Lab Manual

Heat and Mass Transfer

Name: Aqib Ayyub

Roll: No 2016-ME-19
Lab Supervisor: Engr. Wasif Ahmed

University College of Engineering and Technology

Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan.
 Experiment No 1
Objective
The main object of this experiment is to study the heat transfer and working principle of shell and
tube heat exchanger for counter flow.

Apparatus
 Shell and tube heat exchanger with copper pipes.
 Hydraulic bench to provide water flow.
 Thermocouples for calculating temperature of required points.
 Rotameter to calculate the flow rate of the water.

Figure

Procedure
 On and adjust the hydraulic bench to create the flow of water.
 Allow the system to reach its steady state conditions.
 Start the hot water geyser and increase the temperature of the water up to 40 degree
centigrade.
 After reaching the 40 degree the temperature does not increase any further.
 Now start the cold water flow.
 Place the thermocouples on the required points for calculating the temperature.
 Adjust the handle valves for counter flow and the valve of the cold water for different flow
rates and calculate the temperatures at required points at these flow rates. The temperature
will be shown on the digital control panel.
Readings and observations
Sr. Temperature Flow of cold Flow of cold Flow of cold Flow of cold Flow of cold
No points water at water at water at water at water at
0.4liter/min 0.6liter/min 0.8liter/min 1liter/min 1.2liter/min
(centigrade (centigrade (centigrade (centigrade (centigrade
scale) scale) scale) scale) scale)
1 T1 40 40 40 40 40
2 T2 34 34 33 31 31
3 T3 36 36 37 37 37
4 T4 32 32 31 29 30
5 T5 36 27 37 36 36
6 T6 37 30 29 27 28
7 T7 36 36 36 35 35
8 T8 27 27 27 25 26
9 T9 34 35 34 33 34
10 T10 24 24 25 23 24
11 T11 33 34 33 30 32
12 T12 37 37 27 37 37
13 T13 33 33 33 32 32

Conclusion
In case of counter flow all the odd temperature points are connected to hot water pathway and even
temperature points are connected to cold water pathway. From the readings it is concluded that the
heat transfer from hot fluid to cold fluid decreases with the increase of flow rate. Since the
temperature of the hot and cold water does not decrease and increase much as the flow rate
increases
 Experiment No 2
Objective
The main object of this experiment is to study the heat transfer and working principle of shell and
tube heat exchanger for parallel flow.

Apparatus
 Shell and tube heat exchanger with copper pipes.
 Hydraulic bench to provide water flow.
 Thermocouples for calculating temperature of required points.
 Rotameter to calculate the flow rate of the water.

Figure

Procedure
 On and adjust the hydraulic bench to create the flow of water.
 Allow the system to reach its steady state conditions.
 Start the hot water geyser and increase the temperature of the water up to 40 degree
centigrade.
 After reaching the 40 degree the temperature does not increase any further.
 Now start the cold water flow.
 Place the thermocouples on the required points for calculating the temperature.
 Adjust the handle valves for parallel flow and the valve of the cold water for different flow
rates and calculate the temperatures at required points at these flow rates. The temperature
will be shown on the digital control panel.
Readings and observations
Sr. Temperature Flow of cold Flow of cold Flow of cold Flow of cold Flow of cold
No points water at water at water at water at water at
0.4liter/min 0.6liter/min 0.8liter/min 1liter/min 1.2liter/min
(centigrade (centigrade (centigrade (centigrade (centigrade
scale) scale) scale) scale) scale)
1 T1 40 40 40 40 40
2 T2 35 35 34 33 33
3 T3 36 36 36 36 36
4 T4 32 32 30 30 30
5 T5 36 36 37 36 36
6 T6 38 36 36 35 33
7 T7 35 35 36 36 37
8 T8 28 28 26 26 26
9 T9 33 33 32 31 31
10 T10 27 25 25 25 24
11 T11 33 33 32 31 31
12 T12 39 37 37 37 35
13 T13 32 33 33 34 35

Conclusion
In case of parallel flow all the odd temperature points are connected to hot water pathway and even
temperature points are connected to cold water pathway. From the readings it is concluded that the
heat transfer from hot fluid to cold fluid decreases with the increase of flow rate. And also heat
transfer is more effective in counter flow as compared to the parallel flow. Since the temperature
of the hot and cold water does not decrease and increase much as the flow rate increases
 Experiment No 3
Objective
The main object of this experiment is to study the heat transfer and working principle concentric
tube heat exchanger for parallel flow.

Apparatus
 Concentric tubes heat exchanger in which copper pipes are placed inside steel pipes.
 Steel pipes are insulated to avoid heat loss.
 Hydraulic bench to provide water flow.
 Thermocouples for calculating temperature of required points.
 Rotameter to calculate the flow rate of the water.

Figure

Procedure
 On and adjust the hydraulic bench to create the flow of water.
 Allow the system to reach its steady state conditions.
 Start the hot water geyser and increase the temperature of the water up to 40 degree
centigrade.
 After reaching the 40 degree the temperature does not increase any further.
 Now start the cold water flow. Usually the hot water flows inside copper tubes and cold
water is around copper tubes in the steel pipes.
 Place the thermocouples on the required points for calculating the temperature.
 Adjust the handle valves for parallel flow and the valve of the cold water for different
flow rates and calculate the temperatures at required points at these flow rates. The
temperature will be shown on the digital control panel.
Readings and observations
Sr. Cold T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
No water (centigra (centigra (centigra (centigra (centigra (centigra (centigra
flow de scale) de scale) de scale) de scale) de scale) de scale) de scale)
rate
(liter/m
in)
1 0.4 40 32 37 33 37 34 36
2 0.6 40 32 38 33 37 34 36
3 0.8 40 32 38 33 38 34 36
4 1.0 40 32 38 34 38 34 37
5 1.2 40 33 38 34 38 34 37

Conclusion
In case of parallel flow all the odd temperature points are connected to hot water pathway and even
temperature points are connected to cold water pathway. From the readings it is concluded that the
heat transfer from hot fluid to cold fluid decreases with the increase of flow rate. Since the
temperature of the hot and cold water does not decrease and increase much as the flow rate
increases
 Experiment No 4
Objective
The main object of this experiment is to study the heat transfer and working principle concentric
tube heat exchanger for counter flow.

Apparatus
 Concentric tubes heat exchanger in which copper pipes are placed inside steel pipes.
 Steel pipes are insulated to avoid heat loss.
 Hydraulic bench to provide water flow.
 Thermocouples for calculating temperature of required points.
 Rotameter to calculate the flow rate of the water

Figure

Procedure
 On and adjust the hydraulic bench to create the flow of water.
 Start the hot water geyser and increase the temperature of the water up to 40 degree
centigrade.
 After reaching the 40 degree the temperature does not increase any further.
 Now start the cold water flow. Usually the hot water flows inside copper tubes and cold
water is around copper tubes in the steel pipes.
 Place the thermocouples on the required points for calculating the temperature.
 Adjust the handle valves for counter flow and the valve of the cold water for different
flow rates and calculate the temperatures at required points at these flow rates. The
temperature will be shown on the digital control panel.
Readings and observations

Sr. Cold T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
No water (centigra (centigra (centigra (centigra (centigra (centigra (centigra
flow de scale) de scale) de scale) de scale) de scale) de scale) de scale)
rate
(liter/
min)
1 0.4 40 35 38 35 38 35 37
2 0.6 40 35 38 35 38 34 37
3 0.8 40 35 38 35 38 33 36
4 1.0 40 34 38 34 38 33 36
5 1.2 40 34 37 33 38 33 36

Conclusion
In case of parallel flow all the odd temperature points are connected to hot water pathway and even
temperature points are connected to cold water pathway. From the readings it is concluded that the
heat transfer from hot fluid to cold fluid decreases with the increase of flow rate. Since the
temperature of the hot and cold water does not decrease and increase much as the flow rate
increases.
 Experiment No 5
Objective
The main object of this experiment is to study the characteristics of heat transfer in case of
natural convection heat transfer in free and forced heat exchanger.

Apparatus
 Digital main unit to regulate the power input, velocity of the air and to calculate the
temperature readings.
 Flat surface box in the way of air flow duct.
 Thermocouples for calculating temperature of the flat surface.
 Heater which is control by the main unit.

Figure

Procedure
 Switch on the main unit.
 Connect the heater with the main unit.
 Place flat surface box in the way of air flow duct.
 Allow the system to reach its steady state conditions.
  Now from the velocity regulator on the main unit adjust the air velocity to zero. So that
the air fan will not move.
 Place the thermocouples on the required points for calculating the temperature.
 Increase the power input by power regulator to the heater and gradually increase the
power with the increment of 10 watts.
 Take readings of temperature from the main unit for every power increment individually.
 Take readings of each point with a gap of one minute.

Readings and observations

Sr. No Power(watts) T4 (ambient T5 T1
temperature) (centigrade scale) (centigrade scale)
(centigrade scale)
1 30 23.4 43.4 27.1
2 40 23.4 45.3 27.8
3 50 23.4 48.6 28
4 60 23.4 51.5 28.9
5 70 23.4 55.3 30.8

Conclusion
In this experiment when power input is increased the temperature of the heater also increased. It
is concluded that temperature of the flat plat increases with the increase of heater temperature,
because of free air the convection is not very effective. Heat transfer to air is due to convection.
The hot air will not move and surround the flat surface to further increase its temperature.
 Experiment No 6
Objective
The main object of this experiment is to study the characteristics of heat transfer in case of
forced convection heat transfer in free and forced heat exchanger.

Apparatus
 Digital main unit to regulate the power input, velocity of the air and to calculate the
temperature readings.
 Flat surface box in the way of air flow duct.
 Thermocouples for calculating temperature of the flat surface.
 Heater which is control by the main unit.

Figure

Procedure
 Switch on the main unit.
 Connect the heater with the main unit.
 Place flat surface box in the way of air flow duct.
 Allow the system to reach its steady state conditions.
  Place the thermocouples on the required points for calculating the temperature.
 Now from the velocity regulator on the main unit increase the air velocity with the
increment of 0.5m/s
 Now adjust the power regulator and fix the power to 50 watts
 Take readings of temperature from the main unit for every velocity increase.
 Take readings of each point with a gap of one minute.

Readings and observations

Sr. No Air Power(watts) T4 (ambient T5 T1

Velocity temperature) (centigrade (centigrade
(m/s) (centigrade scale) scale)
scale)
1 0 50 23.4 58 37
2 0.5 50 23.4 57.2 35.5
3 1 50 23.4 54 31.3
4 1.5 50 23.4 51.3 29.2
5 2 50 23.4 48.5 28.4
6 2.5 50 23.4 46 27.2

Conclusion
In this experiment when power input is increased the temperature of the heater also increased. It
is concluded that temperature of the flat plat decreases with the increase of air flow velocity
irrespective of the heater temperature. It is the case of forced convection. Heat transfer to air is due
to convection. The hot air is eventually replaced by the cooler air blown by the fan which causes
effective heat transfer.
 Experiment No 7
Objective
The main object of this experiment is to study the characteristics of heat transfer in case of
forced convection heat transfer for finned surface in free and forced heat exchanger.

Apparatus
 Digital main unit to regulate the power input, velocity of the air and to calculate the
temperature readings.
 Finned surface box in the way of air flow duct.
 Thermocouples for calculating temperature of the flat surface.
 Heater which is control by the main unit.

Figure

Procedure
 Switch on the main unit.
 Connect the heater with the main unit.
 Place finned surface box in the way of air flow duct.
 Allow the system to reach its steady state conditions.
  Place the thermocouples on the required points for calculating the temperature.
 Now from the velocity regulator on the main unit increase the air velocity with the
increment of 0.5m/s
 Now adjust the power regulator and fix the power to 50 watts
 Take readings of temperature from the main unit for every velocity increase.
 Take readings of each point with a gap of one minute.

Readings and observations

Sr. No Air Power(watts) TH T1 T2 T3

Velocity (centigrade (centigrade (centigrade (centigrade
(m/s) scale) scale) scale) scale)
1 0 50 41 49.9 44.6 41.1
2 0.5 50 49 48.8 45.4 43.2
3 1 50 50.6 47.3 44.7 42.3
4 1.5 50 50 45.4 43 40
5 2 50 48 44 42 38.9
6 2.5 50 47 43.2 41.9 38

Conclusion
In this experiment when power input is increased the temperature of the heater also increased. It
is concluded that temperature of the finned surface decreases with the increase of air flow velocity
irrespective of the heater temperature. It is the case of forced convection. Heat transfer to air is due
to convection. The hot air is eventually replaced by the cooler air blown by the fan which causes
effective heat transfer
 Experiment No 8
Objective
The main object of this experiment is to study the characteristics of heat transfer in case of
forced convection heat transfer for pinned surface in free and forced heat exchanger.

Apparatus
 Digital main unit to regulate the power input, velocity of the air and to calculate the
temperature readings.
 Pinned surface box in the way of air flow duct.
 Thermocouples for calculating temperature of the flat surface.
 Heater which is control by the main unit.

Figure

Procedure
 Switch on the main unit.
 Connect the heater with the main unit.
 Place Pinned surface box in the way of air flow duct.
 Allow the system to reach its steady state conditions.
  Place the thermocouples on the required points for calculating the temperature.
 Now from the velocity regulator on the main unit increase the air velocity with the
increment of 0.5m/s
 Now adjust the power regulator and fix the power to 50 watts
 Take readings of temperature from the main unit for every velocity increase.
 Take readings of each point with a gap of one minute.

Readings and observations

Sr. No Air Power(watts) TH T1 T2 T3

Velocity (centigrade (centigrade (centigrade (centigrade
(m/s) scale) scale) scale) scale)
1 0 50 35.4 39.2 40.8 42.1
2 0.5 50 50.2 46.5 46 45.8
3 1 50 55 48.8 47.8 45.6
4 1.5 50 54.9 47.9 46.9 43.7
5 2 50 55 46.6 45.3 42.2
6 2.5 50 55 45.4 44.3 41.1

Conclusion
In this experiment when power input is increased the temperature of the heater also increased. It
is concluded that temperature of the pinned surface decreases with the increase of air flow velocity
irrespective of the heater temperature. It is the case of forced convection. Heat transfer to air is due
to convection. The hot air is eventually replaced by the cooler air blown by the fan which causes
effective heat transfer. The heat transfer in pinned surface is less as compared to finned surface
due smaller surface are of pins. Also heat transfer is directly proportional to surface area.