CE 411

HYDRAULICS LAB

LABORATORY NO. 2
APPLICATION OF THE BERNOULI’S ENERGY EQUATION TO A SIPHON

Submitted by:

Group 3
Lanzar, Jan Earl
Aguero, Sheena
Gamez, Stephen
Gamit, Cris
Montalban, Otelo
Plaza, Lianne
Rulona, Kim

Submitted to:

Engr. Nardo Gu. Narisma I.

Date Submitted: July 16, 2019

 I. TITLE: APPLICATION OF THE BERNOULI’S ENERGY EQUATION
TO A SIPHON
II. OBJECTIVES:

a. To determine the power lost in watts in a siphon in order to verify the theory
against actual situation.
b. To compute the pressure at the summit of the siphon in order to show that it is
negative.

III. MATERIALS NEEDED:

 Tank with piezometer tube

 Hose serving as a siphon
 Levelling hose
 Plumb Bob
 Water Supply Pipe
 Stop Watch
 Thermometer
 Caliper
 Measuring Tape
 Pail
 Weighing Scale
 Beaker
 Graduated Cylinders
 Ruler

IV. THEORY
The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of
the conservation of energyprinciple appropriate for flowing fluids. The
qualitative behavior that is usually labeled with the term "Bernoulli effect" is
the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is increased.
This lowering of pressure in a constriction of a flow path may seem
counterintuitive, but seems less so when you consider pressure to be energy
density. In the high velocity flow through the constriction, kinetic energy must
increase at the expense of pressure energy.
Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure, speed, and height of any two
points (1 and 2) in a steady streamline flowing fluid of density \rhoρrho.
Bernoulli's equation is usually written as follows,

The variables P1, v1, z1 refer to the

pressure, speed, and height of the fluid at
point 1, whereas the P2, v2, z2 refer to the
pressure, speed, and height of the fluid at
point 2 as seen in the diagram below. The
diagram below shows one particular choice of
 two points (1 and 2) in the fluid, but Bernoulli's equation will hold for any two
points in the fluid.

When using Bernoulli's equation, how do you know where to choose your
points? Choosing one of the points at the location where you want to find an
unknown variable is a must. Otherwise how will you ever solve for that
variable? You will typically choose the second point at a location where you
have been given some information, or where the fluid is open to the
atmosphere, since the absolute pressure there is known to be atmospheric
pressure Patm= 1.01x105Pa.

Note that the hhh refers to the height of the fluid above an arbitrary level
that you can choose in any way that is convenient. Typically it is often easiest
to just choose the lower of the two points (1 or 2) as the height
where h=0h=0h, equals, 0. The PPP refers to the pressure at that point. You
can choose to use gauge pressure or absolute pressure, but whichever kind
of pressure you choose (gauge or absolute) must also be used on the other
side of the equation. You can't insert the gauge pressure at point 1, and the
absolute pressure at point 2. Similarly, if you insert the gauge pressure at
point 1 and solve for the pressure at point 2, the value you obtain will be the
gauge pressure at point 2 (not the absolute pressure).

The head loss from point 1 to s is

assumed to be proportional to the total
head loss computed from points 1-2
thereof, HL1-s=(L1-s)(HL1-2)/(L1-2).

Plost= Qy(HL1-2)

Write energy equation between point

1 and the summit with the datum
through point 1. Nothing that the head loss from point 1 to the summit, you
can determine the pressure at the summit which is expected to be
negative.

V. SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:

a. Pull-out the tank outside the laboratory room near the faucet of the water
supply line.
b. Attach the inlet hose into the faucet of the water supply pipe and regulate
the valve as fully open as possible in order to maximize the inflow rate.
c. Fill up the tank with water to a desired level near the top. Make sure that
during the entire process the water level in the tank is more or less
constant. That is, Qin=Qout where Qin is the inflow and Qout is the outflow
from the end of the siphon (hose).
 d. Mark the important points on the siphon (hose) labelled in the
accompanying illustrations with 1, s and 2. Measure the vertical distance
between 1 and 2 and between 1 and s and denote these distances as z12
and zs2, respectively. Fix these points so that the vertical distances will be
constant. Use a plumb bob to make sure that the measured distances are
vertical.
e. One end of the siphon will be inserted into the tank and the other end
must be positioned above point 1. This end of the siphon must be poured
with water until it is full and water spills over. Abruptly lower the filled end
to the desired fixed position point 2. When water continuously flows out of
this end of the hose (siphon), get a pail and collect certain volume of water
for about 20-30 seconds. The collected volume divided by the time serves
as the actual flow rate.
f. Measure the diameter of the hose (or siphon) and compute the average
velocity.
g. When done straighten the hose and measure the length of the hose
between the point 1-s, and between 1 and 2 for the parameters L1-s and L1-
2 , respectively.
h. Use the equations set-up in the theory portion to calculate the head loss
from points 1 and 2 and thereafter the power loss in the system in watts.
The pressure at the summit is to be calculated next.

VI. DATA AND CALCULATIONS

1. The measured value of z12 is : 52.50cn
2. The measured value of z1-s is: 34.50cm
3. The measured value of zs-2 is: 87.00cm
4. The volume collected is: 7.5x10-3m3
5. The time recorded for the volume collected is: 30.32 sec
6. The diameter of the siphon is: 15mm
7. The average velocity in the hose is: 1.40 m/s
8. The length L1-s is: 60cm
9. The length L1-2 is: 130cm
10. The power lost is: 1.03 Watts
11. The pressure at the summit is: -6.2869 kPa

1
𝑣=𝑤×
1000𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑣 = 7.5𝑘𝑔 × = 7.5 × 10−3 𝑚3
1000𝑘𝑔

Flow rate

7.5 × 10−3 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄= = 0.00024736
30.32𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠
Velocity head

𝑣2 8𝑄 2
= 2 = 0.09987𝑚
2𝑔 𝜋 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 (0.015𝑚)4
 Bernoulli’s Energy Equation (1-2)

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔

0 + 0 + 0.525𝑚 = 0.09987𝑚 + 0 + 0 + 𝐻𝐿

𝐻𝐿 = 0.42513𝑚

Power Lost

𝑃 = 𝑄𝛿𝐻𝐿

𝑃 = (0.00024736𝑚3 /𝑠)(9810𝑁/𝑚3 )(0.42513𝑚)

𝑃 = 1.03 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Bernoulli’s Energy Equation (1-S)

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣𝑠 2 𝑝𝑠
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑠 + 𝐻𝐿1−𝑆
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔

Solving for headloss 1-s

𝐿1−𝑠 𝐻𝐿1−2
𝐻𝐿1−𝑠 =
𝐿1−2

(0.6)(0.42513)
𝐻𝐿1−𝑠 = = 0.196𝑚
(1.30)

Substituting values (datum at point 1)

𝑝𝑠
0 + 0 + 0 = 0.09987𝑚 + + 0.345𝑚 + 0.196𝑚
2𝑔
𝑝𝑠
= −0.64087𝑚
2𝑔

𝑝 = −6.2869 𝑘𝑃𝑎

VII. REMARKS, HINTS AND PRECAUTIONS

The following are the possible of errors in the activity:

1. Personal errors. Be sure to measure the parameters accurately as
possible. It is recommended that two members from the group must
measure the parameters for the checking purposes. The timer must have
good reflexes so that the time will be accurate. Most of these parameters
are lengths and distances.
2. Natural errors. Be sure that if it is windy or rainy day the tank and the
space is protected from possible effects of nature. The other possible error
is the levelling of the tank. Make sure that the ground where the tank
stands is level. Uses plumb bob to ensure that vertical distances
measured are accurate.
3. Instrumental errors. The measuring tape, meter stick, and other measuring
devices might be erroneous. These devices must be checked and
 correspondingly corrected if found erroneous. Be sure to collect water
from the hose when the flowing water is free of trapped air from the hose.
If the pressure at the summit is not negative, repeat the activity.

VIII. CONCLUSION

In this experiment, we have determined the power lost in watts in a siphon

using bernoulli’s equation, we then able to derive the discharges for us to
compute the power. Then we are able to satisfy the objectives of the
experiment when we applied the bernoulli’s equation. As a result of the
experiment the pressure we got from our data at the summit of the siphon is
negative.

IX. SOURCES

 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-
bernoullis-equation
 www.lmnoeng.com/Bernoulli/Equation/(Energy Equation)/for/Fluid Flow
X. DOCUMENTATION