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Heat Transfer: Department of Metallurgical Engineering Heat Transfer Phenomena Prof. DR.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
Heat Transfer: Department of Metallurgical Engineering Heat Transfer Phenomena Prof. DR.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
Heat transfer
1. Introduction
Heat transfer which is defined as the transmission of energy
from one region to another as a result of temperature gradient
takes place by the following three modes:
1.Conduction.
2.Convection.
3.Radiation.
T
q x KA [W]
x
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
q dx 1 m
k . k : W W / mK .
Now I dT (unit of m 2 k (or C) or W / mC )
Thus, the thermal conductivity of a material is defined as
follows :
"The amount of energy conducted though a body of unit
area, and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in
temperature between the faces causing heat flow is unit
temperature difference ".
It follows from equation that materials with high thermal
conductivities are good conductors of heat, where as materials
with low thermal conductive are good thermal insulator.
Conduction of heat occurs most readily in pure metals, less so in
alloys, and much less readily in non-metals. The very low
thermal conductivities of certain thermal insulators e.g., cork is
due to their porosity, the air trapped within the material acting as
an insulator.
Thermal conductivity (a property of material) depends
essentially upon the following factors:
(i) Material structure.
(ii) Moisture content.
(iii) Density of the material.
(iv) Pressure and temperature (operating conditions).
(Table1.1gives the thermal conductivities of various
materials at 0ºC.)
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
where the value of k is taken from Table 1-1. The inside plate
temperature is therefore
Ti = 250 + 3.05 = 253.05 ℃
Example 7 A carbon steel plate (thermal conductivity = 45
W/m°C) 600mm 900mm 25 mm is maintained at 310°C. Air
at 15°C blows over the hot plate. If convection heat transfer
coefficient is 22W/m2°C and 250 W is lost from the plate
surface by radiation, calculate .the inside plate temperature.
Solution. Area of the plate exposed to heat transfer,
A = 600 mm 900 mm = 0.6 0.9 = 0.54 m2
Thickness of the plate, L = 25 mm = 0.025 m
Surface temperature of the plate Ts = 310°C
Temperature of air (fluid), Tf = 15°C
Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = 22 W/m2°C
Heat lost from the plate surface by radiation,
qrad = 250W
Thermal conductivity, k = 45 W/m °C
Inside plate temperature, Ti .
In this case the heat conducted through the plate is removed
from the plate surface by a combination of convection and
radiation.
Heat conducted through the plate = convection heat losses +
radiation heat losses.
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Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Heat Transfer Phenomena
Prof. Dr.: Kadhim F. Alsultani
qconv.=hA(Ts -Tf)
PROBLEMS
1-A glass panel (k = 0.78 W/mK) 1.5 m 2.5 m is 16 mm thick. If its inside and
outside surface temperatures are 30°C and 5°C respectively, calculate the heat loss by
conduction through the panel.
2-A truncated cone 25 cm high is made of aluminum (k = 204 W/mK). The cross-
sectional area at the top and bottom are 50 cm2 and 200 cm2 respectively. The lower
surface is maintained at 500°C and the upper surface is at 95°C. The lateral surface is
insulated. Assuming one-dimensional flow of heat, calculate the rate of heat transfer.
3-A conical section has its circular cross-section with diameter D = 0.25x. The small
end is at x = 50 mm and the large end is at x = 250 mm. The end temperatures are
respectively 400K and 600K. The lateral surface is well insulated. Derive an
expression for the temperature distribution assuming one-dimensional conditions and
calculate the rate of heat flow through the cone.