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Shape ⎯x Volume

C 3a 2
Hemisphere ␲ a3
8 3

⎯x

a
Semiellipsoid 3h 2
C ␲ a2h
of revolution 8 3

⎯x

a
Paraboloid h 1
C ␲ a2h
of revolution 3 2

⎯x

C h 1
Cone ␲ a2h
4 3

⎯x

b h 1
Pyramid C abh
4 3

⎯x

Fig. 5.21 Centroids of common shapes and volumes.

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5.11 COMPOSITE BODIES 5.12 Determination of Centroids of

Volumes by Integration
261
If a body can be divided into several of the common shapes shown
in Fig. 5.21, its center of gravity G can be determined by expressing
that the moment about O of its total weight is equal to the sum of
the moments about O of the weights of the various component parts.
Proceeding as in Sec. 5.10, we obtain the following equations defin-
ing the coordinates X, Y, Z of the center of gravity G.

X©W 5 ©x W    Y©W 5 ©y W   Z©W 5 ©z W (5.20)

If the body is made of a homogeneous material, its center of

gravity coincides with the centroid of its volume, and we obtain:
z

X©V 5 ©x V    Y©V 5©y V   Z©V 5 ©z V (5.21)

P(x,y,z)

5.12 DETERMINATION OF CENTROIDS OF VOLUMES

BY INTEGRATION
z
The centroid of a volume bounded by analytical surfaces can be
determined by evaluating the integrals given in Sec. 5.10:
zel

#
x V 5  x dV   #
y V 5  y dV   #
z V 5  z dV (5.22) xel y

yel
If the element of volume dV is chosen to be equal to a small cube x
dx
of sides dx, dy, and dz, the evaluation of each of these integrals dy
requires a triple integration. However, it is possible to determine the z
x el = x, y el = y, z el =
coordinates of the centroid of most volumes by double integration if dV = z dx dy
2

dV is chosen to be equal to the volume of a thin filament (Fig. 5.22).

Fig. 5.22 Determination of the centroid
The coordinates of the centroid of the volume are then obtained by
of a volume by double integration.
rewriting Eqs. (5.22) as

#
x V 5  xel dV   #
y V 5  yel dV   #
z V 5  zel dV (5.23)

and by then substituting the expressions given in Fig. 5.22 for the
volume dV and the coordinates xel, yel, zel. By using the equation of
the surface to express z in terms of x and y, the integration is reduced
to a double integration in x and y.
y
If the volume under consideration possesses two planes of sym-
metry, its centroid must be located on the line of intersection of the
two planes. Choosing the x axis to lie along this line, we have xel
y5z50
and the only coordinate to determine is x. This can be done with a single
r
integration by dividing the given volume into thin slabs parallel to the
yz plane and expressing d V in terms of x and dx in the equation
z dx
x

#
x V 5  xel dV (5.24)
xel = x
dV = ␲ r 2 dx
For a body of revolution, the slabs are circular and their volume is Fig. 5.23 Determination of the
given in Fig. 5.23. centroid of a body of revolution.
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y
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.11
100 mm
Determine the location of the center of gravity of the homogeneous body
of revolution shown, which was obtained by joining a hemisphere and a
60 mm cylinder and carving out a cone.

O x
60 mm
z

SOLUTION
Because of symmetry, the center of gravity lies on the x axis. As shown in
the figure below, the body can be obtained by adding a hemisphere to a
cylinder and then subtracting a cone. The volume and the abscissa of the
centroid of each of these components are obtained from Fig. 5.21 and are
entered in the table below. The total volume of the body and the first
moment of its volume with respect to the yz plane are then determined.

y y y

60 mm

O x + O x – O
x

3
(60 mm) = 22.5 mm 50 mm 3
(100 mm) = 75 mm
8 4

Component Volume, mm3 x, mm x V, mm4

1 4p
Hemisphere (60) 3 5 0.4524 3 106 222.5 210.18 3 106
2 3
Cylinder p(60)2(100) 5 1.1310 3 106 150 156.55 3 106
p
Cone 2 (60) 2 (100) 5 20.3770 3 106 175 228.28 3 106
3
oV 5 1.206 3 106 oxV 5 118.09 3 106

Thus,
XoV 5 oxV: X(1.206 3 106 mm3) 5 18.09 3 106 mm4
X 5 15 mm ◀

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y
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.12
Locate the center of gravity of the steel machine element shown. The
2.5 in. diameter of each hole is 1 in.
4.5 in.

0.5 in.
2 in.
x
1 in.
z
1 in.
2 in.
1 in.
0.5 in.

SOLUTION
4.5 in. The machine element can be obtained by adding a rectangular parallelepi-
2 in.
I
ped (I) to a quarter cylinder (II) and then subtracting two 1-in.-diameter
cylinders (III and IV). The volume and the coordinates of the centroid of
each component are determined and are entered in the table below. Using
+ II 1 in. diam. the data in the table, we then determine the total volume and the moments
of the volume with respect to each of the coordinate planes.
2 in. _ _
y y
III IV
0.5 in. 4r 4 (2)
= = 0.8488 in.
3␲ 3␲
2.25 in.
0.25 in.
x z 8
1 in. 1 in. in.
CIII CI
CIV 3␲
CI, CIII, CIV CII CII
0.5 in.

0.25 in. 2 in. 1.5 in.

V, in3 x, in. y, in. z, in. x V, in4 y V, in4 z V, in4

I (4.5)(2)(0.5) 5 4.5 0.25 21 2.25 1.125 24.5 10.125
1 2
II 4 p(2) (0.5) 5 1.571 1.3488 20.8488 0.25 2.119 21.333 0.393
III 2p(0.5)2(0.5) 5 20.3927 0.25 21 3.5 20.098 0.393 21.374
IV 2p(0.5)2(0.5) 5 20.3927 0.25 21 1.5 20.098 0.393 20.589
oV 5 5.286 oxV 5 3.048 oyV 5 25.047 ozV 5 8.555

Thus,
XoV 5 oxV: X(5.286 in3) 5 3.048 in4 X 5 0.577 in. ◀
YoV 5 oyV: Y(5.286 in3) 5 25.047 in4 Y 5 20.955 in. ◀
ZoV 5 ozV: Z(5.286 in3) 5 8.555 in4 Z 5 1.618 in. ◀

263