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Appendix PDF
Appendix PDF
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANDERS, E. AND N. GREVESSE, "Abundances of the Elements: Meteoritic and Solar,"
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 197 (1989).
Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27 (1985).
DEBlEVRE, P. AND P.D.P. TAYLOR, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 123, 149, 1993.
FIRESTONE, R.B., C.M. BAGLIN, and S.Y.F. CHU, Table of Isotopes (1999), Wiley, New
York, 1999.
LEIGH, G.J., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwells Scientific PubL, Oxford
(1990).
LlDE, D.R., ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press (1997).
xRb,
S
7
- '
* sSr,,••" i.is: 1sx Y,-*g .w' ISsZr,"*"n u m ' isNb,
I> y
S "*
; !
,,
7.1 Msr;. i x« W,.
7-1 " v , sRe,.
s 7s 5 5 % :• |sJ<Os,
76t 5»i: , sir
s 77 442*
,i I269| ^ [268]
:
3 J U92 !!.M" JNp, 3 "44 jPu w g.'('n jCm,,,
Actinides 1243j -j [247]
Table A.2. The periodic table of the elements. The new IUPAC group format numbers are from 1
to 18, while the numbering system used by the Chemical Abstract. Service is given in parentheses.
For elements that are not naturally abundant (e.g.. the transuranics). the mass number of the
longest-lived isotope is given in square brackets. The abundances are based on meteorite and solar
wind data. The melting point (MP), boiling point (BP). arid critical point (CP) temperatures are
given in degrees cclsius. Source: Firestone, Baglin. and Chu [1999],
113.7
184.4
M
546° I 18
+1+5+7-1 1° 0
126.90447 j 8 131.29
2.9x10"'% i 1.5x10 8%
HiBk
i 18 97
»'
")5"° 2 p.,. 900° 2 w-, 860°
18
8Md,n, 827°
lul
18
8NO.102
ft ,
18
2T
sLr.,,,
""
1627°
Table A.2. (cont.) The periodic table of the elements. The new IUPAC group format numbers
are from 1 to 18, while the numbering system used by the Chemical Abstract Service is given
in parentheses. For elements that are not naturally abundant (e.g., the transuranics), the mass
number of the longest-lived isotope is given in square brackets. The abundances are based on
meteorite and solar wind data. The melting point (MP), boiling point (BP), and critical point
(CP) temperatures are given in degrees Celsius. Source: Firestone, Baglin, and Chu [1999].
Elemental Abundances
Atomic Mass Melting Boiling Solar Crustal Earth's
Z El
Weight density Point Point System Average Oceans
(g/cm 3 ) (mg/kg) (mg/L)
Elemental Abundances
Atomic Mass Melting Boiling Solar Crustal Earth's
Z El
Oceans
Weight density Point Point System Average
(g/cm 3 ) (mg/kg) (mg/L)
Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode
] 42
H stable 99.985 Ar 32.9 y #-(100)
2
3
H stable 0.015 42 R
12.360 h #-(ioo)
42
H 12.33 y #-(100) Ca stable 0.647
3 43
He stable 0.000137 K 22.3 h #"(100)
4 43
He stable 99.999863 Ca stable 0.135
6 43
Li stable 7.5 Sc 3.891 h #+(100)
7 44
Li stable 92.5 Ca stable 2.086
7 44
Be 53.29 d EC(IOO) Sc 3.927 h #+(100)
9 44m gc
Be stable 100. 58.6 h IT(98.80) #+(1.20)
10 44 T i
1.51 My #-(100) 64.8 y EC(IOO)
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Be
IO B stable 19.9 45
Ca 162.67 d #"(100)
n 45
B stable 80.1 Sc stable 100.
12C 46
stable 98.89 Ca stable 0.004
13C stable 1.11 46
#-(100)
Sc 83.79 d
14
C 5.73 ky ,3" (100) 4G T i stable 8.25
14 47
N stable 99.634 Ca 4.536 d #-(100)
15 47
N stable 0.366 Sc 3.3492 d #-(100)
47 Ti
16Q stable 99.762 stable 7.44
17Q 48
stable 0.038 Ca 51 Ey 0.187
18Q 48
stable 0.200 Sc 43.67 h #-(100)
48
19F stable 100. Ti stable 73.72
20 48 y
Ne stable 90.48 15.9735 d #+(100)
21 48
Ne stable 0.27 Cr 21.56 h #+(100)
22 49 T j
Ne stable 9.25 stable 5.41
22 49y
Na 2.6019 y 8+ (100) 330 d EC (100)
23 50Ti
Na stable 100. stable 5.18
24
24
Na 14.9590 h #-(ioo) 50
50y
150 Py 0.250 #+(83) #-(17)
Mg stable 78.99 Cr stable 4.345
25 51y
Mg stable 10.00 stable 99.750
26 51
Mg stable 11.01 Cr 27.702 d EC(IOO)
20 52
Al 740 ky #+(100) Cr stable 83.789
27
A1 stable 100. 52Mn 5.591 d #+(100)
28 52
Mg 20.91 h 8- (100) Fe 8.275 h #+(100)
28 53
Si stable 92.23 Cr stable 9.501
29
Si stable 4.67 •™ Mn 3.74 My EC (100)
30 54
Si stable 3.10 Cr stable 2.365
54
3l p stable 100. Mn 312.3 d EC(IOO)
32
Si 132 y #-(ioo) 54
Fe stable 5.845
32p
14.262 d fl-(ioo) 55
Mn
55
stable 100.
32 g EC(IOO)
stable 95.02 Fe 2.73 y
33p 55
25.34 d #-(100) Co 17.53 h #+(100)
33 g 50
stable 0.75 Mn 2.5785 h #-(100)
56
34S stable 4.21 Fe stable 91.754
35 g 56
87.51 d #-(100) Co 77.27 d 8+ (100)
50
35
Cl stable 75.77 Ni 5.9 d #+(100)
36 g 57
stable 0.02 Fe stable 2.119
57
36
Cl 301 ky #-(98.1) #+(1.9) Co 271.79 d EC(IOO)
30 57
Ar stable 0.3365 Ni 35.60 h #+(100)
3T 58
C1 stable 24.23 Fe stable 0.282
37 58
Ar 35.04 d EC(IOO) Co 70.82 d /3+(100)
38 58m CQ
Ar stable 0.0632 9.15 h IT(IOO)
39
Ar 269 y #-(100) 58
Ni stable 68.077
39 59
K stable 93.2581 Fe 44.503 d #-(100)
40 59
Ar stable 99.6003 Co stable 100.
40K 1.277 Gy 0.0117 #-(89. 28) #+(10.72) 59
Ni 80 kv /T1 (100)
60
40
Ca stable 96.941 Fe 1.5 My #-(100)
41 60
K stable 6.7302 Co 5.2714 y #-(100)
41
Ca 103 ky EC (100) 60Ni stable 26.223
Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode
61 79
Co 1.650 h ft- (100) Kr 35.04 h ft+(100)
61 Ni 80
stable 1.140 Se stable 49.61
61 80m g r
Cu 3.333 h ft+(100) 4.4205 h IT(IOO)
62 80 Kr
Ni stable 3.634 stable 2.25
62 81Br
Zn 9.186 h ft+(100) stable 49.31
63Ni 100.1 y ft- (100) 81Kr 229 ky EC(IOO)
63
Cu stable 69.17 81
Rb 4.576 h ft+(100)
64 82
Ni stable 0.926 Se 121 Ey 8.73
64 82Br
Cu 12.700 h ft+(61.0) ft' (39.0) 35.30 h ft" (100)
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64 82
Zn stable 48.6 Kr stable 11.6
65 Ni 2.5172 h ft- (100) 82m Rb 6.472 h ft+(-100 IT(<0.33)
65 82g r
Cu stable 30.83 25.55 d EC(IOO)
65 83
Zn 244.26 d ft+(100) Br 2.40 h ft- (100)
G6 83Kr
Ni 54.6 h ft- (100) stable 11.5
6G 83m j^ r
Zn stable 27.9 1.83 h IT (100)
66
Ga 9.49 h ft+(100) 83
Rb 86.2 d EC(IOO)
66 83
Ge 2.26 h ft+(100) Sr 32.41 h ft+(100)
G7 84
Cu 61.83 h ft- (100) Kr stable 57.0
67 84
Zn stable 4.1 Rb 32.77 d /3 + (96.2) ft- (3.8)
67 84
Ga 3.2612 d EC(IOO) Sr stable 0.56
G8 85 Kr
Zn stable 18.8 10.756 y ft- (100)
68 85m
Ge 270.8 d EC(IOO) Kr 4.480 h ft- (78.6) IT(21.4)
69m. 2ji 85
13.76 h IT(~100) ft- (0.033) Rb stable 72.165
69 85
Ga stable 60.108 Sr 64.84 d EC(IOO)
69
Ge 39.05 h ft+(100) 85 Y 2.68 h ft+(100)
70 85mYx
Zn stable 0.6 4.86 h ft+(-100 IT(<0.002)
70 SG
Ge stable 21.23 Kr stable 17.3
71m Zn 86
3.96 h ft- (-100) Rb 18.631 d ft- (-100 EC(0.0052)
71 86
Ga stable 39.892 Sr stable 9.86
71 86y
Ge 11.43 d EC(IOO) 14.74 h ft+(100)
71 86
As 65.28 h ft+(100) Zr 16.5 h ft+(100)
72 87
Zn 46.5 h ft- (100) Rb 47.5 Gy 27.835 ft ^(100)
72 87
Ga 14.10 h ft- (100) Sr stable 7.00
72 87m g r
Ge stable 27.66 2.803 h IT(~100) EC(0.30)
72 87Y
As 26.0 h ft+(100) 79.8 h ft+(100)
72
Se 8.40 d EC (100) 87m Y X 13.37 h IT (98 A3) ft+(1.57)
73 87
Ga 4.86 h ft- (100) Zr 1.68 h ft+(100)
73 88Kr
Ge stable 7.73 2.84 h ft- (100)
73 88
As 80.30 d EC(IOO) Sr stable 82.58
73
Se 7.15 h ft+(100) 88y 106.65 d ft+(100)
74 88
Ge stable 35.94 Zr 83.4 d EC(IOO)
74 89
As 17.77 d ft+(66) ft- (34) Sr 50.53 d ft- (100)
74 89 Y
Se stable 0.89 stable 100.
75 89
As stable 100. Zr 78.41 h ft+(100)
75
Se 119.79 d EC(IOO) 89 Nb 1.9 h ft+(100)
76 89m, Nb
Ge 1.09 Zy 7.44 1.18 h ft+(100)
70 90
As 1.0778 d ft- (-100) EC(<0.02) Sr 28.84 y ft- (100)
76
Se stable 9.36 90 Y 64.10 h ft- (100)
76
Br 16.2 h ft+(100) 90m YX 3.19 h IT(~100) ft- (0.0018)
76 Kr 90
14.8 h ft+(100) Zr stable 51.45
77 90
Ge 11.30 h ft- (100) Nb 14.60 h ft+(100)
77 90
As 38.83 h ft- (100) Mo 5.56 h ft+(100)
77
77
Se stable 7.63 91
Sr
91Y
9.63 h ft- (ioo)
Br 57.036 h ft+(100) 58.51 d ft- (100)
78 91
Se stable 23.78 Zr stable 11.22
78 91
Kr stable 0.35 Nb 680 y EC(~100) e+(0.0138)
79 91m N b
Se <650 ky ft- (100) 60.86 d IT(93) EC(7) e+ (0.0028)
79 92
Br stable 50.69 Sr 2.71 h ft" (100)
Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode
92y 105
3.54 h £~(100) Ru 4.44 h £-(100)
92 105
Zr stable 17.15 Rh 35.36 h £~(100)
92 105 pd
Nb 34.7 My £+(~100) £~(<0.05) stable 22.33
92,n N b 105Ag
10.15 d £+(100) 41.29 d £+(100)
92 10G
Mo stable 14.84 Ru 373.59 d £-(ioo)
93 y 10.18 h £-(100) 10Gpd stable 27.33
93 106m A
Zr 1.53 My £"(100) 8.28 d 0+(lOO)
93 Nb stable 100. 106
stable 1.25
Cd
93mNb 107pd
16.13 v IT(IOO) 6.5 My 0-(lOO)
93 107A
Mo 4.0 ky EC(IOO) stable 51.839
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93771
Mo 6.85 h IT(~100) £+(0.12) 107
Cd 6.50 h (3+ (100)
93Tc 108pd
2.75 h (3+ (100) stable 26.46
94 108mA
Zr stable 17.38 418 y £+(91.3) [T(8.7)
94
94
Nb 20.3 ky 0-(lOO) 108
Cd stable 0.89
Mo stable 9.25 109
Pd 13.7012 h £-(100)
95 109Ag
Zr 64.02 d #-(100) stable 48.161
95 109Cd
Nb 34.975 d ,5" (100) 462.6 d EC (100)
95mNb 109
86.6 h IT(94.4) (3- (5.6) In 4.2 h £+(100)
95
Mo stable 15.92 110pd stable 11.72
95Tc 110m A
20.0 h £+(100) 249.76 d £-(98.64) IT(1.36)
95m rpc 12.49
61 d 0+ (96.12) IT(3.88) 110
Cd stable
95
Ru 1.643 h £+(ioo) iio l n 4.9 h £+(100)
96 110
Zr 39 Ey 2.80 2 Sn 4.11 h EC(IOO)
96 lllmpd
Nb 23.35 h £-(100) 5.5 h IT(73) £- (27)
96
Mo stable 16.68 niAg 7.45 d £-(100)
96 in
Tc 4.28 d £+(100) Cd stable 12.80
96 in
Ru stable 5.52 ln 2.8047 d EC(IOO)
97 112pd
Zr 16.90 h £~(100) 21.03 h £-(100)
97 112
Mo stable 9.55 Ag 3.130 h £-(100)
9r 112
Tc 2.6 My EC(IOO) Cd stable 24.13
97m Tc 112
90.1 d IT(~100) EC(<0.34) Sn stable 0.97
97 113A
Ru 2.9 d £+(100) 5.37 h £-(100)
98 113
Mo stable 24.13 Cd 7.7 Py 12.22 £- (100)
98 113mCd
Tc 4.2 My £-(100) 14.1 y £~(~100) IT(0.14)
98 113
Ru stable 1.88 In stable 4.29
"Mo 65.94 h l]3mln 1.6582 h IT(IOO)
fl-(lOO)
99 113
Tc 211.1 ky 0~(100) Sn 115.09 d £+(100)
99m Tc 114
99
6.01 h IT(~100) 0- (0.0037) Cd stable 28.73
114171
Ru stable 12.7 In 49.51 d IT(96.754 £+(3.25)
99 114
Rh 16.1 d £+(100) Sn stable 0.65
99 115
™ Rh 4.7 h £+(-100) IT(<0.16) Cd 53.46 h £-(100)
100 115m Cd
Mo 10.2 Ey 9.63 44.6 d £-(100)
100 115
Ru stable 12.6 In 441 Ty 95.71 0- (100)
100
Rh 20.8 h £+(100) 11 s™ In 4.486 h IT(95.0) f.?-(5.0)
100pd 3.63 d EC(IOO) 115
Sn stable 0.34
101 116
Ru stable 17.0 Cd 34 Ey 7.49
101 116
Rh 3.3 y EC (100) Sn stable 14.54
101mRh 4.34 d EC(93.6) IT(6.4) ii6 Te 2.49 h £+(100)
101
102
Pd 8.47 h 0+(lOO) 117
Cd
117r,,.Cd
2.49 h £-(100)
Ru stable 31.6 3.36 h £~(100)
102 117
Rh 206.0 d 0+(80) £-(20) Sn stable 7.68
102m f^ 3.76 y £+(-100) IT(0.23) I17mgn 13.60 d IT(IOO)
102
103
pd stable 1.02 117
118
Sb 2.80 h £+(100)
Ru 39.26 d 0-(100) Sn stable 24.22
103Rh stable 100. 118mSb 5.00 h £+(100)
103 pd 118Te 6.00 d EC(IOO)
16.991 d EC (100)
104 119Sn
Ru stable 18.7 stable 8.58
104 pd stable 11.14 119mSn 293.1 d IT(IOO)
Nucl. Half- life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode
119 130j
Sb 38.19 h EC(IOO) 12.36 hft- (100)
119Te 130
16.03 h ft+(100) Xe stable 4.1
119mrpe 130
4.70 d /3+(~100) IT(<0.008) Ba stable 0.106
120 131mrpe
Sn stable 32.59 30 h ft- (77. 8) IT(22.2)
120mSb 131j 8.02070 d
5.76 d ft+(100) ft- (100)
120Te 131
stable 0.096 Xe stable 21.2
121 131mXe
Sn 27.06 h ft- (100) 11.84 d IT(IOO)
121mSn 131
55 y IT(77.6) ft- (22 A) Cs 9.689 d EC(IOO)
131
121
Sb stable 57.21 Ba 11.50 d ft+(100)
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121 132Te
Te 19.40 d (3+ (100) 3.204 d ft- (100)
121mTe 132j
154 d IT(88.6) ft+(UA) 2.295 h ft- (100)
121J 2.12 h 132mlx
ft+(100) 1.387 h IT(86) ft' (14)
122 132
stable 4.63
Sn Xe stable 26.9
122 132
2.7238 d (3~ (97.59) ft+(2Al)
Sb Cs 6.479 d ft+ (98.13) ft- (1.87)
122Te stable 132
2.603 Ba stable 0.101
122 132
Xe 20.1 h EC(IOO) La 4.8 h ft+(100)
123 132
Sn 129.2 d f3~ (100) Ce 3.51 h ft+(100)
123 133j
Sb stable 42.79 20.8 h ft- (100)
123Te 133
>600 Ty 0.908 EC(IOO) Xe 5.243 d ft- (100)
123mrpe 133mXe
119.7 d IT(IOO) 2.19 d IT(IOO)
123j 133
13.27 h ft+(100) Cs stable 100.
123 133
Xe 2.08 h ft+(100) Ba 10.51 y EC(IOO)
124 133mBa
Sn stable 5.79 38.9 h IT(~100) EC(0.0096)
124 133
Sb 60.20 d (3' (100) La 3.912 h ft+(100)
124 133m Ce
Te stable 4.816 4.9 h ft+(100)
124j 4.1760 d (3+ (100) 134
Xe stable 10.4
124 134
Xe stable 0.10 Cs 2.0648 y ft- (100) EC(0.0003)
125 134m Cg
Sn 9.64 d ft- (100) 2.903 h IT(IOO)
125 134
Sb 2.7582 y ft- (100) Ba stable 2.417
i25Te stable 7.139 134
Ce 3.16 d EC(IOO)
125m rpe 135j
57.40 d IT(IOO) 6.57 h ft- (100)
125j 59.408 d 135
EC(IOO) Xe 9.14 h ft- (100)
125 135
Xe 16.9 h ft+(100) Cs 2.3 My ft- (100)
126 135
Sn 207 ky ft- (100) Ba stable 6.592
126 135mBa 28.7 h
Sb 12.46 d ft- (100) IT(IOO)
i26Te stable 18.952 135
La 19.5 h ft+(100)
126j 135
13.11 d /3+(56.3) ft- (43.7) Ce 17.7 h ft+(100)
126 136
Xe stable 0.09 Xe stable 8.9
127 136
Sn 2.10 h ft' (100) Cs 13.16 d ft- (100)
127 136
Sb 3.85 d ft- (100) Ba stable 7.854
127 136
Te 9.35 h ft- (100) Ce stable 0.19
127m Te 137
109 d IT(97.6) ft~(2A) Cs 30.07 y ft- (100)
127J 137
stable 100. Ba stable 11.23
127 137
Xe 36.4 d EC(IOO) La 60 ky EC(IOO)
127 137
Cs 6.25 h ft+(100) Ce 9.0 h ft+(100)
128 137m Ce
Sb 9.01 h ft- (100) 34.4 h IT(99.22) ft+(0.78)
128Te 2.2 Yy 137pr
31.687 1.28 h ft+(100)
128 138
Xe stable 1.91 Ba stable 71.70
128 138
Ba 2.43 d EC(IOO) La 105 Gy 0.0902/3+ (66.4) ft~ (33.6)
129 138
Sb 4.40 h ft- (100) Ce stable 0.25
129mrpe 138m pr
33.6 d IT(63) ft- (37) 2.12 h ft+(100)
129j 15.7 My ft- (100) 138Nd 5.04 h ft+(100)
129 139
Xe stable 26.4 La stable 99.9098
129mXe 139
8.88 d IT(IOO) Ce 137.640 d EC(IOO)
129 139pr 4.41 h
Cs 32.06 h ft+(100) ft+(100)
129
Ba 2.23 h ft+(100) isgmj^-j 5.50 h ft+(88.2) IT(11.8)
129m Ba 140
2.16 h ft+(~10Q) Ba 12.752 d ft~ (100)
130Te 790 Zy 140
33.799 2ft- (100) La 1.6781 d ft- (100)
Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode
140 152
Ce stable 88.48 Eu 13.537 y #+(72.1) #-(27.9)
140 152 4
Nd 3.37 d EC (100) '"Eu 9.3116 h #-(72) # ( 2 8 )
141 lr 2
La 3.92 h #-(100) ' Gd 108 Ty 0.20 a(100)
141 152Tb
Ce 32.501 d tr (loo) l 2
17.5 h" #+(100)
141 p r stable 100. -' Dy 2.38 h EC(~100) a(0.100)
141 153
Nd 2.49 h # + (100) Sm 46.27 h #-(100)
142 153
Ce stable 11.08 Eu stable 52.2
142p r 153
19.12 h #~ (~100) EC(0.0164) Gd 241.6 d EC(IOO)
142 153
Nd stable 27.13 Tb 2.34 d #+(100)
143
Ce 33.039 h #-(100) 153
Dy 6.4 h # r ( ~ 1 0 0 ) a(0.0094)
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143 154
Pr 13.57 d /3-(100) Sm stable 22.7
143 151
Nd stable 12.18 Eu 8.593 y #-(-100) EC(0.02)
143pm 154
265 d 3+ ( 1 00) Gd stable 2.18
144 154
Ce 284.893 d #-(100) Tb 21.5 h #+(-100) #-(<0.1)
144 154,,, Th
Nd 2.29 Pv 23.80 o'(100) 9.4 h #+(78.2) IT(21.8) #-(<0.1)
144 p m 363 d #-"(100)"
154
"Tb 22.7 h # J -(98.2) IT(1.8)
144 154
Sm stable 3.1 Dy 3.0 My a(100)
145 155
Pr 5.984 h #-(100) Eu 4.7611 y #-(100)
145 155
Nd stable 8.30 Gd stable 14.80
145 155Th
Prn 17.7 y EC(H)O) a(2.8e-7) 5.32 d EC (100)
145 155
Sm 340 d EC(IOO) Dv 9.9 h #+(100)
145 ir>(i
Eu 5.93 d /j^(K)O) Sm 9.4 h #"(100)
146 15(iEu 15.19 d
Nd stable 17.19 #~(100)
146 ir
Pm 5.53 y EC(66.0) #"(34.0) '"Gd stable 20.47
146 15(iTb
Sm 103 My a(100) 5.35 d # f (100)
146 150,,, Th
Eu 4.59 d #+(100) 24.4 h IT (100)
146 15G
Gd 48.27 d EC (TOO) 157 Dy
stable 0.06
147Nd
147
10.98 d #"(100)
157
Eu 15.18 h #"(100)
Pm 2.6234 y #-(100) Gd stable 15.65
147 157
Sm 106 Gv 15.0 a (100) Tb 71 y EC(IOO)
147 l57
Eu 24.1 d #+(~100) rv(0.0022) Dy 8.14 h #+(100)
147
Gd 38.06 h tf+('lOO) | 158Gd stable 24.84
147Tb 1.7 h # + (100) 1!58
Tb 180 y #+(83.4) #-(16.6)
148 158
Nd stable 5.76 Dy stable 0.10
148 158
Pm 5.370 d #-(100) i Er 2.29 h EC(IOO)
148m p m 159
41.29 d #-(95.0) IT(5.0) Gd 18.479 h 0- (100)
148Sm 159
7Py 11.3 a(100) Tb stable 100.
148 159
Eu 54.5 d #+(100) o(9.4e-7) Dy 144,4 d EC (100)
1GO
148
Gd 74.6 y a(100) Gd stable 21.86
149Nd 1(i()
1.728 h /r(100) Tb 72.3 d #-(100)
149 p m 53.08 h 3- (100) 100Dy stable 2.34
149 1G()
Sm stable 13.8 "'Ho 5.02 h IT(65) #+(35)
149
Eu 93.1 d EC (100) i oo YX 28.58 h EC(IOO)
149
Gd 9.28 d # 4 "(100) a:(4.3e-4) 101
Tb 6.88 d #-(100)
149 1G1
Tb 4.118 h #-(83.3) a(16.7) Dy stable 18.9
150 1(il
Nd 21 Ey 5.64 2#'"( lOOz Ho 2.48 h EC (100)
150
Pm 2.68 h #"(100) K,i E r 3.21 h #+(100)
150 102
Sm stable 7.4 Dy stable 25.5
150 162 Er
Eu 36.9 y #* ( LOO) stable 0.14
1(i3
150
'"Eu 12.8 li #•-(89) # + ( l l ) Dv stable 24.9
150 1()3
Gd 1.79 My a(l()0) Ho 4.570 ky EC(IOO)
150 163
Tb 3.48 h #~(~100) A(<0.05) Tin 1.810 h #+(100)
151 p m 1G4
28.40 h #-(100) Dy stable 28.2
151 104
Sm 90 y 3 (100) Er stable 1.61
151 lte
Eu stable 47.8 Dy 2.334 h #-(100)
151 Ujr
Gd 124 d EC (100) 'Ho stable 100.
151 l « 5 E r 10.36 h
Tb 17.609 h #+(-100) a (0.0095) EC (100)
152 lG5 T m 30.06 h
Sm stable 26.7 # + (100)
Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode
166Dy 178mTa
81.6 h ft- (100) 2.36 h (3+ (100)
166 178W
Ho 26.83 h ft- (100) 21.6 d EC (100)
166mHo 179
1.20 ky ft- (100) Lu 4.59 h ft- (100)
166Er stable 33.6 179Hf stable 13.629
166Tm 7.70 h 179njjf 25.05 d IT(IOO)
ft+(100)
179
166Yb 56.7 h EC(IOO) Ta 1.82 y EC(IOO)
167 180Hf
Ho 3.1 h ft- (100) stable 35.100
167 180m jjf
Er stable 22.95 5.5 h IT(~100) ft- (0.3)
167 180
Tm _9.25 d EC(IOO) Ta 8.152 h EC(86) ft- (14)
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Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode
189 198pb
Pt 10.87 h 8+ (1 00) 2.40 h 0+(lQO)
190 199
"'Re 3.2 h /3~(54.4) IT(45.6) Au 3.139 d ,3" (100)
190 199H
0s stable 26.4 stable 16.87
i90 Ir 11.78 d /3+(100) 199Tj 7.42 h (3+ (100)
190m Ir 1.120 h IT (100) 200 pt 12.5 h (3~ (100)
190nj r 200m Au
3.087 h 0+(91A) IT(8.6) 18.7 h (3~ (82) IT (18)
190p t 200H
650 Gy 0.01 a(100) stable 23.10
191 200 T1
0s 15.4 d 0-(100) 26.1 h 0+(100)
191n,0s 13.10 h 200 p b 21.5 h
IT(IOO) EC(IOO)
191Ir stable
stable 37.3 201
13.18
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Hg
191 pt 2.802 d 201rpj
72.912 h EC(IOO)
EC (100)
191 201pb
Au 3.18 h (3+ (100) 9.33 h 0+(100)
192 202p t
Os stable 41.0 44 h 0-(100)
192
Ir 73.831 d ft- (95.24) EC(4.76) 202
Hg stable 29.86
192n l r 241 y IT (100) 202 r p j
202 12.23 d 6+ (100)
192p t
192
stable 0.79
202m pb
Pb 52.5 ky EC(~100)
An 4.94 h (3+ (100) 3.53 h IT(90.5) EC(9.5)
192H 4.85 h EC (100) 202
Bi 1.72 h (3+ (100)
193Qs
193
30.5 h 0-(ioo) 203 H 46.612 d 0-(100)
Ir stable 62.7 203 -p] stable 29.524
193m Ir 10.53 d IT (100) 203
Pb 51.873 h EC(IOO)
193pt 50 y EC (100) 203
Bi 11.76 h 0+(100)
193m p{. 4.33 d IT (100) 204 H stable 6.87
193
Au 17.65 h 0+ (100) 204 p|
204 3.78 y ft- (97.10) EC(2.90)
193Hg 3.80 h 13+ (100) Pb stable 1.4
193m Hg 11.8 h ,9+ (92.9) IT(7.1) 204
Bi 11.22 h 0+(100)
194 204
Os 6.0 y ft- (100) Po 3.53 h /3+(99.34) a(0.66)
194 jr 205T1
19.28 h ft- (100) stable 70.476
194n l r
171 d 0-(ioo) 205p b
205
15.3 My EC(IOO)
194
Pt stable 32.9 Bi 15.31 d 0+(100)
194 205 p0
Au 38.02 h 8+ (100) 1.66 h /3+(~100) a(0.04)
194
Hg 440 y EC (100) 206
Pb stable 24.1
195Ir 206
2.5 h 0-(100) Bi 6.243 d 0+(100)
195m jr 206
3.8 h 0-(95) IT(5) Po 8.8 d /3+(94.55) a(5.45)
195pt stable 207p b stable 22.1
33.8
195mpt 4.02 d IT (100) 207 Bi 31.55 y 0+(100)
195 207
Au 186.10 d EC(IOO) Po 5.80 h /3+(~100) a(0.021)
195Hg 207
9.9 h /3+(100) At 1.80 h 0+(91A) a(8.6)
195,n H 208 pb
41 .6 h IT(54.2) /3+(45.8) stable 52.4
195T] 1.16 h 8+ (100) 208
Bi 368 ky 0+(100)
196m lr 1.40 h /3~(~100) IT(<0.3) 208
Po 2.898 y a(~100) 0+ (0.00223)
196 p t 208
stable 25.3 At 1.63 h 0+ (99.45) a(0.55)
196 209
Au 6.183 d /?+ (93.05) £-(6.95) Pb 3.253 h 0-(100)
196 209
"Au 9.6 h IT(IOO) Bi stable 100.
196Hg 209
stable 0.15 Po 102 y a(~100) 0+(OA8)
196^1 1.84 h (3+ (100) 209
At 5.41 h 0+(95.9 5) a(4.1)
196m,rpi
1.41 h 0+ (95. 5) IT(4.5) 210
Pb 22.3 y 0-(ioo)
197pt 19.8915 h 0-(10Q) 2io Bi 5.013 d 0-(100)
197 210m Bi
Au stable 100. 3.04 My a(100)
197Hg 64.14 h EC (100) 210p Q 138.376 d a(100)
197m Hg 210
23.8 h IT(91.4) EC(8.6) At 8.1 h /3+(~100) a(0.175)
197T1 210
2.84 h /3+(100) Rn 2.4 h a(96) 0+(4)
211
198
Pt stable 7.2 At 7.214 h EC(58.20) a(41.80)
198
Au 2.69517 d 0-(100) 211
Rn 14.6 h 0+(72.6) a(27A)
198m Au 212p b 10.64 h
2.27 rl IT (100) 0-(100)
198Hg 222
stable 9.97 Rri 3.8235 d a(lOO)
223
198rp|
5.3 h (3+ (100) Ra 11.435 d a (100)
198m pi 224
1.87 h /3+(54) IT(46) Ra 3.66 d a (100)
Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode Nucl. Half-life Abund. / Decay Mode
224 l
Ac 2.9 h /3+(90.9) a(9.1) Am 141 y IT(~100) a(0.459)
225
Ra 14.9 d ft-(100) SF(1.5e-8)
225
Ac 10.0 d a(100) 162.8 d a(100) SF(6.33e-6)
226
Ra 1.600 ky a(100) 4.956 h ft-(100)
226
Ac 29.37 h ft-(83) EC(17) a(0.006) 7.37 ky a(100) SF(3.7e-9)
227
Ac 21.773 y 0- (98.62) a(1.38) 29.1 y a(~100) EC(0.29)
227 Th 18.72 d a(100) SF(5.3e-9)
228 243
Ra 5.75 y ft-(100) Bk 4.5 h
228 244 pu
Ac 6.15 h ft-(100) 80.8 My a(~100) SF(0.123)
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228Th 244
1.9131 y a(100) Am 10.1 h ft- (100)
228 244
Pa 22 h ft+(98.15) a(1.85) Cm 18.10 y a(100) SF(1.347e-4)
229 Th 244
7.34 ky a(100) Bk 4.35 h /3+(~100) a(0.006)
229 245 p u
Pa 1.50 d EC(~100) a(0.48) 10.5 h (3~ (100)
230Th 245
75.38 ky a(100) Am 2.05 h /3- (100)
230pa 245
17.4 d ft+(91.6) ft-(8.4) a(0.0032) Cm 8.5 ky a(100) SF(6.1e-7)
230 u 245
20.8 d a(100) SF(<1.4e-10) Bk 4.94 d EC(~100) a(0.12)
231Th 246p u
25.52 h (3~ (100) 10.84 d (3- (100)
231 246
Pa 32.76 ky a(100) Cm 4.73 ky a(~100) SF(0.02614)
231 u 246
4.2 d EC(~100) a(0.004) Bk 1.80 d ^+(-100) a(<0.2)
232 Th 246
14.05 Gy 100. a(100) SF(lle-lO) Cf 35.7 h a(100) SF(2.0e-4)
247p u 2.27d ft- (100)
232
Pa 1.31 d * /?-(~100) EC(0.003)
232 u 247
68.9 y a(100) Cm 15.6 My a(lOO)
233 247
Pa 26.967 d ft-(100) Bk 1.38 ky a(~100)
233TJ 159.2 ky a(100) SF(<6e-9) 247Cf 3.11 h EC(~100) a(0.035)
234Th 248
24.10d ft-(100) Cm 340 ky a (91. 74) SF(8.26)
234
Pa 6.70 h (3~ (100) SF(<3e-10) 248m Bk 23.7 h ft- (70 5) EC(30) a(O.OOl)
234 LI 248
245.5 ky 0.0055 a(100) SF(1.73e-9) Cf 333.5 d a(~100) SF(0.0029)
249
234
Np 4.4 d /3+(100) Bk 320 d /3~(~100) a(0.00145)
234p u
8.8 h EC(~94) a(~6) SF(47e-9)
235 u 249
703.8 My 0.720 a(100) SF(7e-9) Cf 351 y a(100) SF(5.2e-7)
235Np 250
396.1 d EC(~100) a(0.00260) Cm 9ky SF(~80) a(~ll) ft (~9)
236TJ
23.42 My a(100) SF(9.6e-8) 250 Bk 3.217 h ft- (100)
236Np 250Cf
154 ky EC(87.3) ft~(12.5) a(0.16) 13.08 y a(~100) SF(0.077)
236m Np 250Eg
22.5 h EC(52) /3~(48) 8.6 h (3+(>97) a(<3)
236 pu 250m Es
2.858 y a(100) SF(1.36e-7) 2.22 h EC(>99) a(<l)
237 6.75 d /3~(100) 251Cf 900 y a(100)
2.144 My a(100) 251
ES 33 h" EC(~100) a(0.49)
237pu 45.2 d EC(~100) a(0.0042) 251Fm 5.30 h (3+(98.20) a(1.80)
238 u 252
4.468 Gy 99.2745 a(100) SF(5.45e-5) Cm <2 d ft- (100)
238Np 252 Cf
2.117 d ft-(100) 2.645 y a(96.908) SF(3.092)
238pu 87.7 y a(100) SF(1.9e-7) 252Es
471.7 d a(76) EC(24) /
238Cm 252p m
2.4 h EC(~90) a(~10) 25.39 h a(~100) SF(0.0023)
239 Np 253Cf
2.3565 d /3~(100) 17.81 d /?-(~100) a(0.31)
239 p u 24.11 ky a(100) SF(3.1e-10) 253
ES 20.47 d a(100) SF(8.7e-6)
239 253pm
Am 11.9 h EC(~100) a(0.010) 3.00 d EC(88) a(12)
239 Cm 2.9 h /3+(~100) a(<0.1) 254 Cf
60.5 d SF(~100) a(0.31)
240 u
14.1 h ft-(100) a(<le-10) 254
ES 275.7 d a(100)
240 254m Es
Pu 6.564 ky a(100) SF(5.7e-6) 39.3 h ft- (98) IT(<3) a(0.33)
240
Am 50.8 h ft+(100) a(~1.9e-4) EC(0.078) SF(<0.045)
240 254p m
Cm 27 d a(~100) EC(<0.5) 3.240 h a(~100) SF(0.0592)
SF(3.9e-6) 255
ES 39.8 d ft- (92.0) a(8.0)
241
Pu 14.35 y ft-(-100) a(0.00245) SF(0.0041)
SF(<2.4e-14) 255Fm 20.07 h a(100) SF(2.4e-5)
241 256m Es
Am 432.2 y a(100) SF(4.3e-10) 7.6 h ^-(~100) SF(0.002)
241 257 Fm
Cm 32.8 d EC(99.0) a(l.O) 100.5 d a(~100) SF(0.210)
242p u
373.3 ky a(100) SF(5.49e-4) 257
Md 5.52 h EC(84.8) a(15.2)
242
Am 16.02 h ft-(82.7) EC(17.3) 51.50 d a(~100)
Gd 156 923957
84 69 Tm 152 942028 92 65 Tb 156 924021 100 61 Pm 160 945860
83 70 Yb 152 949210 91 66 Dy 156 925461 99 62 Sm 160 938830
82 71 Lu 152 958690 90 67 Ho 156 928190 98 63 Eu 160 933680
97 57 154 La 153 954400 89 68 Er 156 931950 97 64 Gd 160 929666
96 58 Ce 153 943320 88 69 Tm 156 936760 96 65 Tb 160 927566
95 59 Pr 153 937390 87 70 Yb 156 942660 95 66 Dy 160 926930
94 60 Nd 153 929480 86 71 Lu 156 950102 94 67 Ho 160 927852
93 61 Pm 153 926550 85 72 Hf 156 958130 93 68 Er 160 930001
92 62 Sm 153 922205 84 73 Ta 156 968150 92 69 Tm 160 933400
91 63 Eu 153 922975 99 59 158 Pr 157 951780 91 70 Yb 160 937850
90 64 Gd 153 920862 98 60 Nd 157 941870 90 71 Lu 160 943540
89 65 Tb 153 924690 97 61 Pm 157 936690 89 72 Hf 160 950330
88 66 Dy 153 924422 96 62 Sm 157 929990 88 73 Ta 160 958370
87 67 Ho 153 930596 95 63 Eu 157 927840 87 74 W 160 967090
86 68 Er 153 932777 94 64 Gd 157 924101 86 75 Re 160 977660
85 69 Tm 153 941420 93 65 Tb 157 925410 101 61 162 Pm 161 950290
84 70 Yb 153 946240 92 66 Dy 157 924405 100 62 Sm 161 941220
83 71 Lu 153 957100 91 67 Ho 157 928950 99 63 Eu 161 937040
82 72 Hf 153 964250 90 68 Er 157 929910 98 64 Gd 161 930981
98 57 155 La 154 958130 89 69 Tm 157 937000 97 65 Tb 161 929480
97 58 Ce 154 948040 88 70 Yb 157 939858 96 66 Dy 161 926795
96 59 Pr 154 939990 87 71 Lu 157 949170 95 67 Ho 161 929092
95 60 Nd 154 932630 86 72 Hf 157 954650 94 68 Er 161 928775
94 61 Pm 154 928100 85 73 Ta 157 966370 93 69 Tm 161 933970
93 62 Sm 154 924636 84 74 W 157 973940 92 70 Yb 161 935750
92 63 Eu 154 922889 100 59 159 Pr 158 955230 91 71 Lu 161 943220
91 64 Gd 154 922619 99 60 Nd 158 946390 90 72 Hf 161 947203
90 65 Tb 154 923500 98 61 Pm 158 939130 89 73 Ta 161 957150
89 66 Dy 154 925749 97 62 Sm 158 933200 88 74 W 161 963340
88 67 Ho 154 929079 96 63 Eu 158 929084 87 75 Re 161 975710
87 68 Er 154 933200 95 64 Gd 158 926385 86 76 Os 161 983820
86 69 Tm 154 939192 94 65 Tb 158 925343 102 61 163 Pm 162 953520
85 70 Yb 154 945790 93 66 Dy 158 925736 101 62 Sm 162 945360
84 71 Lu 154 954230 92 67 Ho 158 927709 100 63 Eu 162 939210
83 72 Hf 154 962760 91 68 Er 158 930681 99 64 Gd 162 933990
98 58 156 Ce 155 951260 90 69 Tm 158 934810 98 65 Tb 162 930644
97 59 Pr 155 944120 89 70 Yb 158 940150 97 66 Dy 162 928728
96 60 Nd 155 935200 88 71 Lu 158 946620 96 67 Ho 162 928730
95 61 Pm 155 931060 87 72 Hf 158 954000 95 68 Er 162 930029
94 62 Sm 155 925526 86 73 Ta 158 962910 94 69 Tm 162 932648
93 63 Eu 155 924751 85 74 W 158 972280 93 70 Yb 162 936270
92 64 Gd 155 922120 100 60 160 Nd 159 949390 92 71 Lu 162 941200
91 65 Tb 155 924744 99 61 Pm 159 942990 91 72 Hf 162 947060
90 66 Dy 155 924278 98 62 Sm 159 935140 90 73 Ta 162 954320
89 67 Ho 155 929710 97 63 Eu 159 931970 89 74 W 162 962530
88 68 Er 155 931020 96 64 Gd 159 927051 88 75 Re 162 971970
87 69 Tm 155 939010 95 65 Tb 159 927164 87 76 Os 162 982050
113 77 Ir 189 960590 120 76 196 Os 195 969620 116 85 At 200 988490
112 78 Pt 189 959930 119 77 Ir 195 968380 115 86 Rn 200 995540
111 79 Au 189 964699 118 78 Pt 195 964935 114 87 Fr 201 003990
110 80 Hg 189 966280 117 79 Au 195 966551 124 78 202 Pt 201 975740
109 81 Tl 189 973790 116 80 Hg 195 965815 123 79 Au 201 973790
108 82 Pb 189 978180 115 81 Tl 195 970520 122 80 Hg 201 970626
107 83 Bi 189 988520 114 82 Pb 195 972710 121 81 Tl 201 972091
106 84 Po 189 995110 113 83 Bi 195 980610 120 82 Pb 201 972144
116 75 191 Re 190 963124 112 84 Po 195 985510 119 83 Bi 201 977670
115 76 Os 190 960928 111 85 At 195 995700 118 84 Po 201 980700
114 77 Ir 190 960591 110 86 Rn 196 002310 117 85 At 201 988450
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113 78 Pt 190 961685 120 77 197 Ir 196 969636 116 86 Rn 201 993220
112 79 Au 190 963650 119 78 Pt 196 967323 115 87 Fr 202 003290
111 80 Hg 190 967060 118 79 Au 196 966552 124 79 203 Au 202 975137
110 81 Tl 190 971890 117 80 Hg 196 967195 123 80 Hg 202 972857
109 82 Pb 190 978200 116 81 Tl 196 969540 122 81 Tl 202 972329
108 83 Bi 190 986050 115 82 Pb 196 973380 121 82 Pb 202 973375
107 84 Po 190 994650 114 83 Bi 196 978930 120 83 Bi 202 976868
117 75 192 Re 191 965960 113 84 Po 196 985570 119 84 Po 202 981410
116 76 Os 191 961479 112 85 At 196 993290 118 85 At 202 986850
115 77 Ir 191 962602 111 86 Rn 197 001660 117 86 Rn 202 993320
114 78 Pt 191 961035 121 77 198 Ir 197 972280 116 87 Fr 203 001050
113 79 Au 191 964810 120 78 Pt 197 967876 115 88 Ra 203 009210
112 80 Hg 191 965570 119 79 Au 197 968225 125 79 204 Au 203 977710
111 81 Tl 191 972140 118 80 Hg 197 966752 124 80 Hg 203 973476
110 82 Pb 191 975760 117 81 Tl 197 970470 123 81 Tl 203 973849
109 83 Bi 191 985370 116 82 Pb 197 971980 122 82 Pb 203 973029
108 84 Po 191 991520 115 83 Bi 197 979020 121 83 Bi 203 977805
117 76 193 Os 192 964148 114 84 Po 197 983340 120 84 Po 203 980307
116 77 Ir 192 962924 113 85 At 197 992750 119 85 At 203 987260
115 78 Pt 192 962985 112 86 Rn 197 998780 118 86 Rn 203 991370
114 79 Au 192 964132 122 77 199 Ir 198 973790 117 87 Fr 204 000590
113 80 Hg 192 966644 121 78 Pt 198 970576 116 88 Ra 204 006480
112 81 Tl 192 970550 120 79 Au 198 968748 126 79 205 Au 204 979610
111 82 Pb 192 976080 119 80 Hg 198 968262 125 80 Hg 204 976056
110 83 Bi 192 983060 118 81 Tl 198 969810 124 81 Tl 204 974412
109 84 Po 192 991100 117 82 Pb 198 972910 123 82 Pb 204 974467
108 85 At 193 000190 116 83 Bi 198 977580 122 83 Bi 204 977375
118 76 194 Os 193 965179 115 84 Po 198 983600 121 84 Po 204 981170
117 77 Ir 193 965076 114 85 At 198 990630 120 85 At 204 986040
116 78 Pt 193 962664 113 86 Rn 198 998310 119 86 Rn 204 991670
115 79 Au 193 965339 122 78 200 Pt 199 971424 118 87 Fr 204 998660
114 80 Hg 193 965382 121 79 Au 199 970720 117 88 Ra 205 006190
113 81 Tl 193 971050 120 80 Hg 199 968309 126 80 206 Hg 205 977499
112 82 Pb 193 973970 119 81 Tl 199 970945 125 81 Tl 205 976095
111 83 Bi 193 982750 118 82 Pb 199 971816 124 82 Pb 205 974449
110 84 Po 193 988280 117 83 Bi 199 978140 123 83 Bi 205 978483
109 85 At 193 998970 116 84 Po 199 981740 122 84 Po 205 980465
119 76 195 Os 194 968120 115 85 At 199 990290 121 85 At 205 986600
118 77 Ir 194 965977 114 86 Rn 199 995680 120 86 Rn 205 990160
117 78 Pt 194 964774 113 87 Fr 200 006500 119 87 Fr 205 998490
116 79 Au 194 965018 123 78 201 Pt 200 974500 118 88 Ra 206 003780
115 80 Hg 194 966640 122 79 Au 200 971641 127 80 207 Hg 206 982580
114 81 Tl 194 969650 121 80 Hg 200 970285 126 81 Tl 206 977408
113 82 Pb 194 974470 120 81 Tl 200 970804 125 82 Pb 206 975881
112 83 Bi 194 980750 119 82 Pb 200 972850 124 83 Bi 206 978455
111 84 Po 194 988050 118 83 Bi 200 976970 123 84 Po 206 981578
110 85 At 194 996550 117 84 Po 200 982210 122 85 At 206 985776
153 95 248 Am 248 075750 154 100 Fm 254 086848 159 102 261 No 261 105740
152 96 Cm 248 072342 153 101 Md 254 089730 158 103 Lr 261 106940
151 97 Bk 248 073080 152 102 No 254 090949 157 104 Db 261 108750
150 98 Cf 248 072178 151 103 Lr 254 096590 156 105 Jl 261 112110
149 99 Es 248 075460 150 104 Db 254 100170 155 106 Rf 261 116200
148 100 Fm 248 077184 157 98 255 Cf 255 091040 154 107 Bh 261 121800
147 101 Md 248 082910 156 99 Es 255 090266 160 102 262 No 262 107520
154 95 249 Am 249 078480 155 100 Fm 255 089955 159 103 Lr 262 109690
153 96 Cm 249 075947 154 101 Md 255 091075 158 104 Db 262 109920
152 97 Bk 249 074980 153 102 No 255 093232 157 105 Jl 262 114150
151 98 Cf 249 074847 152 103 Lr 255 096770 156 106 Rf 262 116480
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150 99 Es 249 076410 151 104 Db 255 101490 155 107 Bh 262 123010
149 100 Fm 249 079020 150 105 Jl 255 107400 160 103 263 Lr 263 111390
148 101 Md 249 083000 158 98 256 Cf 256 093440 159 104 Db 263 112540
147 102 No 249 087820 157 99 Es 256 093590 158 105 Jl 263 115080
154 96 250 Cm 250 078351 156 100 Fm 256 091767 157 106 Rf 263 118310
153 97 Bk 250 078311 155 101 Md 256 094050 156 107 Bh 263 123150
152 98 Cf 250 076400.0 154 102 No 256 094276 155 108 Hn 263 128710
151 99 Es 250 078650 153 103 Lr 256 098760 160 104 264 Db 264 113980
150 100 Fm 250 079515 152 104 Db 256 101180 159 105 Jl 264 117470
149 101 Md 250 084490 151 105 Jl 256 108110 158 106 Rf 264 118920
148 102 No 250 087490 158 99 257 Es 257 095980 157 107 Bh 264 124730
155 96 251 Cm 251 082278 157 100 Fm 257 095099 156 108 Hn 264 128410
154 97 Bk 251 080753 156 101 Md 257 095535 160 105 265 Jl 265 118660
153 98 Cf 251 079580 155 102 No 257 096850 159 106 Rf 265 121070
152 99 Es 251 079984 154 103 Lr 257 099610 158 107 Bh 265 125200
151 100 Fm 251 081566 153 104 Db 257 103070 157 108 Hn 265 130000
150 101 Md 251 084920 152 105 Jl 257 107860 156 109 Mt 265 136570
149 102 No 251 088960 158 100 258 Fm 258 097070 160 106 266 Rf 266 121930
148 103 Lr 251 094360 157 101 Md 258 098425 159 107 Bh 266 127010
156 96 252 Cm 252 084870 156 102 No 258 098200 158 108 Hn 266 130040
155 97 Bk 252 084300 155 103 Lr 258 101880 157 109 Mt 266 137940
154 98 Cf 252 081620 154 104 Db 258 103570 160 107 267 Bh 267 127740
153 99 Es 252 082970 153 105 Jl 258 109440 159 108 Hn 267 131770
152 100 Fm 252 082460 152 106 Rf 258 113150 158 109 Mt 267 137530
151 101 Md 252 086630 159 100 259 Fm 259 100590 157 110 Xa 267 143960
150 102 No 252 088966 158 101 Md 259 100500 160 108 268 Hn 268 132160
149 103 Lr 252 095330 157 102 No 259 101020 159 109 Mt 268 138820
156 97 253 Bk 253 086880 156 103 Lr 259 102990 158 110 Xa 268 143530
155 98 Cf 253 085127 155 104 Db 259 105630 161 108 269 Hn 269 134110
154 99 Es 253 084818 154 105 Jl 259 109720 160 109 Mt 269 139110
153 100 Fm 253 085176 153 106 Rf 259 114650 159 110 Xa 269 145140
152 101 Md 253 087280 159 101 260 Md 260 103650 161 109 270 Mt 270 140720
151 102 No 253 090650 158 102 No 260 102640 160 110 Xa 270 144630
150 103 Lr 253 095260 157 103 Lr 260 105570 162 109 271 Mt 271 141230
149 104 Db 253 100680 156 104 Db 260 106430 161 110 Xa 271 146080
157 97 254 Bk 254 090600 155 105 Jl 260 111430 162 110 272 Xa 272 146310
156 98 Cf 254 087316 154 106 Rf 260 114440 161 111 Xb 272 153480
155 99 Es 254 088016 153 107 Bh 260 121800 163 110 273 Xa 273 149250
The tables in this appendix present basic interaction data for thermal neutrons and
for photons. These tables give but a very small fraction of the data contained in
comprehensive data libraries and other voluminous compilations. The data selected
for these tables are for important interactions encountered in many shield analyses.
However, for many calculations, it is necessary to obtain interaction data directly
from data libraries maintained at several national nuclear data centers around the
world. In the United States, the National Nuclear Data Center at Brookhaven
National Laboratory (nndcObnl. gov) and the Radiation Shielding and Information
Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (pdc@ornl .gov) provide access to exten-
sive nuclear data libraries. The Nuclear Data Service of the International Atomic
Energy Agency (online@iaeand. iaea.or .at) and the Japan Atomic Energy Re-
search Institute (wwwndc.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/index.html) also provide nuclear
data to the international shielding community.
Data Tables
The following data are provided in this appendix.
Table C.I. Thermal neutron cross sections for special isotopes.
Table C.2. Radioisotopes produced by thermal neutron absorption.
Table C.3. Photon coefficients for air, water, concrete, iron, and lead.
Sources for the neutron data tables are provided in the tables. All photon interaction
data were provided courtesy of S. Seltzer.1
In Table C.3. listing photon interaction coefficients, the following notation is
used: incoherent scattering coefficient with electron binding, /i c ; photoelectric effect
coefficient, /^ p / t ; pair-production coefficient, fj,pp\ effective total interaction coefficient
IJL = ^c+i^ph+l^pp] energy transfer coefficient, Htr', and energy absorption coefficient,
iS.M. Seltzer. "Calculation of Photon Mass Energy-Transfer arid Mass Energy-Absorption Coeffi-
cients/' Radial. Res., 136, 147-179 (1993). J.H. Hubbell and S.M. Seltzer, Tables of X-Ray At-
tenuation Coefficients 1 keV to 20 MeVfor Elements Z = I to 92 and 48 Additional Substances
of Dosimetnc Interest, Report NISTIR 5632, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD. 1995.
Abundance
Isotope Half-life Reaction cross sections (b)
(atom %)
:
H 99.985 <77 = 333 mb ffs = 30.5 fft = 30.9
2
H 0.015 <77 = 506 ^tb as = 4.26 a t = 4.30
3
H 12.33 y <77 = 6 fj,b crs = 1.53 fft = 1.53
6
Li 92.5 aa = 941 <77 = 38.6 mb at = 943
7
Li 7.42 <77 =45.7 mb crs = 1.04 at = 1-09
10g
19.6 ffa - 3840 cr7 = 0.50 at = 3847
J1
B 80.4 <77 = 5.53 mb <rs = 5.08 o-t = 5.08
12C
98.89 as = 4.74 ff-y = 3.4 mb fft = 4.74
13
C 1.11 cr7 = 1.37 mb fft = 4.19
14C
5736 y cr7 = 1.0 /Lib
14
N 99.64 ap = 1.83 cr7 = 75 mb (7t = 12.2
15
N 0.36 cr-y = 24 /Lib ffs = 4.58 fft = 4.58
16Q
99.756 <77 = 190 ^b <TS = 4.03 fft = 4.03
17
0 0.039 era = 235 mb cr7 = 3.84 mb <7t =4.17
18
0 0.205 cr7 = 160 fj.b
232
Th 100 1.405 X 1010 y fff = 2.5 /J,b o-7 = 5.13 fft = 20.4
233Th
22.3 m fff = 15 <J7 = 1450 <7t = 1478
233
U 1.592 X 105 y fff = 529 a7 = 46.0 fft = 588
234 y
0.0055 2.455 X 105 y <Tf = 0.465 CT7 = 103 at = 116
235
U 0.7200 7.038 x 108 y <Tf = 587 cr7 = 99.3 fft = 700
236
u 2.342 x 107 y af = 47 mb <77 = 5.14 fft = 14.1
238 u
99.2745 4.468 x 109 y fff = 11.8 Alb o-7 = 2.73 crt = 12.2
239
U 23.45 m fff = 14 CT7 = 22
239p u
24110 y fff = 749 ff-y = 271 fft = 1028
240p u
6564 y erf = 64 mb CT7 = 289 <rt = 290
241
Pu 14.35 y fff = 1015 o-7 = 363 fft = 1389
242p u
3.733 x 105 y fff = 1.0 mb <J7 = 19.3 fft = 27.0
Source: ENDF/B-VI and other data extracted from the National Nuclear Data Center Online
Service, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, January 1995.
Air
E (MeV) Mc/P Vph/P Mpp/P A*/P /WP fJ-en/P
0.0010 1.038-2 3.605+3 3.605+3 3.599+3 3.599+3
0.0015 2.116-2 1.190+3 1.190+3 1.188+3 1.188+3
0.0020 3.340-2 5.267+2 5.267+2 5.263+2 5.262+2
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(cont.)
Iron (Z = 26)
E (MeV) Mc/p Vph/P P-pp/P M/P Mtr/P fJ-en/P
0.0010 8.776-3 9.080+3 9.080+3 9.052+3 9.052+3
0.0015 1.530-2 3.395+3 3.395+3 3.388+3 3.388+3
0.0020 2.124-2 1.622+3 1.622+3 1.620+3 1.620+3
0.0030 3.206-2 5.542+2 5.543+2 5.536+2 5.535+2
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Lead (Z = 82)
E (MeV) Mc/P Vph/P Mpp/P M/P V-tr/P Men/P
0.0010 3.586-3 5.198+3 5.198+3 5.197+3 5.197+3
0.0015 6.600-3 2.344+3 2.344+3 2.344+3 2.344+3
0.0020 9.620-3 1.274+3 1.274+3 1.274+3 1.274+3
0.00248 1.241-2 7.898+2 7.898+2 7.897+2 7.895+2
0.00248M5 1.241-2 1.386+3 1.386+3 1.367+3 1.366+3
0.00253 6.600-3 1.714+3 1.714+3 1.683+3 1.682+3
0.00259 1.298-2 1.933+3 1.933+3 1.895+3 1.895+3
0.00259M4 1.298-2 2.447+3 2.447+3 2.390+3 2.390+3
0.0030 1.525-2 1.954+3 1.955+3 1.913+3 1.913+3
0.00307 1.560-2 1.847+3 1.847+3 1.809+3 1.808+3
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Decay Characteristics of
Selected Radionuclides
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This tabulation is based on calculations performed using the EDISTR code.1 Data
were kindly provided by J.C. Ryman and K.F. Eckerman of the Metabolism and
Dosimetry Research Group, Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge Na-
tional Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
For the most part, the tabulation is based on the data used in preparation of
the MIRD compendium of radioactive decay data.2 For those nuclides not included
in the MIRD document, tabulations are based on data used in preparation of the
ICRP compendium of radioactive decay data.3 Exceptions are the nuclides 16N
and 89 Kr, for which the tabulations are based on data of Kocher.4 Frequencies of
annihilation quanta are included.
Individual radiations are listed only if two criteria are met. First, the (maximum)
energy must exceed 10-keV. Second, for any one group, e.g., combined gamma and
x rays, the product of the energy and the frequency of an individual radiation
must exceed 1% of the sum of the products for that group. Group totals include
contributions from all radiations in the group, not just those listed. When the sum
of the products of those listed is less than 95% of the group total, an asterisk after
the group total is used to alert the reader.
The selected radionuclides in this compilation are primarily those of most con-
cern for reactor operations and environmental radiological assessments. Decay data
and energies and frequencies of emitted radiation for all radionuclides can be found
at several sites on the web. One particularly useful site is http://www.nndc.bnl.
gov/nndc/formmird.html.
1
Dillman, L.T., EDISTR—A Computer Program to Obtain a Nuclear Decay Data Base for Ra-
diation Dosimetry, Report ORNL/TM-6689, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, Ten-
nessee, 1980.
2
Weber, D.A., K.F. Eckerman, L.T. Dillman, and J.C. Ryman. MIRD: Radionuclide Data and
Decay Schemes, Society of Nuclear Medicine, New York, 1989.
3
Radionuclide Transformations, Publication 38, International Commission on Radiological Pro-
tection, Annals of the ICRP 11-13, 1983.
4
Kocher, D.C., Radioactive Decay Tables, Report DOE/TIC 11026, Technical Information enter,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, B.C., 1981.
32.50 1642.4
Conversion/Auger Electrons 44.00 2167.5
keV/decay 0.021 * keV/decay 1488.4
Principal Gamma and X Rays
Freq. (%) E (keV)
100.00 1368.5 ^JZr (1.827 h)
99.94 2754.1 Principal Beta Particles
keV/decay 4123.1 Freq. (%) Eav (keV) Emax (keV)
99.17 459.0 1198.1
keV/decay 463.7
J§P (14.26 d)
Conversion/Auger Electrons
Principal Beta Particles keV/decay 0.089 *
Freq. (%) £av (keV) £max (keV)
100.00 694.7 1710.4 Principal Gamma and X Rays
keV/decay 694.7 Freq. (%) E (keV)
99.16 1293.6
keV/decay 1283.6
l|S (87.44 d)
Principal Beta Particles igK (7.636 min)
Freq. (%) Eav (keV) Emax (keV)
100.00 48.8 167.5 Positrons
keV/decay 48.8 Freq. (%) Eav (keV) ^max (keV)
99.29 1216.5 2733.4
keV/decay 1208.5
1?C1
17 (3.01 x 109 y) Conversion/ Auger Electrons
Positrons keV/decay 0.041 *
Freq. (%) Eav (keV) Emax (keV) Principal Gamma and X Rays
keV/decay 0.009 * Freq. (%) E (keV)
Principal Beta Particles 198.93 511.0
Freq. (%) EW (keV) Emax (keV) 99.80 2167.0
98.10 278.8 709.5 keV/decay 3186.9
keV/decay 273.5
Conversion/Auger Electrons (1.28 x 109 y)
keV/decay 0.033 *
Principal Beta Particles
Principal Gamma and X Rays Freq. (%) (keV) £max (keV)
keV/decay 0.155 * 89.30 585.0 1311.6
keV/decay 522.4
Conversion/ Auger Electrons
keV/decay 0.202 *
more
Conversion/Auger Electrons
Freq. (%) E (keV)
l*Se (119.770 d) 1.16 10.8
Conversion/ Auger Electrons 1.71 11.0
Preq. (%) E (keV) keV/decay 3.57 *
3.02 10.2 Principal Gamma and X Rays
2.48 10.4 Freq. (%) E (keV)
4.48 10.4 6.98 11.2
1.05 11.6 13.55 11.2
5.32 12.7 1.04 12.5
2.70 84.9 2.03 12.5
1.55 124.1 1.86 472.9
keV/decay 14.7 * 109.53 511.0
Principal Gamma and X Rays 74.00 559.1
Freq. (%) E (keV) 3.55 563.2
16.50 10.5 15.91 657.0
32.11 10.5 4.59 1129.8
2.41 11.7 1.70 1213.1
4.72 11.7 8.81 1216.1
1.14 66.1 2.09 1228.7
3.48 96.7 2.52 1380.5
17.32 121.1 2.31 1471.1
58.98 136.0 14.65 1853.7
1.47 198.6 1.36 2096.7
59.10 264.7 2.49 2111.2
25.18 279.5 4.74 2391.2
1.34 303.9 1.95 2510.8
11.56 400.7 5.62 2792.7
keV/decay 391.7 7.40 2950.5
1.55 3604.0
keV/decay 2790.4 *
3gBr (57.036 h)
Positrons
keV/decay 1.14 *
Conversion/ Auger Electrons
Freq. (%) E (keV)
2.58 10.8
2.13 11.0
3.79 11.0
keV/decay 8.36 *
more ...
Conversion/Auger Electrons
keV/decay 0.899 * 1.48 1369.5
2.15 1518.4
Principal Gamma and X Rays 10.93 1529.8
Freq. (%) E (keV) 4.53 2029.8
49.50 402.6 3.74 2035.4
1.91 673.9 13.18 2195.8
7.28 845.4 3.39 2231.8
1.12 1175.4 34.60 2392.1
2.05 1740.5 keV/decay 1954.6 *
2.90 2011.9
9.31 2554.8 QQ f r
(2.552 min) 1
|°La (40.272 h)
Conversion/ Auger Electrons
Principal Beta Particles
Freq. (%) E (keV)
Freq. (%) Eav (keV) £max (keV)
8.32 624.2
11.12 440.8 1238.2
1.19 655.7
5.71 443.2 1243.9
keV/decay 65.1 *
5.61 465.0 1295.7
Principal Gamma and X Rays 44.87 487.1 1347.7
Freq. (%) E (keV) 5.11 514.4 1411.8
2.13 31.8 20.83 629.2 1676.5
3.92 32.2 4.81 845.8 2163.5
89.78 661.6 keV/'decay 525.8
keV/decay 596.5 Conversion/Auger Electrons
keV/decay 9.33 *
more ...
1.43 53.5
1.79 54.5 1.38 70.8
1.33 58.8 95.51 411.8
1.58 61.2 1.06 675.9
6.07 71.1 keV/decay 404.4
1.15 83.5
4.78 99.7 ^Hg (64.1 h)
1.26 107.9
10.30 117.8 Conversion/Auger Electrons
2.44 120.9 Freq. (%) E (keV)
2.14 121.9 8.88 11.1
1.25 128.6 3.57 11.2
12.79 138.6 2.93 11.8
1.39 167.1 1.42 13.0
1.74 187.8 31.98 63.0
keV/decay 123.2 * 14.91 63.6
10.91 65.4
Principal Gamma and X Rays 14.03 74.6
Freq. (%) E (keV) 4.39 77.3
53.00 49.8 keV/decay 66.5 *
93.73 50.7
9.94 57.3 Principal Gamma and X Rays
19.17 57.5 Freq. (%) E (keV)
8.20 59.1 1.81 11.2
43.74 63.1 12.84 11.4
2.66 93.6 4.39 11.6
17.37 109.8 2.31 11.6
1.88 118.2 2.57 13.4
11.11 130.5 20.47 67.0
21.45 177.2 34.96 68.8
34.94 198.0 18.00 77.3
1.90 261.1 4.14 77.6
10.80 307.7 7.94 78.0
keV/decay 311.4 3.27 80.2
keV/decay 70.3 *
Alpha Particles
2
Freq. (%) E (keV) ||Ra (3.66 d)
100.00 8784.3 Radioactive Daughter Half-Life
keV/decay 8784.3 220
Rn (100.0%) 55.6 s
Alpha Particles
84x v (164.3 s) Freq. (%) E (keV)
4.90 5448.9
Radioactive Daughter Half-Life
210 95.08 5685.6
Pb (100.0%) 22.3 y keV/'decay 5673.9
Alpha Particles
Freq. (%) E (keV) Conversion/Auger Electrons
99.99 7687.2 keV/decay 2.22 *
keV/decay 7687.1 Principal Gamma and X Rays
Conversion/Auger Electrons Freq. (%) E (keV)
keV/decay 8.21 x 10~4 * 3.90 241.0
keV/decay 9.90 *
Principal Gamma and X Rays
keV/decay 0.083 *
2
HRa (1600 y)
2
g|Po
g (3.05 min) Radioactive Daughter Half-Life
222
Rn (100.0%) 3.824 d
Radioactive Daughter Half-Life
214
Pb (100.0%) 26.8 min Alpha Particles
Alpha Particles Freq. (%) E (keV)
Freq. (%) E (keV) 5.55 4601.8
99.98 6002.6 94.44 4784.5
keV/decay 6001.4 keV/decay 477 4 A
Principal Beta Particles Conversion/Auger Electrons
keV/decay 0.014 * keV/decay 3.59 *
Principal Gamma and X Rays
Freq. (%) E (keV)
(55.6 s)
3.28 186.0
Radioactive Daughter Half-Life keV/decay 6.75 *
216
Po (100.0%) 0.145 s
Alpha Particles
Freq. (%) E (keV)
99.93 6288.4
keV/decay 6288.0
Conversion/Auger Electrons
keV/decay 0.009 *
Principal Gamma and X Rays
keV/decay 0.386 *