Oral Health Status of Smokers and Non-smokers among students

In Mindanao Medical Foundation College

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Condeza, Cesar
Dantes, Zeena
Eleria, May Belle Allana
Laurente, Vernon Nikolai
Rama, Sophia Nicole

September 2019
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Smoking has been identified as the second greatest risk factor for global death and

disability Smoking increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, chronic lung disease and

is the primary cause of cancer of the lungs, larynx, esophagus, mouth, and bladder, and

has been linked to cancer of the cervix, pancreas and kidneys. The impacts from smoking

on the oral cavity can include aesthetic changes such as stained teeth, discolored

restorations and dentures. There are also more serious complications related to smoking

such as an increased prevalence of periodontitis leading to tooth loss, increased bone

loss, impaired wound healing and adverse effects on connective tissue repair. The most

serious condition associated with smoking and tobacco use is oral cancer. Several

studies have shown an increased plaque accumulation in relation to smoking, while some

other studies reported a slight decrease in dental plaque formation in smokers. A higher

incidence of gingivitis has also been found in smokers, while others have suggested that

there is no difference in gingival inflammation between smokers and non-smokers

Cigarette smoking has been perceived to be the most important environmental risk factor

in periodontitis. Periodontal diseases are dynamic phenomenon with cyclical patterns of

progression and resolution at any given site (Gautama, 2011). During periodontitis,

cigarette smoking may differentially affect neutrophil function, generally preventing

elimination of periodontal pathogens. Heavy smokers also stimulate the release of

reactive oxygen species and in turn oxidative stress mediated tissue damage. Smoking

impairs the immune response and cause to less the function of the periodontal tissue's
ability to heal, following a period of disease activity (Jindal, 2011). The impact of smoking

on periodontitis depends according to the frequency of exposure from tobacco smoking.

Furthermore, the results of some studies about the association between smoking and

periodontal disease have been open to more than one interpretation. Several studies

have shown an increased plaque accumulation in relation to smoking, while some studies

suggest a slight decrease in dental plaque formation in smoking individual. A higher

incidence of gingivitis has also been found in smokers while others have suggested that

there is no difference in gingival inflammation between smokers and non-smokers. Some

other studies have also concluded that signs of gingival inflammation are less obvious in

smokers than non-smokers (Fawole, 2013). Therefore, it is recommended that smokers

should be encouraged to visit a dentist for preventive procedure more regularly than the

non-smokers and better still, smokers should be encouraged to quit smoking as gingival

disease is not without consequences if allowed to persist.

Many adults mostly start smoking when they are adolescents, the period during which

young individuals are generally subjected to tobacco experiments and/or their first

cigarettes (Atlanta, USA, 2012). It is estimated that one third of the world’s adult

population, and around 1.1 billion individuals, smokes tobacco, which makes every sixth

human being a smoker.1 Smoking-related illness is estimated to cause ∼ 5 million deaths

per annum around the globe.( Furrukh, 2013). Smoking is a major risk factor for general

health. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown the detrimental effects of smoking

on oral health. (Alkhatib,2005). The Surgeon General Report in 2004 summarized

evidence regarding causality of the association between smoking and oral health. The
tobacco use is a modifiable risk behavior in oral disease development, it can lead to oral

mucosal lesions, oral cancer, periodontal disease and consequent tooth loss.

(Ojima,2013) Impact of smoking on oral health varies according to the frequency of

exposure to tobacco smoking in population. (Gautam,2011)

Cigarette smoking has now been recognized as the most important environmental risk

factor in oral cancer and periodontitis (Hecht, 2005) Apart from having widespread

systemic effects, cigarette smoking also increases susceptibility to periodontitis. It may

also result in poorer response to dental treatment (Palmer, et al, 2005) Behavioral aspects

play a major role in the prevention of oral diseases. It is important to empower people

about oral disease prevention so as to integrate this in their daily routines (Widström,

2004) Moreover, not many people are aware of the relationship of smoking with potential

oral diseases, particularly periodontitis (Lung, et al, 2005)

C. Kazor, G. W. Taylor, and W. J. Loesche, “The prevalence of BANA-hydrolyzing
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https://www.academia.edu/21781877/SMOKING_PREVALENCE_AND_ITS_IMPACT_ON_O
RAL_HEALTH_STATUS_AMONG_A_SAMPLE_OF_SECONDARY_SCHOOL_MALE_ST
UDENTS_IN_GIZA_EGYPT

www.academia.edu/21781877/SMOKING PREVALENCE ANDI TS IMPACT ON ORAL

HEALTH STATUS AMONG A SAMPLE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL MALE STUDENTS
IN GIZA EGYPT