Highways there are frequent openings
EDITORIAL
in the medians, direct access to abutting
private properties
development thereon.
of inter city traffic, which are increasing
in importance need to be protected from
unregulated roadside development by
exercising limited access control. T h ~ s
is especially necessary in the case of
bypasses and highways in the urban
fiinge.
The control of access can be
either full or partial. For full access
control we will have to design and
construct new routes as per Expressway
Standards. Till such a time, we have a
network of Expressways, the National
Highways will have to cater for mobility
fhction with partial access control with
provision of service roads to regulate
frontage access, openings in the central
median at not less than 750 m centre to
centre, location of petrol filling stations
away from junctions by minimum of
300 m, conversion of at-grade cross
junctions to staggered T-junctions etc.
Regardingbypasses, the planning should
be to have parallel service roads to limit
the access on the main highway before
building construction activity is allowed
to develop. Etawah bypass on NH-2 in
U.P. has been designed with complete
access control with fencing, crossing of
other major roads through grade
separation and provision of underpass
to reduce severance of community.
4 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 2001
I
In case &&way Engineers do
not exercise effective control on access
I. INTRODUCTION
Before working out the expressions
for horizontal forces for various possible
conditions, it is felt necessary to bring out
the principle in distributing the horizontal
force between free and fixed bearings
considering a simply supported span.This
principle has been explained by Shri
Rakshit et.al. However, it is pertinent to
reiterate it here for the benefit of reaaers
to appreciate the expressions developed
subsequently for continuous spans.
A simply supported span with a free
and fixed bearing cawing an applied
horizontal force 'H' is considered for the
following conditions :
1.1. %' and 'pR' Acting in the
Same Direction (Fig. 1)
--+
-+P R
Fig. 1 .
* Advisor (RITES) & Former-Chief Engineer, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways,
New Delhi
INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 2001
With the deck undergoing expansion
due to temperature, the free bearing will
resist movement upto a force of 'pR'and
thereafter the deck will start sliding on the
free bearing ('p' is the coefficient of friction
between the deck and the free bearing and
'R' is the reaction on the free bearing). It
can be seen from Fig. 1 that the top of
bearing is subjected to a force of 'pR'and
the bottom of the deck to a force of 'pR'
in the opposite direction balancing the
forces at the joint. For static equilibrium, a
force of 'pK' in the opposite direction is
developed on the top of the fixed bearing
at the other end. At this stage, if a force of
'H' is applied on the deck in the same
direction as that of 'pR' on the top of the
free bearing, then the free bearing would
not be able to take any further force and
the full 'H' is tsansferred to the fixed
bearing. Thus the total force taken by the
fixed bearing is 'H-pR'.
1.2. 'N' and 'pR' Acting in the
Opposite Direction (Figs. 2&3)
With the deck undergoing contraction,
the free bearing as before will resist
movement upto a force of 'pR9 and
thereafter the deck will start sliding. At
5
I TECHNICAL PAPERS
I TECHNICAL PAPERS 1
2. DERIVATION OF EXPRESSIONS FOR Force on fixed beanng
HORIZONTAL FORCES ON FIXED BEARINGS For this case, force on fixed bearing : -
UNDER CONTINUOUS SPANS + pR + Fh, - pL ... (C)

--+Em+p R
(upto a max.
-
of R)+
p
I When 'Fh,' and 'pR' are acting tn the
same direc , Fh, and
pL will be directton
Fig, 2. on the left span. (With the fixed bearing in Fig. 6 . For this case, force on fixed bearing :
between the free beaiings the expanstod
this stage, if ;a force of 'H' is applied In
contraction of the adjacent spans will be tn Force on fixed bearing
the opposite direction, the free bearing will
the opposite direction) (Fig. 4)
not move till it is subjected to a force of = Fh, - pR + Fh, - pL
Fh, + Fh,- (pR + pL) .. . (8)
'2pR' in the opposite direction. Till that =-

time it will act as a fixed bearing. Thus for When Fh, and pR are acting in the
'H 5 4pR' both the bearings will share Fig. 9.
opposite direction on the right span, Fh,
equally the applied force 'H' and the total
and pL will be acting in the same direction Force on fixed bearing
amount of force on the fixed beanng would
on the left span.
be '(W2)+ pR' (Fig. 2). = Fh, - I"R + Fh,- pL
This is the case of deck undergoing = Fh, + Fh,- (pR + pL) ... (if)
Fig. 4.
contraction :
It may be seen that (B) and (D) are
For such a case, there are two identical expressions. Thus the force on
conditions possible : the f ~ e bearing
d shall be the maximum of
the following :
P R --J
- Fig. 3. 1. Fh, - pR +
Fig. 7. + pL AN acting
in the
For 'H> 4pR', 2pR would be taken For this case, forqe on fixed bearing . 2. Fh, + Fh, - (pR + pL) direction
up blthe free bearing and H-2pR' would For such a case, there are two of Fh, and
be transferred to the futed bearing. The conditions possible : 3. + pR + Fh, - pL Fh,
total force on the fixed bearing works out
to 'H-pR' (Fig. 3).
aJ T nR 5 2pR Where,
t nL or Z nR = Number of bearings to the
Thus it can be seen that for all the !eft or right of the fixed
Fig. 5. For this case, force on fcred bearing :
possible combinations, the force on the hearing respectively
fixed bearing is 'H-pR' or '(Hi2) + pR' Force on fixed bearing pL and pR = Total horizontal force
whichever is larger. The maximum force
on the free bearing would be 'pR'. - Fh, - 1tR + +pL ...(.4j
developed o n the free
bearings to the left or right
o f the fixed bearing
respectively.
This principle is used in developing
Fh, and Fh, = Horizontal force applied to
the expressions for horizontal forces on (I+ X nR) the left or right of the fixed
fixed bearings under continuous spans.
Fig. 8.
- bearing respectively.

INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 2001 7

INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APKIL 200 1
 I * TECHNlCAL PAPERS
3. HORIZONTAL FORCES ON FREE
BEARINGS ON A PIER UNDER EXPANSION
JOINT WITH TWO FREE BEARINGS
Consider a case where the adjacent
spans are supported on free bearings over
the pier. pR, and pR, are the maximum
horizontal forces that are carried by the
free bearings on the left side and right side
respectively where R, and R, are the
maximum reactions on these beanngs. Fh,
and Fh2are the horizontal forces on the left
and right spans respectively.
3.1. Deck Under Expansion
I Expansion I I f- Expansion 1 for a 3 x 45 m span continuous bridge for
pR1-0 Ot,
'for H (r *pR) up 10 zp RI
forH ( > r p R ) lpRa
Fig. 10.
Fh, and pR, would be acting in the
same direction whereas, Fh, and ~.1& would
be acting in the opposite direction. The
right side free bearing can take a horizontal
force upto 2pR2 for the case Fh, I 4 p 4
and a horizontal force of 2pR, for the case
H > 4p%. Thus the maximum horizontal
force on the right side free bearing would
be pR,. The total horizontal force on the
pier is (p R, + p 4 ) acting in the direction
of Fh, and Fh,.
8 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 200 1
3.2. Deck Under Contraction
Fh, and pR, would be acting in the
opposite direction whereas, Ffi, and pR,
would be acting in the same direction.
Based on the same reasoning brought out
in para 3.1, it can be seen that the total
horizontal force on the pier is (p R, + p
4 ) acting in the direction of Fh, and Fh,
4. HORIZONTAL FORCES ON BEARINGS
UNDER A FOUR LANE CARRIAGEWAY
CARRYING TWO DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC
FOR A CONTINUOUS SPAN
For two lanes (e.g., with 4 beams) or
four lane (e.g., with 6 beams) dual
carnageway on the same superstructure
catering for traffic in both the directions,
at a particular time the forces on the
bearings under the two carnageways will
be in opposite direction
DECK UNDER EXPANSION
1/
7 1
\
Expansion gap Expaasion
Fig. 11:
TECHNICAL PAPERS
Probably the design of the piers and
abutments can be carried out as usual for
the toal horizontal force without considering
the directions provihg same reinforcement
on both the faces. Similarly, the foundations
may have to be designed considering that
the total horizontal force without
considering directions may act in either
direction.
5. EXAMPLES
In Annexure I, numerical examples
are illustrated showing the calculation of
horizontal forces on the bearings using the
expressions developed in para 2 with the
f ~ e bearing
d in between the roller bearings
the normal and seismic case. The values so
obtained have been compared with those
obtained by using the expression in
Appendix 2 of IRC:83-1982 (Bearings Part
I : Metallic Bearings). The values are
found to be differing for both the cases
considered.
In Annexure II, numerical examples
for the same 3 x 45 m span continuous
bridge with the fured bearing at one end
and all the free bearings on one side of it
is illustrated for the same two cases
considered in Annexure I. The values so
obtained have been compared with the
values obtained by using the expressions
in Appendix 2 of IRC:83-1982 and it is
seen that the values obtained are tallying.
6. CONCLUSIONS
dp With long span continuous bridges
becoming more and more common, the
-
--
INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 2001
necessity for calculating the horizontal
forces on the bearings in a systematic way
needs no emphasis. Further, bridges are no
more being constructed only straight, and
skew and curved bridges to suit to the road
geornetrics are being adopted in mmy cases
for which in place of metallic roller-rocker
bearings, Pot-cum-PTFE bearings, etc., are
being used which are capable of
transmitting both longitudinal and
transverse horizontal forces. While the
distribution of transverse horizontal forces
is simple, the distribution of longitudinal
horizontal forces is a little bit complex.
From the numerical examples
illustrated in Annexures I h bl, it is seen
that the expressions in Appendix 2 of
IRC:83-1982 for distribution of horizontal
forces on the bearings in continuous bridges
is seen valid only for the particular case in
which the fixed bearing is located at one
end and all the free bearings are located on
one side of it and not for the general case.
During the preparation of the Paper
references have been made to the technical
literature brought out in references in the
end. This is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
1. Rakshit, K.S. "Determination of Horizontal Forces
on Bridge Piers and Abutments Transmitted
Through Fixed and Free Bearings - Indian
Highways, July 1995.
2. IRC:83-1982 "Standard Specifications and Code
of Practice for Road Bridges : Section iX, Bearings
-Part I : Metallic Bearings".
I. TECHNICAL PAPERS I TECHNICAL PAPERS

p = friction between the deck and bearings = 0.05 (Comparing with C1. 905.1,
ANNEXURE l Appendix 2 of 1R:83-1982.
Using the expressions developed in Horizontal force developed in the fixed bearing
NUMEMCAL EXAMPLES (UNITS IN MT) Maximum value = 89 MT.
para 2, horizontal force developed in the shall he the maximum o f :
(Comparing with C1. 905.1, Appendix- fixed bearing wiil be the maximum of :
3 x 45 m span continuous bridge (i) Fh- (pK + pL)
2 of IRC:83-1982: = 24 1 - (85+26)
(i) Fh, - pR + Fh, + PL = 130 (acting in the same direction of applicd
( 1 ) Normal Case : 'mj force)
Horizontal force developed in the fixed = 157 -85 + 841(1+1) +26
-+Fh, = 20 ~ b 30-~ = bearing shall be the maximum of : = 140 (acting in the same direction of apphed
(ii) Fh + (pR - pl.,)
force)
(i) Fh-- ( pR +pL)
(ii) Fh, + Fh,- (pR + pL)
= 157 + 84 -(85+26)
= 130 (acting in the same direction of applied
= 139.33 (acting in the same dlrect~onof applied
force) force)
= - 61 (acting in the opposite
direction to applied force)
85

Fig. 12.
= 2411(1+1) -(85-26)
= 61.5 force) in the same direction of applied
(acting
p = friction %betweenthe deck and = 195.33 (acting in the same direction of
= 501(1+2) + (85-26)
applied force)
bearings= 0.05. = 75.67 (acting in the same direction of applied
force) Maximum horizontal force works out to
Maximum value = 195.33 MT 139.33 MT as against 195.33 MT worked out using
Using the expressions developed in expressions in para 2). .
para 2, horizontal force developed in the
fixed bearing will be the maximum of :
= 5Ol(l+l) -(85-26)
= -34 (acting in the opposite direction to applied
(i) Fh, - pR + Fh, + pL force)
(1+ Z nL)
= 30 -85 + 20/(1+1) +26
Maximum horizontal force works out
= - 19 (acting in the opposite to 76 MT as against 89 MT worked out
direction to applied force) The same examples worked out in 3 a: 45 m span continuous bridge :
using expressions in para 2.)
Annexure I have been illustrated below
jii) Fh, + Fh,- (pR + pL)
= 30 + 20 - (85+26) (2) Seismic Case : with the only change that the fuied bearing (1) Normal Case :
= - 61 (acting in the opposite is kept at the left most end with all the ---3 ~ h , 543
-

direction to applied force) roller bearings on the right hand side to

-
show that in such a case the horizontal
i - Fh + pR + Fh, - pL forces worked out by the expressions 'I+ '1'
(1 + I nR) developed in this paper Lily with the values .as 1226 1193 499
obtained by using the expressions in C1. , ,,,,& 61 50 25
905.1, Appendix 2 of IRC:83-1982. This L-
--L
= 89 (acting in the same leads to the inference that the coda1 $46
direction of applied force) expressions are valid only for such a case.
Fig. 14.

10 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 2001 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 200 1 11

 TECHNICAL PAPERS

p = friction between the deck and bearings = 0.05 (iii) Fh - (pX - PL)
(I + 1 nL)
Using the expressions developed tn para 2, horizontal = 206 25 (achng m the same dtrectton as applled = 206.25 (acting in ihe same direction as applied
force developed in the fixed bearing will be the maxtmum = 50/(1+0) -(146-0) force)
force)
of: = - 96 (acting in the opposite.direct~onto
applied force) (iii) Fh -- {pX-pL)
Maxtmum value = 206 25 MT
(i) Fh, - pX + Fh, + pL (Fh,= 20+30=50 Maximum horizontal force works out to 158.5 MT
(7T-Kg
(Companng w ~ t hCI 905 1,
(I+ C nL) Fh, = 0) which is the same value obtained using the expressions Appendix 2 of IRC 83-1982
developed in para 2 of this Paper).
Horizontal force developed In the fixed beanng = 95 (acting in the same direction as applied
(2) Seismic Case : shall be the max~mumof force)
= -96 (acting in the opposite direction to
applied force) Maximum horizontal force works out to 206.25
MT which is the same value obtained using the expressions
(ii) Fh, + Fh,- (pX + pL) developed in para 2 of this Paper).

- 95 (actmg in the same drrectlon as appl~ed

force)
= -96 (acting in the opposite direction to
applied force) (ii) Fh + (pR - pL)
(I t X nR)
(iii) %, + pR + Fh, - pL Y
(I+ 'f nR)
146

Fig. 15.

= 158.5 (acting in the same direction of

applied force)
p = friction between the deck and bearings = 0.05
Maximum value = 158.5 MT.
Using the expressions developad in para 2, horizontal
(Comparing with ~1.'905.1,Appendix 2 of force developed in the fixed bearing will be the maximum
IRC:83-1982: of:

Horizontal force developed in the fixed bearing (Fh, = 84 t 157-24=241 Fh, = 0)

shall be the maximum of: EMPANELMENT OF ARBITRATORS FOR
(I) Fh, - pR + Fh, +pL
(i) Fh- (pR + pL) (I+ X nL) ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS
= 241 -146 + 0 + 0
On the persistant demand of the members the last date for furnishing
= -96 (acting in the opposite direction to = 95 (actlng tn the same direction of particulars for empanelment of Arbitrators for the road and bridge works has
applied force) applted force) been extended upto 15th April, 2001. Qualified Engineers who are IRC members
(li) Fh, + Fh,- (pR + pL) for the minimum last three years or Life Members, holding or have retired from
the post of atleast Chief Engineer or equivalent including those in the Public/
= 241 + 0 - (146+ 0)
= 95 (acting in the same direction as appl~ed
Private Sector and who have handled road and bridge works for a minimum
force) period of 5 years at the level of Superintending Engineers and above willing to
= 158.5 (acting in the same direction to work as Arbitrators may hrnish their particulars on the prescribed form
applied force) (iii) Fh, + pR + Fh, - pL
( I + 1 nR) available from the IRC Sectt. latest by the 15th April, 2001.

12 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 2001 INDIAN HIGHWAYS, APRIL 2001 13