WORK

Work is done when a force that is applied to an object moves that object.
Work (scalar) = Force (vector) x displacement (vector)
W is measured in Joules (J), F is measured in Newton (N), and d is measured in meters (m).
Relation between KE and W:
The work done on an object by a net force equals the change in kinetic energy of the object.

Formula Derivation
Prove: W = Fd
*Work = PE (stored energy/vertical movement) = KE (energy in motion/horizontal movement)
INITIAL FORMULA: F = ma

F = ma [recall: a = ]

F=m( )

Ft = m (formula of momentum)
(½ ) Ft = (m )(½ )

½ Ft = ½ mv2 [recall: vave = ]

Ft vave = KE [recall: d = vt]

Fd = KE
W = Fd
Unit: Joule (J) or Nm or kg m2/s2

Real-life Application

 A teacher applies a force to a wall and becomes exhausted. (No work done)
 A book falls off a table and free falls to the ground. (Work is done)
 A waiter carries a tray full of meals above his head by one arm straight across the room at constant
speed. (No work done)
 A rocket accelerates through space. (Work is done)
Sample Problem:
1. Sheila has just arrived at the airport and is dragging her suitcase to the luggage check-in desk. She
pulls on the strap with a force of 190 N at an angle of 35° to the horizontal to displace it 45 m to the
desk. Determine the work done by Sheila on the suitcase.
Answer: W = Fdcosθ = (190)(45)(cos(35)) = 7.0 x 103 J
2. Hans Full is pulling on a rope to drag his backpack to school across the ice. He pulls upwards and
rightwards with a force of 22.9 Newtons at an angle of 35 degrees above the horizontal to drag his
backpack a horizontal distance of 129 meters to the right. Determine the work (in Joules) done upon
the backpack.
Answer: W = Fdcosθ = (22.9)(129)(cos(35)) = 2.42 x 103 J
3. A boy uses a force of 30 Newtons to lift his grocery bag while doing 60 Joules of work. How far did he
lift the grocery bags?
Answer: d = W/F = 60/30 = 2m
 POWER
 Rate at which work is done upon an object
 Average power is equal to the work done divided by the time it takes to do it.
 Can also be defined at the rate at which energy is transformed

APPLICATION
- Weightlifters

FORMULAS


Where:
W = work
t = time

Where:
F = force
d = distance = h = height
v = velocity
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
(9.8m/s2)

SI unit: English system:

1W(watt) = 1J/s (Joule-per-second) 1 hp (horsepower) = 746 W

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 60-kg jogger runs up a long flight of stairs in 4.0 s. The vertical height of the stairs is 4.5 m.
a. Power output of the jogger (in Watts and horsepower)
b. How much energy did this require?
2. How long will it take a 1750-W motor to lift a 315 kg piano to a sixth-story window 16.0 m above?
3. When doing a chin-up, a man lifts his 42.0kg body to a distance of 0.250m in 2.00s. Calculate the
power eli ere by e an’s biceps.
 KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to another
Kinetic Energy
is the energy of an object in motion
directly proportional to the mass of the object and to the square of its velocity
The following formulas are used to calculate the KE of a moving object:

KE= 1/2 mass x velocity2 or KE = 1/2 m v2

Where: m is the mass of the object (kg)

v is the velocity of the object (m/s)
KE: J= 1 kg m2 / s2

Potential Energy
S ore ener y of an objec ’s position
The following formulas are used to calculate the PEgrav:

PEgrav= mass x gravity x height or PEgrav = mgh

Where: m is the mass of the object (kg)

g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
h is the height in meters (m)
PEgrav: J= 1 kg m2 / s2

Total Mechanical Energy

TME = PE + KE
Application
Baseball Pitcher
Both shows potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy in the windup, and kinetic energy in
the pitch. Potential energy is stored energy ready to release
Car stuck on a traffic positioned on a downward slope
Potential energy, when the car is on handbrake; Kinetic energy, when the driver releases the brake
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1.) The fastest helicopter, the Westland Lynx, has a top speed of 4.00 × 102 km/h. If its kinetic energy at
this speed is 2.10 × 107 J, w a is e elicop er’s ass?
2.) Naim Suleimanoglu of Turkey has a mass of about 62 kg, yet he can lift nearly 3 times this mass. (This
fea as earne Sulei ano lu e nickna e of “ ocke Hercules.”) If e po en ial ener y associa e
with a barbell lifted 1.70 m above the floor by Suleimanoglu is 3.04 × 103 J, w a is e barbell’s ass?
3.) In 1994, Leroy Burrell of e Uni e S a es se w a was en a new worl recor for e en’s 100
run. He ran the 1.00 × 102 m distance in 9.85 s. Assuming that he ran with a constant speed equal to
his average speed, and his kinetic energy was 3.40 × 103 J, w a was Burrell’s ass?
 WORK – ENERGY THEOREM
 The work-energy theorem states that the work done by all forces acting on a particle equals the change
in e par icle’s kine ic ener y.

; F = ma (New on’s secon law)

Take the appropriate equation from kinematics and rearrange it a bit.

 If work is positive, then the kinetic energy increases. If work

is negative, then the kinetic energy decreases. If work is
zero, then the kinetic energy is constant.
 The work – energy theorem can be applied to non-isolated
systems (external forces act on the system).
EXAMPLES:
 A car accelerating when the traffic light became green.
 An antelope starts to run very fast as it saw the cheetah
finding for food.
 A plane slowing down during takeoff.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. How much work is required to stop an electron ( ) which is moving at a speed of
?
2. The driver of a car travelling on the interstate at 35.0 m/s slam on his brakes to avoid
hitting a second vehicle in front of him, which had come to rest because of congestion ahead. After the
breaks are applied, a constant friction force of acts on the car. (Ignore air resistance)
a. At what minimum distance should the brakes be applied to avoid a collision with the other
vehicle?
b. If the distance between the vehicles is initially 30.0 m, at what speed would the collision
occur?
3. A block of mass 10 kg starts moving up the incline with 20m/s. It reaches the top and comes back to its
initial position and stops. What is the work done by friction in the whole process?
 MOMENTUM

- A quantity of motion.
- Measurement of mass in motion. The product of the mass and velocity of a body.
- The mass (m) and the velocity (v) of an object is directly proportional to its momentum (p)
- It is presented by the formula:

p = mv Δp = mΔv
Conservation of momentum
- When no resultant external force acts on a system of interacting particles the total momentum of the
system remains constant.

m1 v1 = m2 v2
EXAMPLE:
1.) A basketball ball having 2 kg mass and 6 m/s velocity moves to the east.

ANSWER:

 p = mv = (2 kg) (6 m/s) = 12 kg m/s

 p = 10 kg m/s East

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1.) What is the momentum of a child and wagon if the total mass of the child and wagon is 22kg and the
velocity is 1.5m/s?
2.) A 325 kg motorcycle is moving at 140 km/h, south.
a) Find its momentum in m/s.
b) At what velocity is the momentum of a 1754 kg car equal to that of the motorcycle?
3.) Initially a soccer ball is going 23.5 m/s, south. In the end, it is traveling at 3.8 m/s, south.
The ball's change in momentum is 17.24 kg m/s, north. Find the ball's mass.
 IMPULSE

- A force applied to an object for a certain period of time.

- The product of the average force and the time interval during which the force acts.
- Change in momentum.
Symbol: J
Unit: N•s (New on•secon s)

Examples:
- Bat hitting the baseball
- Hammer hitting the nail
- Punch of the boxer

Derivation and Formula

or

Impulse-Momentum Theorem
- The change in momentum of an object during a time interval is equal to the impulse of the net force
acting on the object during that interval.
- When a net force acts on an object, the force will cause a change in the momentum of the object.
- The greater the time interval of an impact, the lesser the force of impact.

Example:

1. Egg toss. In order to reduce the amount of force in the egg so it doesn’ break w en you ca c i , you
o e you’re your an s in e sa e irec ion as e e as you ca c i . T is ac ion increases e i e
you apply the force on the egg and the amount of force acting on the egg, to change its momentum
(resistance to stopping), is reduced so the egg will not break.

2. When a glass falls on the ground it will break into pieces but when a glass falls on a foam, it was not as
damaged as the glass that fell on the ground as it reaches the foam because of the longer time the
force acting upon the glass and the amount of force acting upon the glass is reduced to change the
momentum.

3. In boxing, you will experience lesser force if you move away from the punch. This is because the time
of impact is greater here as it will take you a li le bi lon er o “follow rou ” an o ake e i ea -
on.

Sample Problems:
1. A baseball of mass 0.14 kg is pitched at a batter with an initial velocity of -38 m/s (negative is towards the
bat). The bat applies an average force that is much greater than the weight of the ball, and the ball departs
from the bat with a final velocity of 58 m/s. Assuming that the time contact with the bat is 1.6 x 10 -3 s, find
the average force exerted on the by the bat.
Given:
m = 0.14 kg
vi = -38 m/s
vf = 58 m/s
t = 1.6 x 10 -3 s

Unknown: F
Formula:
2. For how long a time must a tow truck pull with a force of 550 N on a stalled 1200 kg car to give it a forward
velocity of 2.0 m/s?
Given:
F = 550 N
m = 1200 kg
vi = 0 m/s
vf = 2.0 m/s

Unknown:
Formula:

3. A tow-truck applies a force of 2.0 x 103 N on a 1670 kg car for a period of 3.0 seconds. If the car starts at
rest, what will be its speed after 3 s?

Given:
F = 2.0 x 103 N
m = 1670 kg
t = 3.0 s

Unknown:
Formula:
 COLLISIONS
Collisions

- Occurs when two or more objects hit each other

- NOTE: Momentum is always conserved in collisions.

Types of Collisions
1. Elastic Collision – collision in which two objects bounce after the collision so that they move separately;
kinetic energy is conserved
APPLICATION: Collision between white billiard ball and colored billiard ball
2. Inelastic Collision – collision in which two objects deform during the collision, but they move separately
after the collision; kinetic energy is not conserved
APPLICATION: Car crashing into a tree
3. Perfectly Inelastic Collision – collision in which two objects stick after the collision so that their final
velocities are the same; kinetic energy is not conserved
A LICATION: Me eori e colli in ea on wi Ear ’s surface
Illustrations and Formulas
TYPE OF ILLUSTRATION FORMULAS USED
COLLISION

1. Elastic
 m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
 ½ m1(v1i)2 + ½ m2(v2i)2 = ½
m1(v1f)2 + ½ m2 (v2f)2
 v1i – v2i = -(v1f - v2f)

2. Inelastic

 collisions of is ype aren’

usually solved in word problems

3. Perfectly Inelastic
 m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2) vf
 ½ m1(v1i)2 + ½ m2(v2i)2 = ½ (m1 +
m2)(vf)2 + Δ KE

Additional Notes

 Most real-life collisions are neither elastic nor perfectly inelastic.

Sample Problems
1. A grocery shopper tosses a 9.0 kg bag of rice into a stationary 18.0 kg grocery cart. The bag hits the
cart with a horizontal speed of 5.5 m/s toward the front of the cart. What is the final speed of the cart
and the bag? Answer: 1.8 m/s
2. A 16.0 kg canoe moving to the left at 12.5 m/s makes an elastic head-on collision with a 14.0 kg raft
moving to the right at 16.0 m/s. After the collision, the raft moves to the left at 14.4 m/s. Find the
velocity of the canoe after the collision. Answer: 14.1 m/s to the right
3. An empty train car moving east at 21 m/s collides with a loaded train car initially at rest that has twice
the mass of the empty car. The two cars stick together. Find the velocity of the two cars after the
collision. Answer: 7.0 m/s to the east
 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 The total momentum of all objects interacting with one another remains constant regardless of
the nature of the forces between the objects.
 Logically equivalent to Newton's third law of motion (the action-reaction law).
 The change in momentum of the first object is equal to and opposite the change in momentum
of the second object.

Formula

1. Δ p = m Δ v SI UNIT: kg m/s
2. - m1v1’ 2v2’
3. m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1’ + m2v2’
4. m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2) vf
Application
Momentum is conserved in collisions

Total momentum is the same before and after collision. Their mutual speed after collision is
half the initial speed of the red train.

Newton’s third law leads to conservation of momentum

When the skaters face each other, both skaters have zero momentum, so the total momentum of both
skaters is zero. When the skaters push away from each other, their momentum is equal but opposite,
so the total momentum is still zero.

Sample Problems

1. A 76 kg boater, initially at rest in a stationary 45 kg boat, steps out of the boat and onto the
dock. If the boater moves out of the boat with a velocity of 2.5 m/s to the right, what is the final
velocity of the boat? Answer: - 4.2 m/s or 4.2 m/s to the left

2. There are two cars moving at a speed of 50 km/s and 70 km/s with mass of 100 kg and 60 kg
respectively. Find the final speed of both after collision. Answer: 60 m/s

3. A 200 kg empty railroad cart moves east at 15 m/s. A 50 kg rock is dropped straight down into
the moving cart. What is the final speed of the railroad cart? Answer: 12 m/s