Lecture/notes: Reading Textbooks in Natural and
Social Science
NATURAL SCIENCE - Any of the sciences
that deal with matter, energy, and their
interrelations and transformations or with
objectively measurable phenomena.
Examples:
-physics
-chemistry
-biology
SOCIAL SCIENCE - a science (such as
economics or political science) dealing with a
particular phase or aspect of human society
Examples:
- economics
-political science
NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE
NATURAL SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCE
Natural Science -deals w/behavior of
individuals and communities.
-Concerned w/natural phenomena. -empirical
in nature
-Empirical in nature -may change over time
-May change over time
LANGUAGE- both natural and social science
used detached and deductive manner
FEATURES OF A NATURAL SCIENCE TEXTBOOK
A. CHAPTER OPENER
1. HEADING - is comprised of CHAPTER
NUMBER and CHAPTER TITLE.
2. BRIEF EXPLANATION - The content of the
chapter may also be presented in order to set
the expectations of the readers.
3. SIDEBAR - The sidebar of the chapter
opener enumerates the specific questions to be
answered in the section as well as their
sequences.
4. PICTURE - Serves as visual representations
of the principles and applications tackled in the
chapter.
B. LESSON OPENER
1. LESSON OPENER- Includes the number as
well as the title of the lesson.
 It is important that the title is specific
and descriptive in order to accurately
set the parameters of the lesson.
2. SCIENCE PRINCIPLE/ MAIN IDEA - the
discussion in the lesson is presented at the
beginning.
- Serves as an anchor to the succeeding
discussions in the chapter.
3. PICTURES- Are provided to direct the
discussion in the lesson, to stir the reader’s
interest, and to show specific applications of the
principle being dealt with.
4. CAPTION - Provides crucial information on
how the science principle discussed in the
lesson applies to the object being shown in the
picture.
C. LESSON PROPER
1. SECTION HEADING - Indicates the specific
aspect of the lesson being dealt with in the
succeeding discussion.
2. ILLUSTRATION- Provides the visual
representation of the concept being discussed
in the body of the lesson.
3. BODY -provides a thorough discussion of the
concept at hand
- examples are also provided in order to help
you understand how a principle works
4. LABEL - provides a conceptual reference to
what the pictures stand for.
5. CAPTION - used to describe the picture
D. ASSESSMENT TOOLS
1. GUIDE QUESTIONS - are designed to help
you understand how a science principle works
in the real world by asking for the results you
obtained in the experiment and linking it with
the theories and principles behind it.
FEATURES OF A SOCIAL SCIENCE TEXTBOOK
A. UNIT OPENER
1. UNIT NUMBER AND TITLE - situates the
discussion in the unit in its proper context and
sequence
2. FIRST PARAGRAPH - The first paragraph
of the unit description provides the period in
history to be tackled by the unit. - sets the
expectations of the readers and provide the
scope and limitation of the unit
3. PICTURE - It may either be remnant of a
culture tackled in the unit or depictions of
certain historical or social events.
- connect the lesson with the current context of
the student.
E. ASSESSMENT TOOLS
1. DISCUSSING QUESTIONS - Designed to
help students to comprehensively understand
the lesson’s content.
2. CONCEPT MAP/GRAPH ORGANIZER
- It helps you to come up with a bird’s eye view
of the lesson.
- It helps you organize your thoughts.

B. CHAPTER OPENER

1. PICTURE - It may either be remnant of a

culture tackled in the unit or depictions of
certain historical or social events.
2. LESSON OBJECTIVES - These are the skills
that students are expected to manifest after
going through the lesson.
3. LESSON NUMBER AND TITLE - informs
the readers the coverage of the lesson
4. FIRST PARAGRAPH - contains its thesis
statement - shows the overview of what will be
tackled throughout the lesson
5. SUBTITLE - marks the beginning of the
discussion on a subtopic in the lesson

C. LESSON PROPER

1. MAPS - They help locate specific places

where historical events transpired. They can
also help you visualize the discussions in the
textbook.
2. BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION - serves to
help you locate where a piece of information, a
material, or an image is found.
3. FOCUSING SITUATION - aims to highlight
certain aspects of the text which the author
deems as important.

D. LESSON SYNTHESIS

1. SYNTHESIS - serves to recapitulate the

important points of the lesson
2. VALUING QUESTIONS - aim to highlight
the importance of the lesson in day-to-day life.
LECTURE/NOTES: READING TEXTBOOKS IN Humanities - carefully and at the same time
MATHEMATICS AND HUMANITIES artistically phrased
- employ a much complex register which makes
MATHEMATICS - deals with numbers and use of figurative language
patterns
Examples:
-Arithmetic FEATURES OF A MATHEMATICS TEXTBOOK
-Algebra
-Calculus A. REVIEW - provides a quick review of the
-Geometry concepts that
students are expected to know prior to the
HUMANITIES - are a set of disciplines that presentation of the lesson.
attempt to B. QUICK CHECK - functions as a diagnostic
capture the richness of the human test designed to assess whether you have
experience, or to help people become already mastered the foundational concept
more fully human through different art needed to understand the
forms lesson.
Examples:
-Literature -Language B. LESSON OPENER
-Visual Arts -Philosophy
-Music 1. WHAT YOU'LL LEARN - Use this portion
to
THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE write your expectations.
2. HEADING - Lesson number and title.
Mathematics 3. PIN-UP - helps you think about the
significance of the lesson and some important
-deals with numbers and opening concept.
patterns 4. DEFINITION - meaning of words listed in
-accurate Pin-up section if any.
-objective 5. PICTURE
6. REAL WORLD LINK - helps the students
Humanities see how the
lesson can be used to address real life
-are a set of disciplines that attempt to capture
situations.
the richness of the human
experience, or become more fully human
C. LESSON PROPER
through different art forms
-have elaborate explanations
of different phenomena 1. HEADING -indicates the types of problems
-subjective to be dealt with in the chapter
2. WORKZONE -an area where you can jot
LANGUAGE down
notes or write solutions
3. SAMPLE PROPBLEM -serves as example
Mathematics
for each
-direct to the point of the concept taught
-only supplementary to the numbers and 4. PRACTICE PROBLEM- Answering the
symbols used to practice problems will help you assess whether
express a mathematical concept you have already fully understood and fully
appreciated the concepts taught in the chapter.
5. FIND A RULE - helps you come up with a
suitable mental representation of the lesson
6. TABLE - also used to represent patterns and D. ASSESSMENT
equations
1. REMEMBERING QUESTIONS
D. ASSESSMENT 2. ANALYZING QUESTIONS
3. UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
1.PRACTICE QUESTIONS - are designed to 4. EVALUATING QUESTIONS
make you more familiar with the processes 5. CREATING QUESTIONS
involved in solving different sorts of problems.
2. H.O.T. PROBLEM / CHALLENGE
SECTION - intends to test the extent that you
have mastered in a mathematical concept.

FEATURES OF A HUMANITIES TEXTBOOK

A. LESSON OPENER

1. LESSON TITLE AND NUMBER

2. FOCUSING QUESTION - is intended to
direct you to the main point being established
in the lesson.

B. LESSON OPENER: AUTHOR'S BACKGROUND

1. PREPARE TO READ - provides background

information on the text itself through a brief
biography of the author and other pertinent
elements.
2. PICTURE AND BIOGRAPHY OF THE
AUTHOR - provides an idea why he wrote the
way he did.
3. UNVEIL WHAT YOU KNOW - aims to
connect your personal experiences with the
text.
4. VOCABULARY BUILDING - intends to
unlock the meanings of unfamiliar words.
5. PRE-READING QUESTIONS - serves to stir
the interest of the reader and provide clues on
the theme of the text.

C. LESSON PROPER: THE LITERARY ITSELF

1. PICTURE
2. TITLE and BYLINE - comprises of the text's
title and the author.
3. TEXT
4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES - are the specific
skills you have to master after going through
the lesson.
5. TIP - makes the reading more interesting and
relatable.
LECTURE/NOTES: OUTLINE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
OUTLINE -•A list of the essential topics and
subtopics to be dealt with in a passage.
•An outline must be composed of the thesis
statement, main ideas, and supporting details.
THESIS STATEMENT •An overview of what
will be tackled throughout the lesson.
TOPIC SENTENCE/MAIN IDEA - •The topic
sentence for each body of paragraph should
support the thesis statement.
The topic sentences need to agree with the main
idea or sub point of the thesis statement;
otherwise the essay could be confusing.
SUPPORTING DETAILS •Under the topic
sentence of each paragraph, list some of the
supporting details, examples, or ideas you want
to include in each paragraph.
REASONS FOR MAKING AN OUTLINE
•Helps the writing process
•Identifies the boundaries between topics
•Helps organize important ideas
•Helps present those ideas logically
FORMAT OF AN OUTLINE
ROMAN NUMERALS (I,II, III) -main idea
CAPITAL LETTERS (A,B,C) - major details
ARABIC NUMBERS (1,2,3)- minor details
•Title/Thesis statement:
•I. Major idea/main idea:
A. Major details/topic sentences:
1.Minor details/supporting sentences:
STEPS IN MAKING AN OUTLINE
1. Get the central idea of the paper, then state it
in the form of a thesis statement.
2. Analyze the main ideas and arrange them
according to their importance.
3. Group the topic sentences as their relevance
to the main idea.
4. Express the topic sentence clearly with
consistency.
5. The topic sentence can be broken down into
sub topics and supporting details if the writer
desires so.
2 TYPES OF OUTLINE
•1. TOPIC OUTLINE - makes use only of key
words and phrases.
•2. SENTENCE OUTLINE -makes use of
complete sentences.
BIBLIOGRAPHY - A list of materials used (or
to be used) in an academic or professional
paper.
PURPOSE FOR CITING SOURCES
1. To give credit to the original author of a
work.
-•Plagiarism is a serious offense in which
someone takes and uses the idea, information,
concepts, arguments, or information of
someone else, intentionally or unintentionally,
without proper citations.
2. to promote scholarly writing
-Scholarly writing means that you are able to
exhaustively use related and existing ideas,
information, concepts or arguments of an
expert and to properly attribute these to the
original source.
3. To help your target audience identify your
original source.
 •With your proper citation, your target
audience can easily identify the
location of the original source used in
your paper.
STYLE GUIDES
1.The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA)
(Psychology,education, hotel and restaurant
management, business, economics, and other
social sciences)
2.The modern Language Association Style Guide
(MLA)
(Literature, arts, and humanities)
3.Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
(Engineering)

4.American Medical Association Manual of Style

(AMA)
( Medicine, health sciences, and other natural
sciences)

5.The Chicago Manual of Style (Referencebooks,

non-academic periodicals (ex. newspaper,
magazines, journals))

ACADEMIC JOURNAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

APA FORMAT
•Authors name, year of publication, title of
article
•Volume number, issue number, page number

MLA FORMAT
•Authors name, title of the article/work, title of
the journal, volume and issue number
•Year of publication, page number, medium of
publication

BOOK FORMAT

APA
•Authors name, year of publication, title of the
book, edition, place of publication, publisher

MLA
•Authors name, chapter title, book title, edition,
place of publication, publisher, year of
publication, page number, medium of
publication

ANTHOLOGY FORMAT

APA
•Authors name, year of publication, title of
article, editors, title of book, place of
publication, publisher

MLA
•Authors name, essay title, book title, editors,
place of publication, publisher, year of
publication, year, page, medium
LECTURE/NOTES: PARAPHRASE
Paraphrasing is restating text giving the
meaning in another form.
Steps in paraphrasing
1. Repeatedly read the passage to be
paraphrased until you have completely
understood what it says.
2. Do not look at the passage while you are
writing your paraphrase.
3. After writing your paraphrase, read the
original passage once again to check if you were
able to accurately capture its meaning. By doing
this, you will avoid misquoting your source.
4. Check whether your paraphrase has errors in
grammar or mechanics.
5. Always cite your source.
Plagiarism - an act of presenting the words,
ideas, images, sounds, or the creative
expression of others as your own.
Types of Plagiarism
1. Word-for-word (Verbatim) Plagiarism
- known as cut-and-paste plagiarism
2. Word order Plagiarism
- happens when a writer changes some of the
words of another author to make the work look
as if it were his own.
3. Idea Plagiarism
- happens when a writer paraphrases
the passage and includes it as his own
without giving proper attribution.
Example
Paraphrase: A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of
Acacia leaves and hay every day.
Original: Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and
they can consume 75 pounds of food a day.
Example
Original: A group of US researchers has carried
out trials on a new vaccine.
1st Paraphrase: A team of American scientists
has conducted tests on a new vaccine.
2nd Paraphrase: Trials on a new vaccine were
carried out by a group of US researchers.
3rd Paraphrase: Tests on a new vaccine were
conducted by a team of American scientists.
Remember:
• A paraphrase must also be attributed to the
original source.
• A paraphrase includes both the main idea and
minor details from the text.
• If rewording is too similar to the original, it’s
plagiarism.
LECTURE/NOTES: SUMMARIZING
Summarizing refers to providing an abridged
version of the narrative.
Summary or a precis is a synopsis or digest of
the essence of an entire text.
Thesis Statement summarizes the central idea
of what is to be written.
Synopsis is the summary of a film, play, or any
literary work.
Some helpful tips in summarizing:
1. Read the text you are about to summarize
over and over again.
2. Identify the main idea of the text you are
planning to summarize.
3. Put your feet into your readers' shoes.
4. Ensure a smooth flow of ideas.
5. Limit your summary to a few sentences.
6. Do not forget to proofread your work.
How are they Different?
Paraphrasing-saying the same thing, but in
different words.
How much to say: You can choose how much to
paraphrase.
How to say it: Paraphrasing can be spoken or
written.
Summarizing-telling the important parts of a
text.
How much to say: Summaries are shorter than
the original, but must include certain ideas.
How to say it: Summaries can be spoken or
written.