Health Program

 Blood Donation and Registry

Definition

Blood donation, also called blood banking, refers to the process of collecting, testing, preparing,
and storing whole blood and blood components intended primarily for transfusion.

Purpose

Blood is collected, processed, stored, and distributed to maintain an adequate supply of whole
blood and blood components for transfusion as needed. Blood replacement may be needed by
people who have lost blood through accidents, burns, hemorrhage, or surgery. Blood or blood
components are also used in the treatment of certain types of anemia, various disease conditions,
and for medical research. Blood is donated as whole blood, collected in a plastic bag containing
an anticoagulant that will keep the blood from clotting and allow it to be separated into multiple
components. By dividing blood into components that each offer different clinical benefits, one
unit of donated blood can meet the transfusion needs for more than one person.

Description

The actual process of donating whole blood takes about 20 minutes. The donor will either lie
down or will sit in a special donor chair that elevates the lower body and legs. After selecting an
appropriate vein, the phlebotomist (an individual trained in blood collection technique) will clean
the arm well at the site of the needle puncture (venipuncture). With a tourniquet tightly in place
on the donor's arm, a sterile needle is inserted into a vein. As the tourniquet is released, blood
flows through plastic tubing into a plastic blood bag. The donor may be asked to open and close
a fist to encourage blood to flow. Usually only one unit of blood is collected. Pressure is applied
to the site of the venipuncture until the blood flow has been stopped. Donors are then escorted to
an observation area, given light refreshments that include liquid, and allowed to rest. Positive
identification of the donor and the blood bag from that donor are essential. The same unique
identification number is assigned to the bag, all samples from the bag used for testing, and on all
donor and testing records. In general, blood donors must be at least 17 years old (some states
allow younger people to donate blood with their parents' consent), must weigh at least 110 lb (50
kg), and must be in good health. Donors with a history of heart, lung, or liver disease or who are
pregnant are usually deferred. Donors can be disqualified if they are known to have engaged in
behavior that put them at risk of infection (such as having had a tattoo, having had sex with
people in high-risk groups, having used illegal intravenous drugs, having had certain diseases, or
having been raped) or have spent time in specific parts of the world, such as areas where malaria
may be prevalent.
Preparation

All donated blood is extensively tested before being distributed for use by transfusion services.
The first step is determining the blood type, which is the primary indication of who can receive
the blood. There are eight major blood types comprising four ABO groups (A, B, AB, and O),
and the presence or absence of the Rh factor, designated as either type Rh positive (+) or type Rh
negative (-). These types and their approximate distribution in the U.S. population are as follows:
O+ (38%), O- (7%), A+ (34%), A- (6%), B+ (9%), B- (2%), AB+ (3%), AB- (1%). In an
emergency, when there may be no time for compatibility testing, anyone can safely receive type
O red blood cells, and people with this blood type are known as "universal donors." People with
type AB blood, known as "universal recipients," can receive any type of red blood cells and can
give plasma to all blood types. Receiving the wrong blood type can result in the destruction of
red cells in the recipients body and even death. For this reason, the transfusion service must
conduct more pre-transfusion testing to determine the compatibility of the donor blood with the
blood of the recipient. This compatibility testing, known as type and cross match, begins with
matching the major blood types. Additional testing will include antibody screening of the
recipient and, if specific antibodies are found, testing of other blood groups (the MN group or
Kell and Lewis groups, for example) will be done to find compatible donor blood.

Risks

Thanks to the use of a multi-tiered donor screening system and advances in the effectiveness of
screening tests, the risk of transmitting infectious diseases to recipients via transfusion has been
significantly diminished. Nonetheless, there is still a minuscule risk that blood recipients could
contract human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, or other diseases via transfusion. Other
diseases that are of particular concern to blood-collection agencies include: babesiosis, Chagas
disease, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I and -II), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Lyme disease,
malaria, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

There are few risks to healthy donors when AABB standards for donation are followed. People
who donate blood replace the fluid they lose within 24 hours and the red cells within two
months. A person can safely donate blood once in eight weeks. Donors' blood will be tested prior
to donation to determine their eligibility; those ineligible will be advised of the temporary or
permanent reasons for being disqualified. Their names will be placed on the national deferral
registry to prevent donation at other sites and to help protect the blood supply.

Medical professionals who draw the blood of eligible donors will advise donors of any necessary
precautions following donation. Most blood donors suffer no significant after effects.
Occasionally donors may feel faint or dizzy, nauseous, or have tenderness, redness, or a bruise
where the needle was inserted to draw their blood. More serious complications, which rarely
occur, may include fainting, muscle spasms, or nerve damage.

AABB standards are designed to protect donors and recipients and especially to help ensure that
compatible blood is transfused to each recipient. The accurate labeling of blood, blood
components, and donor records, and the recording of all data is essential from the time blood is
collected, through testing and preparation, and through pre-transfusion testing and issuance of
the blood or blood component. Autologous blood donors run a tiny risk of having the wrong
blood returned to them due to clerical error. There is also a faint possibility of bacterial
contamination of the autologous blood. These rare occurrences apply to all other transfusions as
well.

 Herbal Medicine

Traditional medicine has been practiced since ancient times in every culture throughout
the world and has been an integral part of human evolution and development.

The evolution of Philippine traditional medicine is an interesting study that is

influenced by religion, mysticism, magic, superstition, folkloric herbalism and western
medicine.

Philippine's common traditional medicine practitioners include the following:

 Hilot or Manghihilot acts as a midwife, a chiropractor or massage therapist to

promote health and healing
 Tawas or Mangtatawas, this practitioner uses alum, candles, smoke, paper, eggs
and other mediums to diagnose the cause of illness associated by prayers and
incanteations
 Albularyo, a general practitioner who uses a combination of healing modalities
that may include prayers, incantations, mysticism and herbalism. Albularyos
claim to draw healing powers from a supernatural source (shamanism)
 Medico, a general practitioner similar to an albularyo but integrates western
medicine to promote healing.
 Faith Healers, a practitioner who claims divine power bestowed by the Holy
Spirit or God. A patient is required to have faith and believe in divine powers to
effect healing

These traditional medical practitioners covers a wide spectrum of practices and differs
from one another. Even in this modern times where information and advanced science
has greatly progressed, traditional medicine still enjoys a large following most
especially in rural areas.

In recognition of the deep seated practice of traditional medicine as an alternative

modality for treating and preventing diseases in the Philippines, the Department of
Health (DOH) through its former Secretary Juan M. Flavier launched theTraditional
Medicine Program in 1992. This program aims to promote an effective and safe use of
traditional medicine.
Then President Fidel V. Ramos appreciated the importance of the traditional medicine
program and signed into law Republic Act 8423 (R.A. 8423), otherwise known as
the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997. This gave rise to the
creation of Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care
(PITAHC)which is tasked to promote and advocates the use of traditional and
alternative health care modalities through scientific research and product development.

Since then the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) through its "Traditioinal Health
Program"has endorsed 10 medicinal plants to be used as herbal medicine in Philippines
due to its health benefits.

The following are the 10 Medicinal Plants in the Philippines endorsed by DOH:

1. Akapulko (Cassia alata) - a medicinal plant called "ringworm bush or schrub"

and "acapulco" in English, this Philippine herbal medicine is used to treat tinea
infections, insect bites, ringworms, eczema, scabies and itchiness.
2. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) - common names include "bitter melon " or
"bitter gourd " in English. This Philippine herbal medicine has been found to be
effective in the treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus), hemofrhoids, coughs,
burns and scalds, and being studied for anti-cancer properties.
3. Bawang (Allium sativum) - common name in english is "Garlic". Bawang is a
used in Philippine herbal medicine to treat infection with antibacterial,
antiinflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-hypertensive properties. It is widely used
to reduce cholesterol level in blood.
4. Bayabas (Psidium guajava) - "Guava" in English. A Philippine herbal medicine
used as antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, antioxidant
hepatoprotective, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, anti-plasmodial, anti-cough,
antidiabetic, and antigenotoxic in folkloric medicine.
5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) - known as "5-leaved chaste tree" in english is used in
Philippine herbal medicine to treat cough, colds and fever. It is also used as a
relief for asthma & pharyngitis, rheumatism, dyspepsia, boils, and diarrhea.
6. Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.) - is a vine known as "Chinese honey
suckle". This Philippine herbal medicine is used to eliminate intestinal parasites.
7. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) - English name: "Ngai camphor or Blumea
camphor" is a Philippine herbal medicine used to treatkidney stones, wounds
and cuts, rheumatism, anti-diarrhea, anti spasms, colds and coughs and
hypertension
8. Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) - English :"Wild tea" is a Philippine
herbal medicine taken as tea to treat skin allergies including eczema, scabies and
itchiness wounds in child birth
9. Ulasimang Bato|Pansit-Pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) - is a Phillipine herbal
medicine known for its effectivity in treating arthritis and gout.
 10. Yerba Buena(Clinopodium douglasii) - commonly known as Peppermint, is
used in Philippine herbal medicine as analgesic to relive body aches and pain
due to rheumatism and gout. It is also used to treat coughs, colds and insect
bites.

Types Of Herbal Medicine

Medicinal plants can be used by anyone, for example as part of a salad, an herbal tea or
supplement. Many herbalists, both professional and amateur, often grow or wildcraft
their own herbs. Making your own herbal medicine preparation is not only fun, but can
be cost-effective. In using the above mentioned herbal medicines, some may require
some degree of skill, you have to use your own judgement if you decide to use one.
Below is a list of general ways on how to prepare your own herbal medicine. The list is
not all inclusive and you have to see individual articles for the herb you use so that you
will know how to prepare them.

Herbal Teas

There are two methods of making herbal teas, infusion and decoction. Infusion is
steeping lighter parts of the plant (leaves, flowers, light stems) in boiled water for
several minutes. Decoction is boiling tougher parts, such as roots or bark for a longer
period of time. Herbal teas are often used as a home remedy, and as an alternative to tea
and coffee.

As a general rule unless recommended by a herbalist, Prepare 1 teaspoon of dried herb

for every 1 cup of water. Let it steep in boiling water for 10 to 20 minutes. Strain the
herbs out and drink 3 to 4 times a day.

Herbal Tinctures

Steeping a medicinal plant in alcohol extracts the alcohol-soluble principles into a liquid
form that can be stored for long periods. Herbalists may mix several herbal tinctures to
form an individualized prescription for each patient. Plant tinctures are also the basis
for many homeopathic medicines.

To prepare your herbal tincture you will need:

1. 8 ounces of finely cut dried herbs

2. 1 large glass jar that can hold 4 cups of liquid
3. 2 cups of vodka

Instructions:
Put the dried herb into a large, glass jar and pour in equal amount of liquid, making
sure the herbs are completely covered (this is very important). Store the jar in a cool,
dark place for at least two weeks, preferably 4. Make sure to shake the mixture every
day. When ready to use, filter the mixture using a cheesecloth bag, coffee filter, or fine
cloth, capturing the tincture liquid below in another container. Store the tincture in
clean, dark glass containers, out of the sun. If stored properly the tincture will be
preserved for two or more years. Vinegar tinctures should be refrigerated.

Note: A drop of tincture is equal to 1 tsp of herb juice.

For Vinegar Tinctures, use 1 ounce of herb per 5 ounces of vinegar.

Fluid Extracts

Fluid extracts are stronger than herbal tinctures, and can be made with alcohol or
glycerin.

Herbal Poultices

Poultices are a solid, vegetable fat based mixture used externally. They have the
shortest life span of any herbal remedy and must be made fresh for every use.

Powdered Herbs And Tablets

Herbs that are dried and (sometimes) certain parts are separated out then diced to
powder fine consistency. Powered matter can then be compressed or put in an empty
pill coating to form a tablet.

Herbal Creams And Ointments

An ointment usually is mixed with beeswax (or something similar) to make it more
applicable to outside the body, such as on a cut or scrape.

Essential Oils

Extraction of volatile liquid plant materials and other aromatic compounds from plants
gives essential oils. These plant oils may be used internally in some forms of herbal
medicine as well as in aromatherapy and generally for their perfume, although their
medicinal use as a natural treatment (alternative medicine) has proved highly
efficacious in the treatment of headache and muscle pain, joint pain and certain skin
diseases.

Herbal Supplements

Herbal supplements tend to be commercial products in tablet or capsule form

manufactured and marketed by the health food industry for sale in retail outlets to the
general public, although there are some types that are sold only to healthcare
practitioners for prescription. Herbal supplements are often standardized to contain
stated levels of active phytochemicals. Some herbalists may not agree with the
standardization of active ingredients, preferring instead to use the whole plant.

 Cancer Care

Risk Factors

Cancer is a result of complex mix of factors related to heredity, diet, physical inactivity and
prolonged, continuous exposure to certain chemicals and other substances. A number of factors
that increase a person’s chance of developing cancer has been identified and are called “risk
factors”.

Cigarette Smoking
Smoking accounts for more than 85% of lung cancer deaths. Smokers are more likely to develop
lung cancer compared to non-smokers. Overall, smoking has been linked to cancers of the
mouth, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas and bladder.

Excessive Alcohol Intake

Heavy drinkers have an increased risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx and liver. Some
studies suggest that even moderate drinking may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.

Unhealthy Diet
Diet plays an important role in the development of many cancers, particularly in the digestive and
reproductive organs. Long-term habit of not eating a healthy diet has been linked that increases incidence
of cancer. Likewise, being seriously overweight has been linked to breast cancer.

Chemicals and Other Substances

Exposure to substances such as chemicals, metals or pesticides can increase the risk of cancer. Asbestos, nickel,
cadmium, uranium, radon, vinyl chloride and benzene are well-known cancer-causing agents (carcinogens). These
may act alone or together with other carcinogens, like cigarette smoke, to increase the risk of cancer.

Prevention

There is no 100% guarantee that cancer can ever be prevented. However, being aware of the cancer risk factors will
help in reducing the possibility of cancer. Early detection and proper treatment plays a big role in controlling cancer.
To lessen the risk of developing cancer:

Quit Smoking
Limit Drinking Alcoholic Beverages
Watch Your Diet
Consult Your Doctor Regularly
Do Regular Physical Activity
  Communicable Diseases

Overview

Communicable, or infectious diseases, are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses,

parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Some
are transmitted through bites from insects while others are caused by ingesting contaminated
food or water.

A variety of disease-producing bacteria and viruses are carried in the mouth, nose, throat and
respiratory tract. Conditions such as leprosy, tuberculosis (TB) and different strains of influenza
(flu) can be spread by coughing, sneezing, and saliva or mucus on unwashed hands.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV and viral hepatitis are spread through the
exposure to infective bodily fluids such as blood, vaginal secretions and semen. Hepatitis is a
significant concern in the African Region and the majority of people living with hepatitis B and
C are unaware of their infections.

Insects play a significant role in the transmission of disease. Bites from Anopheles mosquitoes
transmits malaria parasites that can wreak havoc on high-risk populations such as children under
age 5 and pregnant women. Yellow fever has also seen resurgence due to reduced vaccination
efforts. Many neglected tropical diseases are caused by unsafe water, poor housing conditions
and poor sanitation in the Region.

Introduction

Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that people spread to one
another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites,
or through the air.[1] There are many examples of communicable diseases, some of which
require reporting to appropriate health departments or government agencies in the locality of the
outbreak. Some examples of the communicable disease include HIV, hepatitis A, B and C,
measles, salmonella, measles and blood-borne illnesses. Most common forms of spread include
fecal-oral, food, sexual intercourse, insect bites, contact with contaminated fomites, droplets, or
skin contact.

 Basic First Aid

BASIC FIRST AID (PHILIPPINE STANDARD)

1. 1. FIRST AID Maverick Reyes – Castillo, RN Occupational Health and Safety Nurse
2. 2. What is First Aid? FIRST - preceding all others in time or order AID- to provide with
what is useful or necessary FIRST AID is an immediate care given to a person who has
 been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical
assistance is not available or delayed. (Merriam and Webster Dictionary) (Philippine
National Red Cross)
3. 3. Goals of First Aid ALLEVIATE SUFFERING PREVENT FURTHER INJURY or
DANGER PROLONG LIFE One of the main objectives is to be able to help to reduce or
totally alleviate suffering also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or
danger of further injury first aid measures aim to preserve and sustain life. Also to save
the victim from imminent danger.
4. 4. Characteristics of a Good First Aider GENTLE - First aider should not cause, inflict
pain as much as possible Reference: Philippine National Red Cross
5. 5. RESOURCEFUL - Makes the best use of things at hand Characteristics of a Good First
Aider Reference: Philippine National Red Cross
6. 6. OBSERVANT - Should notice all signs. Aware of what is happening and what may
happen. Characteristics of a Good First Aider Reference: Philippine National Red Cross
7. 7. TACTFUL - Handling the victim with utmost care and in a calm manner.
Characteristics of a Good First Aider Reference: Philippine National Red Cross
8. 8. EMPHATIC - Should be comforting. Characteristics of a Good First Aider
9. 9. RESPECTABLE - Maintains a professional and caring attitude Characteristics of a
Good First Aider Reference: Philippine National Red Cross
10. 10. GENERAL GUIDELINES IN ADMINISTERING FIRST AID
11. 11. 1. Planning of Action – Established based on anticipated needs and available
resources. • Example: Getting to know where the First Aid Kits are located as well as
other emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire alarm switches and fire exits.
Also by being aware of the emergency numbers such as Ambulance providers, Hospital
emergency room, Fire department and police stations. Getting Started
12. 12. 2. Gathering of needed materials – Preparation of equipment and personnel. Getting
Started
13. 13. 70% Isoprophyl Alcohol Povidone Iodine Cotton Balls Sterile Gauze Pads Tongue
Depressors Penlight Band Aid Gloves Set of Scissors and Forceps Triangular Bandage
Elastic Bandage Adhesive Plasters
14. 14. • Initial Response (Sequence of actions) Getting Started A I D Ask for HELP
Intervene. Give appropriate interventions Do no further harm
15. 15. SAFETY FIRST! • SURVEY THE SCENE – Is the scene safe? Safe for you and the
injured person? – What happened? – How many people are injured? – Are there someone
who can help? – Get consent before giving first aid care.
16. 16. CARDIO – PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
17. 17. Cardio – Pulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a
lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart attack or near
drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. • This is a combination
of chest compressions and rescue breaths. Resources: http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-
aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600 Philippine National Red Cross
18. 18. STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE ON ADMINISTERING CPR
19. 19. Survey The Scene • Is the scene safe for you and the victim? • Is there someone who
can help? If the scene is secure for you to perform first aid, kindly proceed by introducing
your self and asking if you can help. - this enables you to gain the trust of the victim as
well as the people around the scene.
20. 20. Primary Survey C A B CCONSCIOUSNESS AIRWAYS BREATHING
CIRCULATION
21. 21. A B CCCONSCIOUSNESS AIRWAYS BREATHING CIRCULATION TAP BOTH
SHOULDERS AND ASK THE VICTIM FOR WHAT HAPPENED. TAKE NOTE OF
THE APPROPRIATENESS OF VERBAL RESPONSE.
22. 22. CHECK FOR THE PATENCY OF NOSTRILS AND MOUTH. USING HEAD
TILT CHIN LIFT B CCCONSCIOUSNESS AAIRWAYS BREATHING
CIRCULATION
23. 23. CHECK FOR BREATH SOUNDS AS WELL AS THE RISE AND FALL OF THE
CHEST. NOTE FOR DIFFICULTY OF BREATHING. CCCONSCIOUSNESS
AAIRWAYS BBREATHING CIRCULATION
24. 24. CHECK FOR PULSE. CAROTID OR RADIAL CCONSCIOUSNESS AAIRWAYS
BBREATHING CCIRCULATION
25. 25. Conditions When CPR is Needed • The victim is UNCONSCIOUS. • PULSE is
WEAK or NO PULSE. • NO BREATHING / DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING Cardiac
Arrest caused by Coronary Heart Disease, Dysrhythmias, Respiratory arrest,
Electrocution, Drowning, Choking, and Trauma.
26. 26. Chest Compressions • Using the heel of the palm, interlaced with the other hand,
perform 30 compressions. Approximately 2 inches deep on the middle of the chest just in
line with the sternum. Area of Chest Compressions
27. 27. Chest Compressions • A cycle of chest compression is composed of 30 compressions
at a rate of 80 – 100 per minute. • After a cycle, 2 Rescue breaths are administered.
28. 28. Rescue Breaths • Giving oxygen via mouth – to – mouth. – HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT,
pinch the nose and give a full blow of air directly to the mouth twice. Note for the rise
and fall of the chest. • If the chest did not move, check for airway patency or re tilt the
head.
29. 29. CPR Cycles • 5 cycles composed of: Cycle 1 - 30 compressions - 2 rescue breaths
Cycle 2 - 30 compressions - 2 rescue breaths And so on and so forth until the 5th cycle.
30. 30. • Re assess the victim after 5 cycles using the primary survey. CPR Cycles C A B
CCONSCIOUSNESS AIRWAYS BREATHING CIRCULATION
31. 31. When to STOP the CPR S T O P Spontaneous signs of circulation restored Turned
over to medical services or authorized personnel Operator is already exhausted and
cannot continue CPR Physician assumes the responsibility
32. 32. Care of the Victim After Successful CPR • Transfer in a secured place. • Place in a
side lying position - Recovery position. • Wait for the emergency response unit and
continuously monitor the victim.
33. 33. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
34. 34. Wounds • Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external
Classifications: • Closed Wound • Open Wound (Philippine National Red Cross)
35. 35. Closed Wound • Break in the continuity of a body tissue without the skin being
broken down. • Causes: – Blunt object result in contusion or bruises – Application of
external forces.
36. 36. • Signs and Symptoms – Pain and tenderness – Swelling – Discoloration – Hematoma
Closed Wound
37. 37. • First Aid Management Closed Wound S E C I R Rest the affected area. Movement
may aggravate the closed wound condition. Ice Compress. Apply ice compress to the
 affected areas. It promotes vasoconstriction and it has an anesthetic effect Compression.
Application of firm pressure. To avoid further hematoma. Elevate the affected area. (For
extremities) To promote venous return of blood and avoid pooling in the area Splinting.
For immobilizing the affected area. This helps in avoiding unnecessary movements.
38. 38. • Perform further assessment and put the injured person under observation. SEEK
FOR MEDICAL ADVISE IF: – The pain is unbearable – Hematoma is spreading – The
affected area is the head (including face and neck) – Involves the spine area. – Bleeding
is noted in mouth, ears and nose. – Coughing and vomiting of blood. Closed Wound
39. 39. Open Wound • is an injury involving an external or internal break in body tissue,
usually involving the skin.
40. 40. • Classifications: Puncture – wound caused by sharp & pointed object Penetrating
the skin. Abrasion – caused by rubbing/scrapping of the skin against rough surfaces.
Laceration – the skin is torn by sharp objects with irregular edges. Avulsion – tissues
are forcefully separated from the body. Incision – skin and tissues are cut by a sharp
bladed instrument. Open Wound
41. 41. Dangers of an Open Wound • Hemorrhage – severe bleeding. • Infection –
introduction of bacteria/parasites. • Shock – decreased in circulatory (blood) volume. (a
fatal condition)
42. 42. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with severe bleeding.
INSPECT Inspect for foreign object lodged in the wound area. It can be removed
manually by hand or using a pick up forceps. Flushing with normal saline solution or just
clean water is also applicable.
43. 43. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with severe bleeding.
CONTROL BLEEDING Done by applying a sterile absorbent gauze pad over the
bleeding site while applying a firm pressure. Dressing can be secured with a bandage and
splints.
44. 44. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with severe bleeding. REFER
TO A PHYSICIAN It is essential in severe bleeding wounds. Further medical/surgical
management may be needed like suturing or administration of medications that control
bleeding.
45. 45. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with severe bleeding.
CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT AND OBSERVATION FOR SHOCK Signs and
Symptoms: Pale/Cyanotic. Cold and Clammy Skin. Irregular Breathing. Weak/Rapid
Pulse. Weakness. Thirsty sensation.
46. 46. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with mild to moderate
bleeding. CLEAN Clean with mild soap and water.
47. 47. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with mild to moderate
bleeding. DISINFECT Apply topical antiseptics. Povidone Iodine or Topical
Antibacterials (Mupirocin, Fusidic Acid)
48. 48. First Aid Management for Open Wounds • For wounds with mild to moderate
bleeding. DRESS Apply sterile gauze pad with dressing. Secure with adhesive tapes.
49. 49. Burns • Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood
vessels. This results from exposure to direct heat (fire), chemicals, electricity, solar or
other forms of radiation. • Classifications: – Thermal Burns – Chemical Burns –
Electrical Burns
50. 50. Thermal Burns • THERMAL BURNS caused by direct or indirect contact to flames
and other hot objects, steams or liquids.
51. 51. • Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects only the first
(epidermis) layer of the skin. Very painful and skin is red.
52. 52. • Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects the first and
second layer (epidermis + dermis) of the skin. Blisters are expected to form.
53. 53. • Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity Thermal Burns Affects the first and
second layer of the skin and may extend up to the proximal subcutaneous tissues. Usually
less painful.
54. 54. First Aid Care for Thermal Burns • For First and Second Degree Burn. RELIEVE
PAIN Relieve pain by immersing burned area into clean tap water/iced water for
maximum of 5mins for iced water and 10mins for tap water. Prolonged exposure to
extremely cold temperature may cause total numbness due to extreme vasoconstriction.
55. 55. First Aid Care for Thermal Burns • For First and Second Degree Burn. COVER
Cover the burned area with clean cloth or dressing (if available) and make sure that it is
non sticking. If blisters are forming, do not attempt to pop it out to prevent infection.
Always maintain cleanliness on the burned area. Apply Burn Ointment if available.
56. 56. First Aid Care for Thermal Burns • For Third Degree Burns. COVER Cover the
burned area with a dry and non sticking dressing. Do not apply anything unto the skin.
Immersing into water is not advisable.
57. 57. First Aid Care for Thermal Burns • For Third Degree Burns. PREPARE FOR
EMERGENCY TRANSFER Continuously monitor for signs of dehydration and shock.
Keep the victim warm by covering with blankets during the transfer. Extend the flexed
burned extremities to avoid contractures.
58. 58. Chemical Burns • Burns caused by direct contact of chemical into skin. – Car battery
Solutions – Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) – Bleach – Ammonia
59. 59. First Aid Care for Chemical Burns • Immediately remove the chemical by flushing
with water. Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing. Use mild soap for the final rinse.
60. 60. First Aid Care for Chemical Burns • Pat dry the area using clean cloth and apply
dressing into affected area.
61. 61. First Aid Care for Chemical Burns • If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at least
20minutes using low pressure.
62. 62. First Aid Care for Chemical Burns • Seek medical attention immediately for chemical
burns.