h 0 io
Example: 0 , 1 , 0 are linearly independent.
0 0 7
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
1 2 3
(1) 1 + 2 = 3 (2) Equivalently, 1 + 2 − 3 = 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 0
Example: {[ 10 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 16
(1) 2 [ 10 ] + 7 [ 22 ] = [ 16 1 2 16 0
14 ] (2) Equivalently, 2 [ 0 ] + 7 [ 2 ] − [ 14 ] = [ 0 ]
nh 1 i h 0 i h 0 io
0 0 7
(1) there’s no way to write one as a linear combination of the

others;
nh 1 i h 1 i h 2 io
1 2 3
(1) 1 + 2 = 3 (2) Equivalently, 1 + 2 − 3 = 0
1 2 3 1 2 3 0
Example: {[ 10 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 16
(1) 2 [ 10 ] + 7 [ 22 ] = [ 16 1 2 16 0
14 ] (2) Equivalently, 2 [ 0 ] + 7 [ 2 ] − [ 14 ] = [ 0 ]
nh 1 i h 0 i h 0 io
0 0 7
(1) there’s no way to write one as a linear combination of the

others; h1i h0i h0i h0i
(2) If we try to solve s 0 + t 1 + r 0 = 0 ,
0 0 7 0
the only solution is s = t = r = 0.
Basis
Definition: Basis
In Rn , a collection of n linearly independent vectors is called a
basis.
Any x in Rn can be written as a linear combination of basis vectors.
Basis
Definition: Basis
basis.

1 2
Verify that and form a basis.
1 1
Basis
Definition: Basis
basis.

1 2
1 1

7 1 2
Write as a linear combination of and .
−2 1 1
Basis
Definition: Basis
basis.

1 2
1 1

7 1 2
Write as a linear combination of and .
−2 1 1

7 1 2
= −11 +9
−2 1 1
Bases
In R3 , what is the easiest basis to work with?

That is: find a , b , and c so that it is extremely easy to solve the
system  
x
s1 a + s2 b + s3 c = y  .
z
Bases
In R3 , what is the easiest basis to work with?

That is: find a , b , and c so that it is extremely easy to solve the
system  
x
s1 a + s2 b + s3 c = y  .
z
     
 1 0 0 
0 , 1 , 0 = {i, j, k}
0 0 1
 
“Standard basis”
Give one vector in R2 that can never be in a basis of R2 .
(Remember: a basis in R2 is a collection of two vectors a and b so

that the only solution to the equation sa + tb = 0 is s = t = 0.)
Give one vector in R2 that can never be in a basis of R2 .
(Remember: a basis in R2 is a collection of two vectors a and b so

that the only solution to the equation sa + tb = 0 is s = t = 0.)

0
0
Suppose:
x a1 b
=s +t 1
y a2 b2
and also
x a1 b
=p +q 1 ,
y a2 b2
where s 6= p.

a1 b
Is , 1 a basis of R2 ?
a2 b2
Recall: a basis in R2 is two vectors a and b such that

s1 a + s2 b = 0 ONLY when s1 = s2 = 0.
Suppose:
x a1 b
=s +t 1
y a2 b2
and also
x a1 b
=p +q 1 ,
y a2 b2
where s 6= p.

a1 b
a2 b2
Recall: a basis in R2 is two vectors a and b such that

s1 a + s2 b = 0 ONLY when s1 = s2 = 0.
Given a basis, every vector can be represented uniquely as a linear
combination of basis elements.
Suppose:
x a1 b
=s +t 1
y a2 b2
and also
x a1 b
=p +q 1 ,
y a2 b2
where s 6= p.

a1 b
a2 b2

a1 b
Find a scalar constant c so that =c 1 .
a2 b2
Suppose:
x a1 b
=s +t 1
y a2 b2
and also
x a1 b
=p +q 1 ,
y a2 b2
where s 6= p.

a1 b
a2 b2

a1 b q−t
Find a scalar constant c so that =c 1 . c=
a2 b2 s −p
Substitution
 
2
Give 24 as a linear combination of the vectors in the basis
49
below.      
 2 0 1 
1 , 9 , 1
5 8 0
 
Substitution
 
2
Give 24 as a linear combination of the vectors in the basis
49
below.      
 2 0 1 
1 , 9 , 1
5 8 0
 
       
2 2 0 1
24 = 5 1 + 3 9 − 8 1
49 5 8 0
Substitution
Suppose a moving object at time t has height h = At 2 + Bt + C .

At t = 1, the object is at height 0;
at t = 2, the object is at height 1; and
at t = 3, the object is at height 6.
Find A, B, and C .
Substitution
Suppose a moving object at time t has height h = At 2 + Bt + C .

At t = 1, the object is at height 0;
at t = 2, the object is at height 1; and
at t = 3, the object is at height 6.
Find A, B, and C .
A = 2, B = −5, C = 3
General Form
a1,1 x1 + a1,2 x2 + ··· + a1,n xn = c1

a2,1 x1 + a2,2 x2 + ··· + a2,n xn = c2
.. .. ..
. . .
am,1 x1 + am,2 x2 + ··· + am,n xn = cm
Where ai,j and ci are known and fixed.

Goal: easily-solvable system
x1 + 3x2 + 17x3 + 9x4 = 10

−3x1 + −6x2 + 8x3 + 5x4 = 17
πx1 + −8x2 + 3x3 + x4 = −2
8x1 + −8x2 + 5x3 + 2x4 = 2
x1 + 3x2 + 17x3 + 9x4 = 10

−6x2 + 8x3 + 5x4 = 17
3x3 + x4 = −2
2x4 = 2
Upper Triangular
(different from the last system)

x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 = 10

−6x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 = 17
3x3 + 0x4 = −2
2x4 = 2
Diagonal
(different from the last system)

Equivalent Equations
Notice:
6x + 10y + 14z = 20
and
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
have the same solutions.
Notice:
6x + 10y + 14z = 20
and
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
Caution:
0x + 0y + 0z = 0
has more solutions.
Notice:
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
and
3x + 5y + 7z + C = 10 + C
Notice:
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
and
3x + 5y + 7z + C = 10 + C
By the same logic,
(
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
x +y +z = 15
and (
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
x + y + z + 10 = 15 + 10
Notice:
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
and
3x + 5y + 7z + C = 10 + C
By the same logic,
(
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
x +y +z = 15
and (
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
x + y + z + 3x + 5y + 7z = 15 + 10
Useful: (
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
−3x − 5y + z = 15
has the same solutions as
Useful: (
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
−3x − 5y + z = 15
(
3x + 5y + 7z = 10
8z = 25
Similarly, the system

(
3x + 9y − 6z =7
x + 2y − 2z =1


(
3x + 9y − 6z =7
x + 2y − 2z =1

(
3x + 9y − 6z =7
−3x − 6y + 6z = −3
and also

(
3x + 9y − 6z =7
x + 2y − 2z =1

(
3x + 9y − 6z =7
−3x − 6y + 6z = −3
and also (
3x + 9y − 6z =7
3y =4
Elementary Row Operations:

Multiplication of a row by a non-zero number
3x − 9y + 6z = 30
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6

Multiplication of a row by a non-zero number
3x − 9y + 6z = 30
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6
Same solutions as:
1x − 3y + 2z = 10
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6

Adding a Multiple of a Row to Another Row
x − 3y + 2z = 10
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6

Adding a Multiple of a Row to Another Row
x − 3y + 2z = 10
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6
Same solutions as:
0x − 0y + 7z = 14 (Row1+Row2)
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6
Elementary Row Operations: Interchanging Rows
7z = 14
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6
Elementary Row Operations: Interchanging Rows
7z = 14
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6
Same solutions as:
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6
7z = 14
Streamlined Notation: Augmented Matrices
x − 3y + 2z = 10
−x + 3y + 5z = 4
x + y + z = −6
We’ll write this as:
 
1 −3 2 10
−1 3 5 4
1 1 1 −6
Augmented Matrices
 
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 5
 
0 0 1 0 −3
0 0 0 1 2
Solution:
Augmented Matrices
 
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 5
 
0 0 1 0 −3
0 0 0 1 2
Solution: x1 = 1 x2 = 5 x3 = −3 x4 = 2
Augmented Matrices
 
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 5
 
0 0 1 0 −3
0 0 0 1 2
Solution: x1 = 1 x2 = 5 x3 = −3 x4 = 2
 
1 2 3 5
0 1 2 −3
0 0 1 2
Solution:
Augmented Matrices
 
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 5
 
0 0 1 0 −3
0 0 0 1 2
Solution: x1 = 1 x2 = 5 x3 = −3 x4 = 2
 
1 2 3 5
0 1 2 −3
0 0 1 2
Solution: x3 = 2 y = −7 x = 13
Using Elementary Row Operations (strategy next: Ch 3.2)

 
3 6 3 9
1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14

9 R1 → 13 R1
 
3 6 3
1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
 
1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
 
1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 R1 → R 1 − R2
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 R1 → R 1 − R2
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0
 
0 1 0 −4
1 1 1 7
0 0 1 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 R1 → R 1 − R2
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0
 
0 1 0 −4
1 1 1 7  R2 → R2 − R1
0 0 1 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 R1 → R 1 − R2
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0
   
0 1 0 −4 0 1 0 −4
1 1 1 7  R2 → R2 − R1 1 0 1 11 
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 R1 → R 1 − R2
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0
   
0 1 0 −4 0 1 0 −4
1 1 1 7  R2 → R2 − R1 1 0 1 11  R2 → R2 − R3
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 R1 → R 1 − R2
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0
   
0 1 0 −4 0 1 0 −4
1 1 1 7  R2 → R2 − R1 1 0 1 11  R2 → R2 − R3
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
 
0 1 0 −4
1 0 0 11 
0 0 1 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 R1 → R 1 − R2
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0
   
0 1 0 −4 0 1 0 −4
1 1 1 7  R2 → R2 − R1 1 0 1 11  R2 → R2 − R3
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
   
0 1 0 −4 R1 ↔ R2 1 0 0 11
1 0 0 11  0 1 0 −4
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

9 R1 → 13 R1
   
3 6 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
2 2 −1 14 2 2 −1 14 R3 → R3 − 2R2
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 R1 → R 1 − R2
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 7
0 0 −3 0 R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 0
   
0 1 0 −4 0 1 0 −4
1 1 1 7  R2 → R2 − R1 1 0 1 11  R2 → R2 − R3
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
   
0 1 0 −4 R1 ↔ R2 1 0 0 11 x = 11
1 0 0 11  0 1 0 −4 y = −4
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 z =0
Solve using Elementary Row Operations

2x + y + z
 =8
x − y − 3z = −5

−x − 2y + z =2

Row Operation Calculator (link)

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Course Notes 2.6: Introduction to Linear Systems 3.

Week 3: Introduction to Linear Systems

Course Notes: 2.6, 3.1

Goals: Consider the solution to a system of linear equations as a

Which of the following could be the intersection of lines

A. nothing B. point C. line D. plane

Which of the following could be the intersection of lines

A. nothing B. point C. line D. plane

Which of the following could be the intersection of lines

A. nothing B. point C. line D. plane

Which of the following could be the intersection of lines

A. nothing B. point C. line D. plane

Which of the following could be the intersection of lines

A. nothing B. point C. line D. plane

Which of the following could be the intersection of two planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of two planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Suppose the intersection of the three planes is a point. Then

(Remember the volume of a parallelepiped.)

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Suppose (1, 3, 5) and (2, 6, 10) are solutions to the system of

How many solutions total are there?

Which of the following could be the intersection of three planes in

Suppose (1, 3, 5) and (2, 6, 10) are solutions to the system of

How many solutions total are there?

Give another solution.

Definition: Linear Combination

On the other hand, a1 × a2 and a1 · a2 are not linear combinations

Definition: Linear Combination

So, the parametric equation x = sa + tb is just the set of all linear

Definition: Linear Combination

So, the parametric equation x = sa + tb is just the set of all linear

Definition: Linear Combination

So, the parametric equation x = sa + tb is just the set of all linear

Definition: Linear Combination

So, the parametric equation x = sa + tb is just the set of all linear

(1) there’s no way to write one as a linear combination of the

(1) there’s no way to write one as a linear combination of the

In R3 , what is the easiest basis to work with?

In R3 , what is the easiest basis to work with?

Give one vector in R2 that can never be in a basis of R2 .

(Remember: a basis in R2 is a collection of two vectors a and b so

Give one vector in R2 that can never be in a basis of R2 .

(Remember: a basis in R2 is a collection of two vectors a and b so

Recall: a basis in R2 is two vectors a and b such that

Recall: a basis in R2 is two vectors a and b such that

Suppose a moving object at time t has height h = At 2 + Bt + C .

Suppose a moving object at time t has height h = At 2 + Bt + C .

a1,1 x1 + a1,2 x2 + ··· + a1,n xn = c1