SHEAR AND

DIAGONAL TENSION
Prepared by:
CORPUZ, JOHN VIRGO E.
SHIRATO, YURIKA P.
SISON, BERNADETTE P.
TACORDA,ERIKA JOY T.
INTRODUCTION

The reinforced concrete beams are designed primarily for flexural strength and
shear strength. Beams are structural members used to carry loads primarily by internal
moments and shears. In the design of a reinforced concrete member, flexure is usually
considered first, leading to the size of the section and the arrangement of
reinforcement to provide the necessary resistance for moments.

For safety reasons, limits are placed on the amounts of flexural reinforcement to
ensure ductile type of failure. Beams are then designed for shear. Since shear failure is
frequently sudden with little or no advanced warning, the design for shear must ensure
that the shear strength for every member in the structure exceeds the flexural strength.
The shear failure mechanism varies depending upon the cross-sectional dimensions,
the geometry, the types of loading, and the properties of the member
INTRODUCTION
Beams must have an adequate safety
margin against other types of failure, some
of which may be more dangerous than
flexural failure. Shear failure of reinforced
concrete, more properly called “diagonal
tension failure” is one example.
A Shear crack may develop which is
inclined at 45° to the horizontal and it
develops at mid-depth near the support
grows towards the top and bottom. Shear
failure is brittle and, therefore must be
avoided. So Stirrups are provided to resist
such shearing action and also prevent
the longitudinal bars from bending
outward.
 TYPES OF SHEAR FAILURE
Diagonal Tension Failure: This type of failure is caused
due to inadequate shear reinforcement. The diagonal
shear crack forms in the member at 45 deg. and
propagates rapidly causing failure.

Diagonal tension failure usually occurs

when the shear span is greater than 3d
or 4d.
 TYPES OF SHEAR FAILURE

Shear Compression Failure: This is crushing of concrete

near the tip of the inclined crack in compression zone.
This is caused by inadequate concrete strength.
strength

Shear compression failure occurs when

the shear span is from d to 2.5d
TYPES OF SHEAR FAILURE

Arch Rib Failure: This happens in deep beams.

beams
Due to arch action in deep beams the web may
buckle and crush accompanied by bearing or
anchorage failure. This happens due to
inadequate shear reinforcement in deep beam.
beam

Splitting failure occurs when the shear

span is less than the effective depth d.
TYPES OF SHEAR FAILURE

Shear Tension Failure: This failure occurs due

to diagonal crack propagating horizontally along
the longitudinal tensile reinforcement. This
occurs due to inadequate anchorage of
reinforcement.

Web Crushing Failure: This happens when

concrete crushes in a members with thin webs
e.g. I-Beam. This is due to inadequate thickness
of web.
DESIGN YIELD STRENGTH OF STIRRUPS

According the Section 5.11.5.2 the design

yield strength of shear reinforcement shall
not exceed 415 MPa. Stirrups and other
bars or wires used as shear reinforcement
shall extend to a distance d from extreme
compression fiber and shall be anchored
at both ends to develop the design yield
strength of reinforcement.
TYPES OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

1. Vertical Stirrups
2. Bent up bars along with stirrups
3. Inclined Stirrups

VERTICAL STIRRUPS
These are the steel bars vertically placed around the
tensile reinforcement at suitable spacing along the
length of the beam. Their diameter varies from 6
mm to 16 mm. The free ends of the stirrups are
anchored in the compression zone of the beam to
the anchor bars (hanger bar) or the compressive
reinforcement. Depending upon the magnitude of
the shear force to be resisted the vertical stirrups
It is desirable to use closely spaced stirrups for better
may be one legged, two legged, four legged and so prevention of the diagonal cracks. The spacing of stirrups
on as shown near the supports is less as compared to spacing near the
mid-span since shear force is maximum at the supports.
 TYPES OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

BENT UP BARS ALONG WITH STIRRUPS

Some of the longitudinal bars in a beam can

be bent up near the supports where they are not
required to resist bending moment (Bending
Moment is very less near the supports). These bent
up bars resist diagonal tension. Equal number of bars
are to be bent on both sides to maintain symmetry.
The bars can be bent up at more than one point This system is used for heavier shear forces. The total shear
uniformly along the length of the beam. These bars resistance of the beam is calculated by adding the contribution
are usually bent at 45º as shown. of bent up bars and vertical stirrups. The contribution of bent up
bars is not greater than half of the total shear reinforcement.
TYPES OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

INCLINED STIRRUPS
Inclined stirrups are also provided generally at 45ºº
for resisting diagonal tension as shown in Fig. 5.7..
They are provided throughout the length of the
beam.
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