Lecture 2

Orthographic
Projection
 TOPICS
Shape Description

Multi-view projection

Alignment of Views

Orthographic projection of
line, plane, surface and object.
Line convention
Why Orthographic Projection?
Why Orthographic Projection?
OBJECT REPRESENTATION
(Shape Description)
Axonometric projection

Multiview projection
 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions … can be presented only
of an object … two in each view.

Height
Height

Width Depth

Width Depth
Adjacent view(s)
Depth

is needed to
fulfill the size
description.
 TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT

1. Revolve the object with respect

to observer.

2. The observer move around the

object.
REVOLVE THE OBJECT

Right side view Front view

Top view
OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Front view

side view

Top view
 OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
TOP VIEW

SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
History

Width
Height

Depth
 Orthographic
Projection
of Object Features
 OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.
Edge Edge No edge

Corner No corner No corner

 OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.

Limiting is a line that represents the last visible

element part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface

Limit
Limit
Alignment of Views
 PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. First angle system
- European country
- ISO standard (includes Egypt) First Quadrant

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand

Third
Quadrant
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line

Folding
line
Folding
line

Folding
line
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Right Side View Front View Top View

Top View Front View Right Side View

 PROJECTION SYMBOLS
First angle system Third angle system
 PROJECTION SYMBOLS
Suggested proportion

d 1.7d

2.2d
 PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object
features to the picture plane.

The arrow always points

to the Front View

You have to project the remaining surfaces which are

invisible too !
PROJECTION OF OBJECT

s
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
Line Convention
 LINE CONVENTION

Precedence of coincide lines.

Hidden line drawing.

Center line drawing.

 PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of Visible Hidden Center
importance line line line
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space

Correct
Join

WRONG !
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.

Leave Leave
space space

Correct WRONG !
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.

L T Correct

WRONG
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
 CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, center lines should intersect at the
short dash .
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.

Leave space Leave space

 CENTER LINE PRACTICE
Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
Leave Leave Leave
space space space

Leave
space
View Selection
 VIEW SELECTION
STEPS
1. Select the front view:
- Fewest number of hidden lines
- View with most of the main features
2. Select adjacent views:
- Views should appear in their natural position
- Minimum number of views to describe the object
- Suitable for drawing space
 STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The object’s longest dimension should be
presented as a width.
First choice Second choice

Better
Waste
more
space
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The adjacent views that are projected from the
selected front view should appear in its natural
position.

unsuitable
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.

Better unsuitable
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines and represent the major features of the object
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
space.

POOR

Not enough space

for dimensioning.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
space.

Better
 ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Flat part having a uniform thickness.

1 Thick

Unnecessary These 2 views provide only

information
about the part thickness !
 ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Cylindrical-shaped part.

Unnecessary
Repeat !

conclude from CL

Unnecessary
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
There exists an identical view.

Repeat !
Unnecessary
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.

Unnecessary
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.

Unnecessary
 Orthographic
Projection Drawing
Steps
1. SELECT THE NECESSARY
VIEWS
 2. LAYOUT THE VIEWS

A4

152

45

25

64
152

Choose
suitable scale 1:1
PROJECT THE VIEWS
Tangencies and
Intersections
 TANGENT & INTERSECTION
No line is formed when curved surface tangent
to a plane surface.
Line is formed when curved surface intersects
a plane surface.
tangent intersect
No line

tangent

No line
TANGENT & INTERSECTION
No line

tangent

intersect tangent

No line No line

tangent tangent

tangent tangent