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5 60 Lecture3 PDF
5 60 Lecture3 PDF
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5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #3 page 1
p= 0
T p= 0 T
p 2,V2
p 1,V1
v2
w (1) = − ∫ pext dV = 0
V1
p2
p2
T T
p 2,V2
p 1,V1
v2
w (2) = − ∫ p2dV = −p2 (V2 −V1 )
V1
p
p1
p2
V1 V2
-w(2)
Note, work is negative: system expands against surroundings
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #3 page 2
gas (p1, V1, T) = gas (p3, V3, T) = gas (p2, V2, T) p1 > p3 > p2
p2
p3
T p3 T T
p 2,V2
p 3,V3
p 1,V1
v3 v2
w (3) = − ∫ p3dV − ∫ p2dV = − p3 (V3 −V1 ) −p2 (V2 −V3 )
V1 V3
p
p1
p3 More work delivered to
p2 surroundings in this case.
V1 V3 V2
-w(3)
p V
wrev = − ∫ 2 pdV
p1 V1
dU = C pathdT − pext dV
⎛ ∂U ⎞ ⎛ ∂U ⎞
And U (T ,V ) ⇒ dU = ⎜ ⎟ dT + ⎜ ⎟ dV
⎝ ∂T ⎠V ⎝ ∂V ⎠T
• Constant V ⇒ w = 0 ⇒ dU = d-qV
Constant V
∂U ⎞ ⎛ ∂U ⎞
dU = ⎛⎜ ⎟ dT + ⎜ ⎟ dV
⎝ ∂T ⎠V ⎝ ∂V ⎠T
but also
⎛ ∂U ⎞
⇒ d-qV = ⎜ ⎟ dT
⎝ ∂T ⎠V
⎛ ∂U ⎞
d-qV = CV dT ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = CV very important result!!
⎝ ∂T ⎠V
⎛ ∂U ⎞
So dU = CV dT + ⎜ ⎟ dV
⎝ ∂V ⎠T
what is this?
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #3 page 4
⎛ ∂U ⎞
Joule Free Expansion of a Gas (to get ⎜ ⎟ )
⎝ ∂V ⎠T
Adiabatic q=0
gas vac
Expansion into Vac. w=0
(pext=0)
gas (p1, T1, V1) = gas (p2, T2, V2)
Since q = w = 0 ⇒ dU or ∆U = 0 Constant U
⎛ ∂U ⎞
Recall dU = CV dT + ⎜ ⎟ dV = 0
⎝ ∂V ⎠T
⎛ ∂U ⎞
⎛ ∆T ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
Joule did this. lim ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ ≡ ηJ ∴ dU = CV dT − CV ηJ dV
∆V →0
⎝ ∆V ⎠U ⎝ ∂V ⎠U
Joule coefficient