Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Solid Waste Management

Of BSBA Students of University of Cagayan Valley

Chapter 1

Introduction:

Every educational institution is mandated by law to educate the public on the

theories and practices on attitude and practices on solid waste management. To achieve

effectiveness and sustainable implementation of the proper waste management practices,

attitude with the participation is the key to be involved in the said waste management

program. This study was conducted to special look into the significant relationship between

the knowledge, attitude and practices of solid waste management among the BSBA

students of UCV.

Education is an important component of solid waste management that should be

present to establish a good program for the community. There are many adverse effect on

solid waste to the human body most especially the toxic waste and plastic substances in

which these materials were take several years before it will decompose. Knowledge,

attitude and practices of solid waste management will create change on how people look at

garbage. People grew up thinking that garbage is garbage, they thought before that all type

of garbage should just be thrown in one container. Knowledge and attitude accompanied

by participation is the key for students to be involved in the waste management program
of the schools where effectiveness and sustainable implementation of the proper waste

management practiced could be achieved.

Garbage, is one of the root cause of changing climate. Since from the start of time,

human being have exploited the resources of the earth. In order for them to survive but it

is not the problem to them. It is all started when human being started living in communities,

groups, tribes, and villages. As it grows expanded the waste generated by their activities,

serious environment and server health problem began to appear as a result of solid waste

management. Today, our earth is at the breach of crisis because of lacking the knowledge,

order, law, and implementation of proper waste disposal. Not all people mean to be as

irresponsible as is, but this is inherent and unavoidable features of the human society that

we are facing now. Solid waste is a problem that occurred in the long period of time, but it

is not new mostly to everyone because it is the problem from now and then of our

generation to generation.

Improper solid waste management and practices will cause damage in everything

most especially in the environment. It relates to materials produced to human activities,

and the process generally undertaken to endure its effect on health and the environment. It

reduces an impact on the environment and human health rather supports economic

development and improve the quality of life. In today’s polluted world, learning the correct

methods of handling the waste generated has become essential. All of the methods

prevention and waste management require public participation.

General Objectives:

Knowledge, attitude and practices on solid waste management is an environment

campaign which aims not only to educate people on the consequence of creating and

managing waste but also to form in them the right attitude which will consequently motive

them to do desirable practices for waste disposal at home, in school, and elsewhere. Several

studies have been conducted which linked responsible environmental behavior with

knowledge, attitude, verbal commitment, and sense of responsibility of the person.

Specific Objective:

1. To identify the level of knowledge, attitude and practices on solid waste

management of BSBA students of University of Cagayan Valley

2. To evaluate the impact of student attitudes on waste management practices

3. To look into the significant relationship between the knowledge, attitude of the

college students and their practices on solid waste management

4. To determine their practices on solid waste management in terms of segregation:

biodegradable and degradable, reduce, re-use, recycle and disposal

Conceptual/Theoretical Framework:

Continuous environmental education in schools is a key concept to this theory

because it consists of raising students’ education and awareness level on environmental

management through cultivating student’s KAP such as K (knowledge) to perception, A

(attitude) to affective, and P (practice) to behavior actions. Behavior actions are a result of

students learning some skills while practice leads to behavior changes and better practices
A great variety of studies about attitudes and knowledge have produced a positive and

significant relationship between the above two variables. Knowledge and Attitudes

towards nature conservation could be raised to positively affect visitor education. For all

measured concept, the findings indicate a positive relationship between Knowledge,

Attitude and Practices and Solid Waste Management. The solid waste management plan

shall be for the segregation, reduce, re-use, recycling and disposal of waste generated in

their respective jurisdiction.

In this study, the researchers used the Input, Process and Output (IPO) model, the

preceding review highlights the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Solid Waste

Management of BSBA Students of University of Cagayan Valley.

The input box consists of the profile of the respondents such as age, gender, year

level, civil status, religious affiliation and ethnic affiliation. It also includes the variable on

the extent knowledge, attitude and practices of solid waste management as assessed by the

respondent to segregation, reduce, re-use, recycling and disposal.

The process box is the assessment of the profile of the respondents. It includes the

assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practices of solid waste management as assessed

by the respondents to segregation, reduce, re-use, recycling and disposal. It also includes

the comparing of the assessment of five groups of respondents on the knowledge, attitude

and practices of solid waste management. Lastly, it includes the identification of the

problems encountered by the respondents of knowledge, attitude and practices of solid

waste management.
 The output box is the assessed of the knowledge, attitude and practices of solid

waste management of baba students of UCV. It also includes the proposed measures,

results on objectives intended for this study.

1. Assessing the
1. Profile of the profile of the
BSBA student of respondents
UCV college
respondents
according to: 2. Assesing the
knowledge, attitude
1.1. Age and practices on solid
1.2. Gender waste management
1.3. Year Level of the respondents to:
1.4. Civil Status 1.1. Segragation 1. Assessed of the
1.2. Reduce knowledge, attitude
1.5. Religious and practices of
Affiliation 1.3. Re-use solid waste
1.6. Ethnic 1.4. Recycle management
Affiliation 1.5. Disposal
2. Proposed
2. Extend 3. Comparing the measures, results or
knowledeg, attitude assessment of objectives intended
and practices on knowledge, attitude for this study
solid waste and practices of solid
management waste management
1.1. Segragation
1.2. Reduce 4. Identifying the
1.3. Re-use problems
encountered by the
1.4. Recycle respondents of
1.5. Disposal knowledge, attitude
and practices of solid

Fig 1. Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem:

This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices of solid waste

management of BSBA students of University of Cagayan Valley for Calendar year 2019.

Specifically, it finds to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the BSBA students of University of Cagayan Valley

respondents in terms of:

1.1.Age

1.2.Gender

1.3.Year Level

1.4.Civil status

1.5.Religious affiliation

1.6.Ethnic affiliation

1. What is the extent of knowledge, attitude and practices of solid waste management

as assessed by the respondents to?

1.1.Segregation

1.2.Reduce

1.3.Re-use

1.4.Recycle

1.5.Disposal

2. Is there a significant difference among the assessment of the respondents on the

knowledge, attitude and practices of solid waste management relative to the above

problems?
 3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the BSBA students of

University of Cagayan Valley respondents and their assessment on the knowledge,

attitude and practices of solid waste management relative to the above problems?

4. What measures can be proposed to address the solid waste management?

Hypothesis:

The hypothesis of this study are:

1. Knowledge does not have a relationship with solid waste management practices

2. Attitude does not have a relationship with solid waste management practices

3. Waste practices do not have a relationship with solid waste management practices

Significance/Importance of the Study:

Students spend most of their time at schools than at home; therefore, schools must

meet the required standards of hygiene and sanitation to avoid any inconveniences and

crises related to inadequate waste management attitude practices. Many studies have

indicated the most schools face challenges regarding waste collection and disposal

facilities. The increased rate of low income areas in Philippines country is characterized

with issues such as; inadequate student’s performance, short gage of enough and qualified

teachers, increased rate of un-employment in parents making students vulnerable to access

of basic needs like foods, school fees and shelter.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study:

This study focus on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Solid Waste

Management of BSBA students of UCV. City ordinance no. 058-2017, this 10-year solid

waste management plan of Tuguegarao City Government was formulated and enhanced in

order to cope with the city’s solid waste management situation. Significantly, Republic Act

No. 9003 otherwise known as the Ecological solid waste management Act of 2000 and in

relation with Executive order No. 66 – 2017 which is an order Reconstituting the city

ecological solid waste management board, Tuguegarao City Government has organized

and reconstituted its solid waste management board whose function is to formulated,

update, prepare and implement a plan for safe and sanitary management of solid waste

generated in areas under its geographic and political coverage. The garbage collectors was

also included as respondents of the study. The assessment was limited to the segregation,

reduce, re-use, recycling of wastes in the identified BSBA students of University of

Cagayan Valley. The researchers made use of a questionnaire in the gathering of data.

Definition of Terms:

For the purpose of understanding better the researchers defined the following terms

within the scope of the study.

Bio-degradable. Capable of being broken down (decomposed) rapidly by the action

of microorganisms.

City ordinance no. 058-2017. The comprehensive environmental management code

of Tuguegarao City.
 Disposal. The power or authority to make use of as one choose: the power or

authority to dispose of something.

Garbage. Things or resources that are no longer useful or waste materials that is

Discarded by humans, usually due to a perceived lack of utility.

Non-biodegradable. A substance or chemical that is non-biodegradable cannot be

changed to harmless natural state by the action of bacteria, and may therefore damage the

environment.

RA 9003. Is an ecological solid waste management program that ensures the

protection of public health and the environment and the proper segregation, collection,

transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation.

Recycle. Is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise

be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products, recycling can benefit your

community and the environment.

Reduce. To diminish in size, amount, extent, or number.

Re-use. Is the action or practice of using something again, whether for its original

purpose (conventional reuse) or to fulfil a different function (creative reuse or repurposing).

Segregation. The separation for special treatment or observation of individuals or

items from a larger group.

Solid waste. Means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plan,

water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials

including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial,

commercial, mining and agricultural operation.

 Solid waste management. It refers to systematic administration of activities which

provide for the sources, separation, storage, collection, transportation, transfer, processing,

recycling, treatment, disposal, reduces, and reuse of solid waste management.

Waste. Are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is

discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use.

Waste management. Are the activities and actions required to manage waste from

its inception to its final disposal.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies which help the

researchers to ascertain the similarities and the difference of the present study with other

study.

Related Literature:

Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of

generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid

wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics,

engineering, conservations, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is

also responsive to public attitudes. Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the

systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated

transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all

other waste management activities which do not harm the environment.

Article 4 Recycling Program Section 26 of R.A 9003 inventory of existing markets

for recyclable materials. The DTI shall within six (6) months from the effectively of this

Act and in cooperation with the department, the DILG and other concerned agencies and

sectors, publish a study of existing markets for processing and purchasing recycle materials

and the potential steps necessary to expand these market. Such study shall include, but not
be limited to, an inventory of existing markets for recyclable materials, product standards

for recyclable and recycled materials, and a proposal, developed in conjunction with the

appropriate agencies, to stimulate the demand for the production of products containing

post-consumer and recovered materials.

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing

of any solid waste into or in a land.

Section 25 of R.A 9003. Guidelines for transfer station. Transfer station shall be

designed and operated for efficient waste handling capacity and in compliance with

environmental standards and guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other regulations:

provided, that no waste shall be stored in such station beyond twenty-four (24) hours. The

sitting of the transfer station shall consider the land use plan, proximity to collection are,

and accessibility of haul routes to disposal facility. The design shall give primary

consideration to size and space sufficiency in order to accommodate the waste for storage

and vehicles for loading and unloading of wastes.

In technical note, the term solid waste is used to include all non-liquid wastes

generated by human activity and a range of solid waste materials resulting from the

disaster, such as general domestic garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging materials:

human faces disposed of in garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and

packaging from other emergency supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and

slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and communications. Other specialist wastes, such

as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt

with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note (World Health Organization,

2011).
 The Municipal council enacted an ordinance establishing solid waste management

also known as “Perkash Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga.” The ordinance prohibits

dumping of garbage anywhere other than those recognized and established garbage

facilities; dumping unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption center/facility;

discharging of human feces along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks,

rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments; and burning of garbage

particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents to practice segregation of

wastes at source. Reusable solid waste such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers

shall be brought to the barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to

the agent-buyers. No-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the

material recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemical will be disposed in

coordination with concerned government agencies according to prescribed methods. The

local governments responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable

waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and transporting them to the recycling

centers and or to the municipal material recovery facility. Collection of segregation solid

wastes is scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three tiered approach for

managing solid waste. Each of this should be practiced to reduce the amount material

headed for final disposal. They are in order of importance: REDUCE, the best way to

manage solid waste. Don’t create waste in the first place buy only what you need. Use all

that you buy, avoid heavily packaged products. Avoid disposal items like paper plates and

plastic silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that you use or often.

REUSE, the better way to manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until
they are completely worn out. RECYCLE, the good way to manage solid waste. Recycle

means taking something old and making it into something new. In Seminole Country, all

residents who live in a single family home can recycle right in front of their house. Those

residents who live in apartments or condominiums can drop off their recyclables at several

different locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic bottles, green, clear and brown glass

bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be recycled at the curb. Simply rinse out

containers and remove lids. That’s it; it’s very simple and very worthwhile. Not only does

it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves natural resources (Seminole Country

Government, 2012).

Australia may be a large country, but we live in a throw-away society that is rapidly

filling it with our waste. Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade disposable technology

and consume over packaged products has continued unabated for decades. At the same

time however, there has been trend away from both burning waste in incinerators and

burying it in landfills. Waste management policies now seek to minimize waste disposal

by reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals the extent of

our growing waste problem and examines the waste and recycling practices of households,

and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics include green waste,

plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste (healey, 2010).

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States produces 11

billion tons of solid waste each year. Nearly half of those amounts consist of agriculture

wastes such as crop residue and animal manure which are generally recycled into the soil

on the farms where they are produced. They represent valuable resources as ground cover
to reduce erosion and fertilizer to nourish new crops. However, they also constitute the

single largest source of air and water pollution in the country (Cunningham & Saigo, 2001)

Some Solid Waste Management Methods: From prehistory through the present

day, the favored means of solid waste disposal is simply to dump solid waste outside the

city or village limits. Frequently, these dumps are in wetlands, river or lakes. To minimize

volume of the wastes, the dump is often burned. These methods are being used in remote

or sparsely populated areas in the world (Enger & Smith, 2006).

Landfill. Landfill is typically a depression in an impermeable clay layer that is

lined with an impermeable membrane. Each day’s deposit of fresh garbage is covered with

a layer of soil. Selection of modern landfill sites must be based on an understanding of

ground-water geology, soil type, and sensitivity in local citizen’ concerns. Once the site is

selected, extensive construction activities are necessary to prepare it for use. In some cases,

methane produced by rotting garbage is collected and used to generate electricity. In 2001,

about 57 percent of United State and about 80 percent of Canadian municipal solid wastes

go into landfill, but this method is falling to handle the large volume of wastes

(Cunningham & Saigo, 2001).

Incineration. Incineration of refuse was quote common in North America and

Western Europe prior to 1940. However, many incinerators were claimed because of

aesthetic concerns, such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke, rather than for

reason of public health. Most incineration facilities burn unprocessed municipal solid

waste, which is not as efficient as some other technologies. About one-fourth of the

incinerators use refuse-derived fuel-collected refuse that has been processed into the pellets

prior to combustion (Cunningham & Saigo, 2003).

 Source Reduction. According to Cunningham and Saigo (2003), the most

fundamental way to produce wastes is to prevent it from becoming waste in the first place.

Source reduction means using less materials when making a product or converting from

heavy packaging materials to lightweight ones. Some packaging materials are converted to

lightweight aluminum and plastic and reducing the thickness of packaging, thus reducing

the amount of packaging waste. In 2003, plastic milk jugs weigh about half of what they

weighted when they were first introduced. On an individual level, one can reduce amount

of wastes generated. Every small personal commitment accumulates result of a significant

reduction of municipal solid wastes.

The united States recycle about 23% of its municipal solid wastes while Canada

recycle about 10% of its waste. The goal for Ontario, Canada is to reduce amount of

garbage to the landfill sites by 50% in 2000. Recycling along with source reduction, is a

major part of the Ontario plan. Recycling initiate has grown rapidly in North America

during the past several years (Cunningham & Saigo, 2005).

In the Philippines, recycling is well established.it is slowly taking-off in the more

parts of Asia. Two of which are in the remote village of Looc on Pang Lau Island in the

Philippines. Locals now collect plastics for recycling to supplement their income. Also,

schemes are under way to recycle plastic bottles and cans. The collected material is send

to Cebu City by barge. There, the bottles can are processed. It is important to note that the

motivators for this recycling initiate are mostly financial rather than environmental. These

rural communities are still living in severe property, with the proceeds of sale used to buy

basic foods staples (Alan, 2011). There are two types of recycling: one is direct in the sense

of materials are reused directly like bottles and refillable beverage containers. The indirect
way is when the waste materials will undergo processing like aluminum cans. With

recycling, new materials are formed out of sates (Guzman & Reyes, 2003 as cited in Anito,

2011).

As reported by Guzman et al, (2010), solid waste management is one of the most

critical environmental problems today. In Metro Manila alone, approximately 0.6 kilogram

per person of garbage is produced with a total amount of about 6000 to 7000 tons per day.

Despite the fact that not all of these collection system people seem to be unconcerned with

the amount of solid and semisolid waste they produce.

Related Study:

Foreign studies

A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated

with sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal

of Municipal Solid Waste in Mysore City. The data concerning the SWM in Mysore was

obtain through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people and authentic

record of Municipal Corporation. Photographic evidences were also made about

generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This study

reveals that the present system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory based on

Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000 (Chandra, et al, 2009).

Another case study across the North America conducted by Whoilistic

Environment Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of all

the ordinary garbage we throw away. That’s 25% by weight. In the U.S, that 25% is almost

equally divided between yard waste (32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and food
scraps (31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then there’s all other organic stuff that could be

composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding made of organic fibers, plus wood, old

furniture and sawdust. Then there’s paper, which at 83million tons accounts for another

30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for which figures are available,

over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and composted, as we 54.5% of

the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a compost heap.

Local studies

The experiences and practices of household waste management of people in

barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were gathered through

an interview with household members using open-ended questions. Interviews were also

conducted with garbage collectors as well as scavengers. Result showed that the

households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50kg/capita/day.

The types of wastes commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles,

metals and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastic, and yard/garden wastes.

The respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste

(mixed wastes). No respondents perform composting. It is worth noting, however, that

burning of waste is not than by the respondents. The households rely on garbage collection

by the government. Collection is done twice daily, except Sundays, and household

members bring their garbage when the garbage truck arrives. However, there are those who

dump their garbage in non-designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street. The

dumped garbage becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. Some

household respondents say that it is possible that the dumping in certain areas caused the
dengue fever suffered by some of their family members. Mothers and household helpers

are responsible for household waste management. Scavengers generally look for recyclable

items in the umped garbage. All of them said that it is their only source of income, which

is generally not enough for their meals. Most of the respondents say that garbage collection

and disposal is the responsibility of the government. The result of the study showed that

RA 9003, also known as ecological solid waste management Act of 2000, is not fully

implemented in Metro Manila (Bernardo, 2008).

This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze the solid

waste management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their compliance

with the Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the ecological solid waste management

Act of 2000. The study was conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in 2007. The findings

of the study served as basis in developing the handbook on knowledge, attitude and

practices of solid waste management (Ballados, 2010).

The Motiong town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the implementation

of its solid waste management program of barangay chairman here took at one-day

seminar-workshop on the program. The activity was held at the Legislative Building here

last Wednesday, August 29. Motiong Mayor Francisco M. Langi Sr. said 30 barangay

chairman of his municipality attended said seminar-workshop sponsored by the town

government conducted Municipal Planning and Development Officer, Engr. Nicasio

Permejo. Langi said all the barangay chairman were educated on the provisions of the Solid

Waste Management Act of 2003 so that they would be acquainted with and help implement

the law in their respective barangays and propagate environmental preservation. He said

the town government will strictly implement the “no segregation, no collection policy” in
all of Motiong’s barangays and urged the barangay officials to put up the Materials

Recovery Facility (MRF) where they can segregate bio-degradable and non-biodegradable

waste materials. Such materials can be turned into a livelihood as, according to Langi,

“there is money in junk” (Abrematea, 2012).