Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reproductive System: Peristalsis
Reproductive System: Peristalsis
Reproductive System: Peristalsis
Testes: covering
● Tunica albuginea
○ Capsule that surrounds testes
● Septa
○ Extensions that extend into testes and divides it into lobules (seminuferous tubules)
Testes:
○ Each lobule: 1-4 semineferous tubules
○ Function of SEMINEFEROUS : main site for reproduction of sperm cell
○ Tightly coiled structures
○ Empty sperm into the rete testis(junction of tubules into epidydimis
○ Interstitial cells- produce androgens such as testosterone
Duct system
● Epididymis
○ Storage and maturation sperm cells
■ 20 days
○ Comma shaped tightly coiled tube
○ Found in superior part of testis and along posterior lateral side
○ Expels sperm with contraction of muscles in epididymis walls to vas deferens
■ Dartos muscle
■ cremaster muscle
● Ductus deferens
○ Carries sperm to epididymis to ejaculatory duct
○ Passes inguinal canal and over the bladder
○ Moves sperm by peristalsis
■ Movement: forward
○ Spermatic cord
■ Collection of Ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves in a connective tissue sheath
○ Ends in ejaculatory duct and unites with urethra
○ Vasectomy
■ Cutting of ductus deferens at level of testes to prevent transportation of sperm
■ “Tomy” - to cut
Urethra
● Extends base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
● Carries both urine and sperm
● Bawal magsabay ang sperm and urine
External Genitalia
● Penis
● Scrotum
○ Dicides sac of skin outside abdomen
○ Maintains testes at 2-3 deg. Celsius. Lower than body temp to protect sperm viability
■ Contract
■ Scrotum moves upward
■ Goosebumps - arrector pili for thermoregulation of the skin
■ To retain heat inside
■ Muscle: dartos and cremaster
○ Made up of subcutaneous Muscle tissue: Dartos muscle
○ Cremaster muscle (extension of internal oblique)
■ Helps contraction of scrotum
■ Series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend
■ Cremasteric reflex -
● Stimulus: Stroke medial thigh
● Normal response: Movement of scrotum upward
● If no response: Weak internal oblique
■ Raphae - septum sa scrotum
● Penis
○ Deliver sperm to female repro tract
○ Regions
■ Shaft/body
■ Glans penis (most sensitive portion)
■ Prepuce (foreskin)
● Folded cuff of skin around proximal end
● Often removed by circumcision
Spermatogenesis
- formation of sperm cell
- At puberty
- Occurs in semineferous tubules
● Processes of spermatogenesis
○ Spermatogonia (stem cells)
■ Mitosis - more stem cells
○ Lahat galing sa stem cell magdederivate sa mga spermatogonia hanggang matured
○ Follicle stimulating hormone
■ Modifies spermatogonia division
■ One cell- stem cell
■ Another crll - primary spermatocyte
■ Haploid spermatids - produced
○ Spermatogenesis - 64-72 days
Regions of spermatids
● Head - contains DNA by acrosome (helmet of the heat) (penetrate)
○ Nucleus wt 23 chromosome
○ Neck - centrioles that form microtubule
● Midpiece
○ Mitochondria that make locomotion of sperm
○ Principal piece and end piece- make up the tail and movement
● Tail - flagellum
Development of sperm
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary
Early spermatid
Late spermatid
Spermatozoon (mature)
Anatomy
● Only human flaggellated cell
● Dna is found in the head
Testosterone production
● Most important important
● Prodyced in interstitial cells
● Functions:
○ Sex drive
○ Causes secondary sex characteristics
○ Deepening of voice
○ Hair growth
○ Adams apple
○ Enlargement of skeletal muscle
○ Thickening of bones
Ovaries
● Production of egg cell and hormones
● Ovarian follicles - sac like structures
○ Structure:
■ Oocyte
■ Follicular cells
STAGES
Primary follicle
Graafian follicle- Growing follicle with a maturing oocyte
OVUlation - follicle ruptures
● 28 days cycle
Secondary oocyte released
Corpus luteum - shed during menstruation
● Remnant during dormation of matured follicle
● rupture follicle is transformed to this
Uterus
● Located between utinary bladder and rectum
● Hollow organ
● Function
○ Receives fertilized egg
○ Retains fertilized egg
○ Nourishes fertilized egg
Uterine/Vaginal prolapse
● Lumalabas yung dula ng uterus
● Carrying heavy objects
● Kakaanak
Vagina
● Behind bladde and in front of rectum
● Serves as birth canal
● Receives penis
● Hymen
○ Closes the vagina is ruptured
Oogenesis
● Supply of eggs are present at birth
● Ability to release eggs begin at ouberty
● Reproductive ability ends at menopause
● Menarch - first mens
○ 9-12 yrs old
● Menopause
○ 45-55 yrs old
○ Lifestyle
● Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles
Oogonia
● Female stem cells found in dev. Fetus
● Undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytrs
● Primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in ovary
● Follicle Stimulating hormone
○ Cause mature primary follicles
○ Meiosis starts insidr maturing follicle
■ Produces secondary oocyte and first polar body
○ Meiosis is complete after ovulatyonly if sperm penetrates
■ Two additional polar bodies are produced
Mammary glands
● Located in each of th two breast
● Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands produce milk
● 15-30 lobes
● Alveoli- lobules containing milk secreting glands
● Nippl and lactiferoud ducts where milk emerges
● Areola- skin around nipple.