DATE: 30TH MARCH’19

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION - 1 INTRODUCTION
I. Demands & Evaluation of high rise building

SECTION - 2 TYPE OF HIGH-RISE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

a) Braced Frame
b) Rigid Frame Structure
c) Infilled Frame Structure
d) High efficiency Mega-Braced frame system
e) Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
f) Shear wall structure
g) Core Structure system
h) Framed tube structure
i) The trussed tube
j) Bundled tube structure
k) Tube in tube
l) Outriggers system

SECTION – 3 EVOLUTATION OF STRUCTURE SYSTERM

I. Concrete Buildings

SECTION – 4 CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

a) Slip form
b) Jump form
c) Climbing formwork
d) Table form/ flying form
e) Column system formwork
f) Tunnel form
SECTION – 1 INTRODUCTION

High rise buildings are becoming prominent these days due to following reasons scarcity of land increasing
demand for business and residential space economic growth technological advancement innovations in
structural systems desire for aesthetics in urban setting cultural significance and prestige human aspiration
to build higher.

The first high-rise buildings were constructed in the United States in the 1880s. They arose in urban areas
where increased land prices and great population densities created a demand for buildings that rose
vertically rather than spread horizontally, thus occupying less precious land area. High-rise buildings were
made practicable by the use of steel structural frames and glass exterior sheathing.

High-rise building, also called high-rise, multistory building tall enough to require the use of a system of
mechanical vertical transportation such as elevators. The skyscraper is a very tall high-rise building

The foundations of high-rise buildings must sometimes support very heavy gravity loads, and they usually
consist of concrete piers, piles, or caissons that are sunk into the ground. Beds of solid rock are the most
desirable base, but ways have been found to distribute loads evenly even on relatively soft ground.

The most important factor in the design of high-rise buildings, however, is the building’s need to withstand
the lateral forces imposed by winds and potential earthquakes. Most high-rises have frames made of steel
or steel and concrete.

High-rise buildings are enclosed by curtain walls; these are non-load-bearing sheets of glass, masonry,
stone, or metal that are affixed to the building’s frame through a series of vertical and horizontal members
called mullions and muntins.

Because of their height and their large occupant populations, high-rises require the careful provision of life-
safety systems. Fire-prevention standards should be strict, and provisions for adequate means of egress in
case of fire, power failure, or other accident should be provided.

 DEFINITION High rise is defined differently by government bodies.

National Building Code (Part 4) – Fire and Life Safety all buildings 15m and above in height shall be considered
as high rise buildings
 I. Demands & Evaluation of high rise building

 Demands for high rise building

- Scarcity of land in urban area

– increasing demands for residential and business space

- economic growth - technological advancement

- innovation in structural system - desire for aesthetic in urban setting

- concept of city skyline - cultural significance and prestige

- human aspiration to build higher

 Evaluation of high rise building

SECTION- 2 TYPE OF HIGH-RISE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

a) Braced Frame
 Lateral forces are resisted by axial actions of bracing and columns
 Steel bracing members or filled-in bays
 More efficient than a rigid frame

Advantages: - Girders only participate minimally in the lateral bracing Action-Floor framing design
is independent of its level in the structure. Can be repetitive up the height of the building with
obvious economy in design and fabrication.

Disadvantages: - Obstruct the internal planning and the locations of the windows and doors; for
this reason, braced bent are usually incorporated internally along wall and partition lines,
especially around elevator, stair, and service shaft. -Diagonal connections are expensive to
fabricate and erect.

b) Rigid Frame Structure

Rigid Frame Structure The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. Rigid frame
structures can be defined as the structures in which beams & columns are made monolithically and
act collectively to resist the moments which are generating due to applied load.
c) Infilled Frame Structure

Most usual form of construction for tall buildings up to 30 stories in height Column and girder
framing of reinforced concrete, or sometimes steel, is in-filled by panels of brickwork, block
work, or cast-in-place concrete. Because of the in-filled serve also as external walls or internal
partitions, the system is an economical way of stiffening and strengthening the structure. The
complex interactive behavior of the infill in the frame, and the rather random quality of
masonry, has made it difficult to predict with accuracy the stiffness and strength of an in-filled
frame.

d) High efficiency Mega-Braced frame system

 Very large columns and

bracing
 Bracing extends over
multiple floors
 Small number of columns
 Stiff transfer floors allow for
internal flexibility.
e) Flat-Plate and Flat Slab Structure

Flat plate: The flat plate is a two-way

reinforced concrete framing system
utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the
simplest of structural shapes.

Flat slab: The flat slab is a two-way

reinforced structural system that
includes either drop panels or column
capitals at columns to resist heavier
loads and thus permit longer spans.

f) Shear wall system

• A type of rigid frame construction.

• The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral rigidity. It is a wall where the entire
material of the wall is employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads.
• Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a
structure. Wind & earthquake loads are the most common among the loads.
• For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure increases, so does the size of the supporting wall. Shear
walls tend to be used only in conjunction with other support systems.
g) Core Structure Systerm

 Lateral and gravity loads

supported by central core
 Eliminates columns and
bracing elements
 Core is inefficient because it
is not deep in respect to
bending
 Moment supported floors
are inefficient.

h) Framed tube structure

 The lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is
provided by very stiff moment-resistant frames that
form a “tube” around the perimeter of the building.
 The basic inefficiency of the frame system for
reinforced concrete buildings of more than 15 stories
resulted in member proportions of prohibitive size
and structural material cost premium, and thus such
system were economically not viable.
 The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers,
joined by deep spandrel girders.
 Gravity loading is shared between the tube and
interior column or walls.
 When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame
aligned in the direction of loading acts as the “webs”
of the massive tube of the cantilever, and those
normal to the direction of the loading act as the
“flanges”.
 The tube form was developed originally for building of
rectangular plan, and probably it’s most efficient use
in that shape.
i) The trussed tube
Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid box,
which can resist lateral shears by axial in its members
rather than through flexure.
• Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each
façade and making the diagonal intersect at the same
point at the corner column.
• The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals not
only form a truss in the plane, but also interact with the
trusses on the perpendicular faces to affect the tubular
behavior.
• Relatively broad column spacing can result large clear
spaces for windows, a particular characteristic of steel
buildings.
• The façade diagonalization serves to equalize the
gravity loads of the exterior columns that give a
significant impact on the exterior architecture.
j) Bundled tube structure
 The concept allows for wider column spacing in the tubular walls than would be possible
with only the exterior frame tube form.
 The spacing which make it possible to place interior frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space planning.
 The ability to modulate the cells vertically can create a powerful vocabulary for a variety
of dynamic shapes therefore offers great latitude in architectural planning of at all
building.
k) Tube in tube
This variation of the framed tube consists of an outer frame tube, the “Hull,” together
with an internal elevator and service core.
The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading.
The outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural
components of a wall- frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness.
The structural tube usually adopts a highly dominant role because of its much greater structural
depth.

Lumbago Tatung Haji Building, Kuala Lumpur

l) Outriggers system

The outrigger system is an efficient structural form that consists of a central core with outriggers,
connecting the core to the outer columns. The central core contains of either braced frames or
shear walls. When the building is loaded laterally the vertical plane rotations are resisted by the
outriggers through tension in the windward columns and compression in the leeward columns, as
in figure This is augmenting the lateral stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections
as well as the moments in the core. In addition, the outriggers join the columns and makes the
building behave almost as a composite cantilever. Even the perimeter columns, those not directly
connected to the outriggers, can be used to increase the lateral resistance of the building by
connecting all the perimeter columns with a horizontal girder around the building’s facade.
Multilevel outrigger systems can provide up to five times the moment resistance of a single
outrigger system. Outrigger systems have been used for buildings up to 70 stories but the concept
should hold for even higher buildings.
SECTION – 3 EVOLUTATION OF STRUCTURE SYSTERM
 I. Concrete buildings

In this section some differences between cast in-situ and precast concrete are explained as well
as different types of connections.

Concrete buildings can either be cast in-situ, composed with precast elements oar combination
of both. If the building is cast in-situ it is possible to start the activities on site in an early stage.
Preparation for scaffolding and molding can start as soon as the contract is assigned to the
contractor and the design of the building starts. This is not possible when constructing with
precast elements as all decisions regarding dimensions, shapes and so forth has to be taken long
before the activities on site can start. When using precast elements, it is of importance to
industrialize the manufacturing. This implies manufacturing in covered factories, use of
automatic tools and thoroughly plan the production process. There are some important
differences regarding cast in-situ and precast buildings. When a building is cast in-situ the
elements are created in molds on site and are constantly checked to have the correct height. But
when a building is constructed with precast elements the elements are created in a factory
where the factory worker is fully dependent on the drawing. If for example a column has the
wrong height on the drawing, no one will correct this in the factory and an incorrect column will
be created causing problems on site.
SECTION – 4 CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

a) SLIP FORM

Slip form construction, or continuously formed construction, is a construction method in which

concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. Basically, this method involves the
continuous placing of concrete in a shallow mold having the same plan as the building to be
constructed. This rigid mold, or "slip-form" as it is called, forms the working deck which is jacked
slowly upwards at a controlled rate until the required elevation is reached.
 • Method of vertically extruding a reinforced concrete section and is suitable for construction
of core walls in high-rise structures – lift shafts, stair shafts, towers.
• The formwork rises continuously, at a rate of about 300 mm per hour, supporting itself on
the core and not relying on support or access from other parts of the building or permanent
works.
• Allows for the continuous pouring of concrete into walls of a structure and only stops when
the full required height of the structure has been reached.
• The height of the formwork is designed in such a way that while the top of the formwork is
being filled by concrete the lowest layer of concrete poured earlier has already gained an
initial set.
• u When the formwork is moved upwards the concrete that is then exposed remains firm.

PROCEDURE:
• Assembly can only start once the foundations are in place and the wall starter is in correct
alignment.
• Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of yokes.
• Horizontal crossbeams connect these yokes.
• Hydraulic jacks are attached to these crossbeams for simultaneous upward movement.
 • Height of the slip form ranges from 1.1 to 1.5 meters.
• Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the working platform.
• Structure should be rigid and shape maintained at all times.
• Make sure there is no lag or else it prevents the structure from free upward movement
• It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses.

b) JUMP FORM

 Generally, jump form systems comprise the formwork and working platforms for
cleaning/fixing of the formwork, steel fixing and concreting.
 Jump form, often described as climbing form. It is suitable for construction of multi-floor
vertical concrete elements in high-rise structures, such as shear walls, core walls, lift
shafts, stair shafts and bridge pylons.
 It is a highly productive system designed to increase speed and efficiency while
minimizing labor and time.

PROCESS EFFICIENCY-
 Fast construction can be achieved by careful planning of the construction process. Crane
availability is critical for normal jump form.
 Self-climbing formwork cuts down the requirement for crane time considerably. By allowing
the crane to be used for other construction work this may reduce the total number of cranes
needed on site.
  The formwork is independently supported, so the shear walls and core walls can be
completed ahead of the rest of the main building structure. This can help to provide stability
to the main structure during its construction and can have the beneficial effect of taking the
jump from core off the project critical path.

SAFETY.

 Working platforms, guard rails, and ladders are built into the completed units of market-
leading formwork systems. Complete wind-shield protection on platform edges is also
possible.

 Self-climbing formwork systems are provided with integral free-fall braking devices.  The
completed formwork assembly is robust and provides a stable working platform.

 The reduced use of scaffolding and temporary work platforms results in less congestion on
site.

 The setting rate of concrete in those parts of the structure supporting the form is critical in
determining the rate at which construction can safely proceed.

 The repetitive nature of the work means that site operatives can quickly become familiar
with health and safety aspects of their job. Formwork suppliers provide materials and
resources to help train the labor force.

c) CLIMB FORM CONSTRUCTION

 Climbing formwork is a special type formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises
with the building process. While relatively complicated and costly, it can be an effective
solution for buildings that are either very repetitive in form (such as towers or
skyscrapers) or that require a seamless wall structure (using gliding formwork, a special
type of climbing formwork).

 Various types of climbing formwork exist, which are either relocated from time to time, or
can even move on their own (usually on hydraulic jacks, required for self-climbing and
gliding formworks). Types of climbing form
Type of Climbing formwork

 Climbing formwork (self-climbing): In this type of the structure elevates itself with
the help of mechanic leverage equipment (usually hydraulic). To do this, it is usually
fixed to sacrificial cones or rails emplaced in the previously cast concrete. 

 Gliding formwork: This type of formwork is similar to the climbing type above.
However, the climbing process is continuous instead of intermittent, and is usually
only interrupted for a very short time (for example to fix the mounting mechanisms
to new anchoring points). The advantage is that it will produce seamless structures,
but it requires a continuous, uninterrupted process throughout, with serious
potential quality and stability problems if the pour has to be stopped

d) TABLE FORM/FLYNG FORM

 A table form/flying form is a large

pre- assembled formwork and
false work unit, often forming a
complete bay of suspended floor
slab.
 It offers mobility and quick
installation for construction
projects with regular plan layouts
or long repetitive structures, so is
highly suitable for flat slab, and
beam and slab layouts.
e) COLUMN SYSTEM FORMWORK

 The column formwork systems now available

are normally modular in nature and allow
quick assembly and erection on-site while
minimising labour and crane time.

 They are available in steel, aluminium and

even cardboard (not reusable but recycled)
and have a variety of internal face surfaces
depending on the concrete finish required.

 Innovations have led to adjustable, reusable

column forms which can be clamped on-site
to give different column sizes

f) TUNNEL FORM
 Tunnel form is used to form repetitive cellular structures, and is widely recognised as a
modern innovation that enables the construction of horizontal and vertical elements
(walls and floors) together.
 Significant productivity benefits have been achieved by using tunnel form to construct
cellular buildings such as hotels, low- and high-rise housing, hostels, student
accommodation, prison and barracks accommodation.