Irish Course Handbook Translation and Notes Vocabularies Instructions The Linguaphone Institute Gael-Linn C)LLinguaphone Institute Limited 209 Regent Street London WIR BAU Linguaphone Institute (Ireland) Limited 41 Upper Abbey Street Dublio L Gacl-Linn Teoranta 26 Cearnég Mhuirfean Baile Atha Cliath 2 © 1974 Linguaphone Institute Limited, London All ighs reserved. No par ofthis publication, or ick rorded materi may be reproduced. stored in tetera sytem or ranted in any form or by ay druane sleceone, mechaneal photocopying, resorng Sratierwsewthout te prior permission of inguaphoneYostote Limited First published 1974 8th edition 1986 LSN NIRENH1O Printed and bound in Great Begin by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s tyoh a ‘Coarse written by: 1 conealiation with: Recorded by: ‘Under the supervision of: Diarmuid 6 Donnchadha, Director, Foras na Gacilge— Gaet-Lina, Dubin, ‘The Academie Advisory Committee: ‘Toms De Bhaldraithe, D Litt, Professor of Modern Languages and Literatuze, University College, Dublin. Mairin © Murchd, Professor of Irish, Trinity College, Dublin Profestor Sein © Tuama, M.A, Ph.D.. Assoc. Professor of Irish Language and Literature, University College, Cork, Professor David Greene, M.A., Director, Schoo! of Celtic Studles, Dublin Institute for Advanced Stodies ‘Liam Budbiae Breandin 6 hEit Liam Mac Con fomaire, _Padrais © Raghallsigh draigin Ni Mhacileoin, Mairi Fineir, Diarmuid 6 Donnchadha, ‘Ruth Brandt, Dara © Lechlainn Associates, Dubinvou Ga Contents ‘The Linguaphone Gael-Linn Irish Course ‘The Books and the Recordings Instructions Some points to note Introduction Lessons 1-48 Supplementary notes to the lessons ‘Appendices: 1, Regular verbs 2. Irregular verbs 3. The copula 4, Lenition Vocabulary, Irish English Vocabulary, English/Irish 149 us 1 205 207 213 244The Linguaphone Gael-Lii Irish Course © Your Course has been carefully constructed in the most up-to-date scientific way to build up your knowledge of the language from an absolute beginning to the point where, if you have followed the instructions, you will be able to speak, read, and write the language and to understand it when it is spoken. You will be able to cope confidently wich everyday situations in the country where the lan- ‘guage is spoken. The books and the recordings The Illustrated Book (Cursa Gaeilge) ‘The book contains an Introduction, 48 lessons and a section on the sounds and alphabet of Irish. Eact of fessons 1-12 has two parts. All this material is recorded. Each of lessons 13-48 has a supplementary reading passage (which is not recorded); all these supplementary passages are grouped together in the book after the section on sounds. Some exercises are included in them, preceded by simple instructions, and followed by the correct, answers. The large illustrations in the lessons will help your understanding of the situation on which the text is based, and the small ones will enable you to see the meaning of individual words and phrases. The recordings The professional speakers, who ase all native speakers of the lan- guage, have been carefully selected for their correctness and clarity of speech. The early lessons have been recorded as slowly as possible without distorting the language. Gradually, the speed is increased throughout the course ‘The Introduction and all the lessons, apart from the supplementary reading passages to lessons 13-48, are recorded. ‘Also recorded is a separate section on the sounds Irish, designed to enable you to recognise and practise its key sounds. Refer to this section regularly throughout. the course. Remember that different languages often pronodifce the sarhe etters or combina~ tion of letters in quite different ways. You will notice, for example, “ that the Irish sound “v" may appear very similar to the English sound represented by “v” or very similar to the English sound represented by ““w", Listen carefully to these ranges in sound. This handbook After this section you wil! find 1 Instructions on how to use the course, 2 Some points to note on the grammar and structure of the Jrish language 3A transiation of the Introduction; all the words and structures used in this Introduction are explained when they arise again in the lessons. 4 A guide to each lesson which gives you: 2 A list of new words used in the lesson, Where the form of the ‘word in the text is not the dictionary form, the dictionary form is also given. For idiomatic phrases, the literal meaning of each word is given first, followed by 2 translation of the complete phrase. A translation into English of the Irish text (excluding the supplementary reading passages for lessons 13-48). In this translation a deliberate attempt has been made ¢o use the kind of English widely spoken in Ireland (rather than standard British English), because of its similarity in word-order to Irish, Word for word translation is not attempted. ¢ Notes on the main grammatical and cultural points of the lesson. 5 Supplementary notes which expand various grammatical points presented in each lesson. 6 Appen course. 7 An irish/English alphabetical vocabulary, which lists all the words in the course. The meaning of the words given is only that which ‘occurs in the context. Grammatical information is given where confusion might arise. Lists of the way the regular verbs work are stiven in Appendix 1; the number of its paradigm is also given in brackets after the ver in the vocabulary. Paradigms of the irregular verbs are given in Appendix 2; the basic form of the verb is given in brackets after the verb in the vocabulary. 8 An English/Irish alphabetical vocabulary. s which summarise the grammar presented in theInstructions Regular study and practice with this course is much more efficient than attempting large amounts at irregular intervals. “A little and often’ is preferable to “a lot but seldom”. 1 The Introduction Turn to page 2 in your illustrated book and to the very beginning of your recordings. Study only a few sentences at a time, as follows: 1 Recording First, listen without looking at the text, to get a general impression of the pronunciation. 2 Recording {tlustrated book Listen again and follow the words jn the Teatbook. Try to astociate the sounds you hear with the letters in front of you, Continue until you are able to read the text to yourself (not aloud yet) without referring to the record ings, 3 Handbook Refer 10 the Handbook for the meaning. Each sentence is translated. (No grammatical explanations are given for the Introduction. We just want you to understand the meaning of each sentence. From Lesson 1, explanations are given.) 4 Recording Listen again with the meaning in mind. Continue until you are able (0 understand easily while listening. 5 Handbook Look at the translation and try to recall the Irish sentences. If you are not yet sure of them, listen again. 6 Repeat the same process for the next few sentences. Continue in this way until you have worked through the whole of the Introduction. 2 Lessons 1~12 For each of these lessons: 1 Recording Listen to the recording of Part | once. Don’t try to understand at this stage. Just listen, to, thf spunds of the lan: guage. CO 2 Recording Listen to the recording of Part | several times more. ‘You will find that you are becoming accustomed to the sounds of the language. 3 Recording Mlustrated Book Listen to the recording of Part 1 and follow the text in the book several times, You will now be able to relate what you hear to what you see printed. At the same time, the pictures will help you to understand a little more. 4 Handbook Read the translation of Part 1, Now you will understand the general meaning, 5 Handbook Now try to work out the exact meaning, using the ‘word list in conjunction with the text. Try to understand first of all the meaning of phrases, then of whole sentences. 6 Recording Listen to the recording again now that you under- stand the meaning. Continue to listen until you can understand everything as you hear it. 7 Recording Illustrated Book Read the text to yourself and then read it aloud several times. If you have any doubts about the pronunciation of any word or phrase, listen to that part of the recording again, Refer to the sounds section—at the end of the recordings, and ‘on pages 122-124 of the illustrated book—to check on any particular sound you are not sure of, 8 Now repeat instructions J~7 for Part 2. 9 Handbook Study the notes: these will explain the grammatical and cultural points which you have met in the lesson. For amplification of the grammatical points refer to the supplemen- tary notes to the lesson and to the appendices; these are located after the notes to lesson 48 in this handbook. 3 Lessons 13-48 For each of these lessons: 1 Recording Listen to the recording once. Don't try to under- stand at this stage. Just listen to the sounds .2 Recording Listen to the recording several times more. You will find that you are becoming accustomed to the sounds of the language, 3 Recording Mustrated Book Listen to the recording and follow the text in the book several times. You will now be able to relate what yout hear to what you see printed. At the same time, the pictures will help you to understand a title more. 4 Handbook Read the translation, Now you will understand the general meaning. 5 Hanibook Now (ry to work out the exact meaning, using the word list in conjunction with the text. Try to understand first of all the meaning of phrases, then of whole sentences. 6 Recording Listen to the recording again now that you under~ stand the meaning. Continue to listen until you can understand, everything as you hear it 7 Recording Mlustrated Book Read the text to yourself and then read it aloud several times. If you have any doubts about the pronunciation of any word or phrase, listen to that part of the recording again, Refer to the sounds section—at the end of the recordings, and fon pages 122-124 of the illustrated book—to check on any particular sound you are not sure of, § Handbook—Study the notes: these will explain the grammatical and cultural points which you have met in the lesson. For amplification of the grammatical points refer to the supplemen- tary notes to the Jesson and (0 the appendices. 9 Mlustrated Book Handbook Read and translate the supple- mentary reading passage, using the vocabulary and notes. Where an exercise is provided, follow the instructions which precede it and then check your answers. ee Some Points to Note The Alphabet 1a 12 Ir should be remembered that letters are merely marks on paper, and are not sounds in themselves, They serve as visual representations of sounds. A given letter may represent a particular sound in English, and a different, though perhaps similar sound in Irish. The spelling systere of irish is fairly regular, and when one knows the rules itis possible to deduce what the pronunciation is, While a particular sound may be represented by one letter for sequence of letters, itis usual that any particular combination of letters cepresents only one sound, 2 Vowels: 2a 22 24 25 26 In Irish spelling the vowel-etters are a, €, 1, 0, w. Vowels may be long or short. ‘The vowels in the following words are short: fan wait; mue ‘pig; the vowels in these words are pronounced somewhac similarly to the vowels in the standard British English words font, look. Long vowels are indicated by the accent () being placed over the vowel-letter. The vowels of words such as the following are long: ¢4 where; 26a funch; mich quench. In terms of length these vowels are somewhat similar to the vowels in the standard British English words maw, lorn, food. The distinction between long and short vowels is very important. Notice the difference between ba cows; ba bay'; te hor; 16 tea. Consult the sounds recording for these and other examples. ‘The following letter sequences always represent long vowels, alchough the length accent is not written: eo (a5 6), ae (as é), a0 (as € i): ceo] music; gael Jrishmam; baol danger; daoibh to you @L. ‘The words seo here; deock drink and eochair key are exceptions. In these 0 represents a short vowel The vowel-letter a represents a long vowel before the consonant clusters (id, (De, in all stressed syllables and before ee in ‘monosyllables. Examples: ard high; tharla happened, barr top pronounced ard, thirla, bar.2.7 The vowel-letiers o and u generally represent long vowels before the consonant clusters (ied, (Del, (rn, Examples: bord rable: scornach rhroat; urlar floor; vitlis rool, pronounced bord, se6rnach, drlér, dirlis. 3 Diphthongs: 3.1 A diphthong may be described a5 a combination of two vowels in which che tongue moves from one position towards another. Examples: iar distribute, pronounced with a diphthong roughly like the diphthong in English, dear. suas up, prounced with a diphthong roughly like the diphthong in English, Suez. aghaidh face, pronounced with & diphthong-roughly like the diphthong in English, migit. leabhar book, pronounced with a diphthong roughly like the diphthong in English, our. 3.2 The diphthong represented by agha in aghaidk may be represented by other combinations of feiters in other words. Examples: radhare sight, slew; raidhse plenty feidhim function saighdiir soldier; Saighead arrow; oigheana oven. 33 The diphthong represented by abha in leabhar may be represented by other combinations of letters in other words, Examples feabhra February ; rogha choice; bodhar deaf: amhras doubt: rambat fat 3.4 Diphthongs must be distinguished from long vowels. Contrast words such as the following: dth deficiency, Dia Gad, ti you, tua axe. 4 Consonant 4.1 Generally speaking consonant letters have the same value in Irish as in other languages which use the Roman script. p in peaea sin, is roughly similar to English p in pin, pack. The letter € always represents @ sound roughly similar to that represented bby English k. However some combinations of consonant letters are peculiar. A consonant letter followed by h generally represents a fricative consonant. Thus ph is the same as fin English and ck is the same as ch in German; and in the same way bl and mh represent a fricative which is roughly similsqto,English v in very. gh at the beginning of a word is‘alsb a Tricative. 42 44 4s 46 4a 48 49 ‘Some combinations with h do not represent the corresponding, Fricative in the way that ph corresponds to p. Thus th and sh are pronounced A. fh indicates the elision of f, and note above that bh and mh both represent a sound roughly similar to ¥ in English very. Both gh and dh in word initial represent the same sound, Examples of these sounds are given on the sounds recording. In Irish there are two sets of consonants, The popular terms for these are “broad consonants” and “slender consonants”. The difference between broad and slender consonants depends ‘on the part of the congue which is highest. The front of the tongue i kept high in the mouth during the articulation of a slender consonant. The buck of the tongue is raised for the articulation of a broad consonant. For example, the initial consonant in a word such as lui lie, is “broad” and sounds like the / in standard British English veal, ‘The initial consonant in a word such as li lick, is “slender” and sounds more like the /in standard British English leave. Further examples of broad consonants versus slender consonants in the beginnings of words are: pina puinn bina Duin ti tui ai daoi géill gaell This distinction occurs in all positions in a word. tn a word such, as bainne milk, the n is slender. In a word such as banna band, the mis broad. Similarly in eait (the plural of eat car,) the tis slender, while in cat (the singular) the tis broad. ‘From these examples one can begin to see how the distinction between broad and slender consonants is indicated ia the spelling, Broad consonants in the initial of a word, followed by i are indicated by writing u, 0, or a after the consonant letter. Thus wwe saw that tui has broad ¢ in its initial and is followed by the long vowel i, whereas ti is a slender t followed directly by the spelling for long vowel f, Thus the initial consonant in the following words is broad: tui seraw; bui yellow; Tui Hie. Initial consonants written before 2, 0, w, long or short, are broad, eg: i day; bi bay. Slender consonants in the initial of a word followed by the xiiivowels e, ori, long or short, are represented by the eonsonant letters being followed by the simple spelling for these vowels (Gee note 4.6 above). Thus the form ti represents a slender t followed by the vowel. AA slender consonant jn the initial of a word followed by the vowels a o,u, long or short, is indicated by the etter e being written before 2 oF @ and by the letter i being written before u. ‘Thus led melt, represents a slender I followed by a long a. leo with them, represents a slender | followed by long o (see note 2.5). The letters e and i are used to indicate the slender quality of| consonants which occur in the middle or final position of words. Note the difference between the spelling of eat and cait. ‘There are some exceptions to this rule however. The more important of these are given throughout the course 4.11 The consonant his neutral in regard to being broad or slender, Its represented by the letters hy sb, th, and is pronounced roughly the same as Engiish f, Initial Mutation 1 In general frish words substitute, within a certain sub set, one initial consonant for another according to the position of the words in the sentence. This substitution of consonants can be classified under the terms mentioned below. 2 Leni 2.1 The initial consonant of a word in Irish may change according to the word which precedes it. Thus eapall horse, changes to chapall when preceded by the element & which means his. This change is called lenition. In these notes we will use the symbol” to indicate that a given word requires the lenited form of « following word. Thus a his. 2.2 Lenition iavolves, generally speaking, changing of stop consonants to fricative and the elision off. This is indicated in the spelling bby writing of h after the initial consonant letter. Examples of lenition: capall horse; mo chapall my Aorse, bean woman; aa bhean the woman, 3 Aspiration 3.1 a eapall her horse, does not involve this kind of change but che element a, which means her, involves a change called aspiration in nouns whose initial letter is a vowel. Thus dit place; a hait her place. Aspiration is indicated in these notes by the symbol"— thus a, her. Examples of aspiration: ; sal donkey; a hasal her donkey, athaie father; » bathair her father. 4 Eclipsis: 4.1 Eclipsis involves changing of voiceless stops to voiced stops and voiced stops to nasal consonants, ‘Thus: . capall horse; a geapall their horse; bosea box; ar mbasea ow 60x 4.2. Inthe form a geapall their horse, the jnitial ¢ is changed to g 4s part of the expression of possession, plural number. This ‘change, called eclipsis, is indicated in these notes by the symbol" — thus a§, their. : 4.3 The following are the normal spellings of the substitution secs in initial mutation: p—ph—bp, an piste the child; a phiiste his child; a bpdiste their child b—bh—mb an bord the table; a bhord his table; a mbord their table, t th —t, 2a each the house; a theach his house: a dteach their howse, —nd, an dearthair the brother; a dhearthair his brother a ndearthaie their brother. ¢—ch— ge, an cara the friend; a chara his friend; 9 geara their friend. g—gh —ng, an giirdin the garden; a ghairdin his garden; 1a ngéirdin their garden. {th —Dhf, an freagra the answer a bhfreagea their answer. 3—sh— am seomra the room; a sheomra his room; m seomra their room. ‘an dit the place; a hdit her place; a wit cheir place. Mhreagra his answer; Inflections 1 Words in Irish indicate their grammatical function by changing their shapes in other ways apart from initial mutation. These other ‘changes can be termed inflexions, the principal of which are briefly described here.Nouns A nous is a word which ean function as the subject or object of @ Sentence, and is subject to inflexion for a number, and b case, Examples: 4 the MAN left, the MEN lef. 2 the MAN’S hat. a phreab an cat rhe cat hopped, phreab na eait the cats hopped. b eiceball eat a car's tail ‘Thus, combining ‘iciat mutation and inflexions the Irish noun eat thas, for example, the following forms in the singul Nom. sing. a unlenited: Té an eat amseo. The cat is here. D lenited: T& mo chat anseo. My cat is here. € eclipsed: TA dr geat anseo. Our car is here. Genitive Sing. 2 unlenited: eireball cait a car's ail b lenited the cat's tail eclipsed: 3 Masculine and Feminine nouns 3A In frish grammar nouns are categorised either masculine of feminine: “The distinction is made on the basis ofthe following features: 1 With few exceptions the pronouns substituted for nouns agree with them io gender: Examples ‘Sin é an bosca. Cuir ar table Sin fan finaeog, Oscalb. That is the window. Open it ‘The most important exception to tis rule is eal girl, Which though grammatically a masculine word, has the feminine pronouns fs substituted for it b In some consicutions gender determines the seetion of lenition rules in noun clauses, Examples: CChonsie mé an fear beag I saw the srt! man CChonale md a0 ean bheag. 1 saw the small worwn Gee note Lon adjectives and notes 1 and 2 onthe article). ¢ The form taken By a noun inthe genitive singular is partly governed by its gender. The gente forms are given inthe ots on the varius clases af ngens. (see note 1 lesson 17). ore ‘bord é That is the box. Put it on the 3.2 The gender of the nouns occurring in this course is given in the dictionary. 3.3. We can now observe how features of initial mutation, inflexion and gender occur: a Masculine: in € an fear. That is the mar. in & hata an fhir, That is the man’s hat. | $F tram fen has changed i orm to indicate possesion or i sett and therfore aid to bein the ponetv or ative one Further examples of masculine nouns: ‘Té an bord briste, The table is broken. ‘Ta cos an bhoird briste. The leg of the table is broken. } Sin € an bétbar. Tha (s the road. ‘Ta Sedn i lar an bhéthair. Secin isin the middle of the road. » Feminine 1 Sim { an bhean. That is the woman. Sin & hata na mui, That (3 the woman's hat. That is the street. ‘Té an teach ag barr na stdide, The house is at the top of the street. ‘Sin § an bhrég. That is the shoe. ‘cate, The heel of the shoe is worn. 4 Verbs 41 Ia addition to their basic meaning, €.8. sil walk, lubhair speak, the verbal forms express distinctions of time or fense, Le, when the event takes place, and distinctions of attitude or mcod, i. speakers view of the event. The aspects distinguished in are Past, Present, Future, Imperative, Conditional and Subjunctive. b The complete set of forms expressing all these distinctions for any verbs the inflexion of the verb. Patterns of inflexions are Called conjugations. The inflexions of regular verbs are given in ‘Appendix 1. Those of irregular verbs are given in Appendix 2. 42. Examples of inflexion for tense: 1a The cat jurps. The cas jumped. preab hop{jump. This is the root form of the verb. This is the form used in giving an order to one person, b The lenited form is used to indicate past tease, thus: de Phreab an cat The cat jumped. Ceeee ere ee «The root form followed by the inflected form -faidh after broad consonants or -fdh after slender consonants, indicates future tense, thus: Preabfaidh an cat. The cat will jump. Rithtidh an eat, The cat wil ru 43 Note thatthe usual word order of sentences in Irish is verb, subject (noun), object (noun) and that adjectives normally follow the nouns they qualify. Thus: Bhuail Sean an eat mér, Sedn struck the big cat. Phreab an cat ar an mbord. The cat jumped ov the table. 4.4. The great majority of verbs in Irish are regular. In the case of regular verbs the imperative form e.g. in—1s in in an doras close|shut the door, may be regarded as the root from which all other forms of the verb derive. Thus the forms of the regular verb di, like peeab, are: iin an doras. Close the door hin mé an doras. 1 closed the door Diinfaidh mé an doras, 7 will close the door. (Gee note on preab above). 4S Thote are two major classes of regular verbs. These we call the first and second conjugations 4.6 Verbs that end in -faidh, or -fidh in the third person singular, future tense are said to bein the fist conjugation. Examples: Diinfsidh sé he wil close Brisfidh sé he will break Otfaiah sé he will drink 4.7. Verbs that end in -6idh or -oidh in the thied person singular, future tense are sid to bein the second conjugation Examples: Ceannéidh 56 he will buy ’ Toséidh sé he will Begin Baileoidh s&- he wil collect 4.8 ‘The forms of verbs can express distinction of person and number ice. they ean express who was involved in the action and how many were involved in the action. The persons distinguished are referred to as Ist person ie. the speaker, 2nd person i. the person spoken to, the 3rd person, the pergonfingken of. ‘The numbers distinguished are singular and plural ( . 49 4.0 a Examples: Singular Ist person: téim ag foghlaim / am learning 2nd person: t4 ti ag foghlaim your are learning 3rd person ti sé/si ag foghlaim he!she is learning Plural Ist person: tdimid ag foghlaim we are learning 2nd person: ta sibh ag fogblaim you are learning 3rd person: t4 siad ag foghlaim they are learning Singular Ist person: deirim 1 say 2nd person: deireana tit you say 3d person: deireann sé,si he she says Plural Ist person: deirimid we say 2nd person: deireann sibh you say 3rd person: deireann siad they say. ‘There is a further form deirtear which avoids expression of person. ‘This is an impersonal form and corresponds to the use of one in English, Thus, deirtear, means one suys or itis said. ‘There is also a form referred to as the verbal noun. This is formed. from the verb but functions as a noun. The verbal noun corresponding to the verb léigh read is léamh, Thus we may say "Ta léamh agam J can read; TA an nuachtén 4 \éamh agam / am reading the newspaper; Téim ag léamh [am reading. See also note 5 Lesson 1 and note 2 Lesson 8, “The various forms of the regular verbs are given in Appendix 1. ‘The numbers in brackets after these verbs, in the vocabulary, refer to the number given them in the Appendix. ‘There are, however, a number of irregular verbs, and, as in other Tanguages, these are among the verbs most commonly used. Examples: ‘igh go cchuaigh went rachaidh will go Tt will be noticed that irregular verbs change their root form in various tenses. All forms of the irregular verbs which you may reed are given in Appendix 2. When a form other than the imperative is used in the text the imperative form is given in brackets in the vocabulary. leeee aT EEE IEEE ESE ESET EET SEE SE ESET ESET RCT ERSTE SET SE TEE TES COTE SETESETEIOTEEOTEEESTS ORIENT EETIERTEEENICOHIEEICEEREE 5 Adjectives 81 Adjectives are the qualifiers of nouns: ‘The BIG man, che sWALL dog. {In Irish adjectives are inflected for number and case. Example: mér big an cat mér the big cat na cait mhéra the big cats 6 The Article 61 62 63 The definite article specifies particular items or individuals. Thus fear man or a mon; an fear the man, (Note that in Irish there is no word corresponding to English a) In Jrish there are a number of forms of the definite article. Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Nom. ant (ant) ant alt Gen. ant nat ma’ Dat an’ an’ nat (sith prepositions other than do, de, i), ‘We have already seen that an‘ indicates lenition; an’ indicates eclipsis; na" indicates aspiration. an™ indicates that t- is prefixed to a following vowel See notes on lenition, eclipsis and aspiration, See also note in Appendix on the article. 7 Pronouns 7A 72, 13 14 ‘The independent pronouns are: amé me; tis you; $6, & he, him; si, sind, iad shey, them, A feature of Irish isthe existence of inflected forms of pronouns corresponding to preposition and pronoun in some other European languages ? Thus on me is orm: ot ow is rts on him sai on her i wrth ‘Thus prepositions in Irish are inflected in a way which s reminiscent of verbal infections. Many examples ogcus thfoughout the lessons and full able are given in the notes, () Introduction Hello! Lam Tomas 6 Néill, Tam Irish Tam a teacher, I know Irish. You don’t know Irish, You are learning Irish. That is the book. That is the record. ‘That is the tape, Read the book. Listen to the record. Teacher Hellot Student Hello! Teacher Are you a teacher? Student I'm a student. I'm not a teacher. Teacher Have you much Trish? Student No. Thave but a little trish. Teacher Are you learning Irish? Student V am. Teacher Have you an Irish book? Student Yes. Vhave books and records. Teacher Where are they? Student The records are on the player which is on the table. The books are on the chair. Teacher This is my friend Sean. Sein Hell Tam Seén 6 Bri Tam at home. Lam sitting on a soft chair in the sitting room. This is my friend Phaiaig, Padraig Hello! Jam Padraig Mac Geacailt. Tam talking to my friend. Thave other friends too.{es the Conn: ih Lam Osten, Ceacht a hAon (1) Céard a rinne Padraig? in Spain and in Germany. Tiked it very much. \ Lesson one (1) What did Padraig do? We had a very nice holiday. We were very successful on our journey. Uhave a little French. Words in this lesson Liam doesn’t know any French but he knows Spanish and German, exact () lesson éird? what? Péraig Have you records and a payer? eee iam dean) a ‘ow Uhave, They are on the table, ee ee ee cee tiyou Pédraig Where is your book? Pract eee You U have the book in my hand. Gh ehéad the frst. do your Parag "Very wel Pat another reord on the player and listen to sata tatiana days 0 day) 7 ae ‘Sean (m) John laethanta saoire holidays: sin Seda that is John ni dhearaa (Jean) did not OD is miteme sthe sn any na in is rl (m) thing sai siting eh But, except ti sina shui he is siting snimh Swim in aice near ais and athe fu (to) ie tine (/) fre fasin under the Pdraig (m) Patrick arian (7) sun seasamh standing Ravens probably, I suppose 0 sar () that centre Tesceotr (idler, lazy person seorra (m) room ar fad altogether, entirely Sad they saint () talk, speech (hea no fg cant talking Imbuise indeed tewith inaon chor at all le cle together an not directly transttable tiisiad ag caint le chile they are_ st in the {aiking (peaking) to each other Fine (7) France salgh (9 OD sit an sa Flaine? was it in France? e fios down taith (®) @) spend anseo here fchaitht6 that you spent 2 Phidratg Patrick! temall(n) space of time, time, while aron Gearmin J) Germany tathaoi () chair chomh as, equally with 7 bog soft ‘chomh maith also, as well maith good ‘honaic (Eel) sa deat at you morn many, a lot fo raibh maith aga thank you tréedn fontas many wonders ve GH : = bisaneen mit dom to me this ei 30, thenSERS EES SESS ES EE SEES SESE SSS TEE ET OEE SUES SEE CORSET COTE SOTESETESOTESOTEEOTETOTETOTE TOT TOT ECON COTIECEOIOTEE 4] atin a tot, much igin some, certain Shoat (it) heard mae feghatm 0) (138 learn ahech, Chogllaim armed Src rol Go hing We day Translation Part Ove Tréchiaire That is Seén. He is sitting near the fie. That is Padraig, He i standing in the middle ofthe room. They ate speaking to each other. Sean Sit down here Padraig on the-soft chair. Padraig Thank you Seén. Sean Tell me what you did during your holidays. Pédraig 1 did nothing but swim and lie in the sun. Seéx You must be very lazy now. Padraig No indeed. ‘Seén Did you spend all your holidays in France? Pédraig No. I spent some of them in Germany and I spent a while in Spain also. Sein You saw many wonders then ‘édralg saw alot and I heard ot, | earned something new every . Part Two Padraig is sitting on the soft chair near the fire. He is talking to Seén, Padraig spent his holidays in France, in Spain and in Germany. He spent some time every day swimming and lying in the sun. He did not do a lot during his holidays but he heard a lot and he saw many wonders. He saw a lot of things every day and he learned much as well Notes 1 Ceacht a haon Lesson one, Where the numeral follows a noun it appears in the form used in counting: a haon, a3, at et, Compare aon cheacht amhdin one lesson: ceach a haon feston one. (When aon means ane, the noun is always folloGediby ambi) Dh cheacht to lessons; cexcht 2 46 lesson tno, ( ‘An chéad cheacht the first lesson, Céad first is followed by the 1 lenited form of a noun, and the lenited form of eéad, ie. chéad is, always used following the forms of the Definite Article Examples: ‘An fear, an chéad fhear. the man, che first man. An capall, ap chéad chapall: the horse, the first horse Sin é Sean. That is Sedn. Sentences of this kind may be regarded as not containing a verbal form. Examples: ‘Sein ‘Sen Sin {an bosca That is the box ~ an bord the table Maire ‘Maire Sinf 4 an fhuinneog That is4 the window an chathaoi the chair Note that the pronoun é is used with masculine nouns, & with feminine nouns, Ta sé he is. (See Appendix 2). ‘Ta sé ina shui he is sitting. This construction is used with a number of verbal nouns which express state or condition. Examples: the Present Tense of the Irregular Verb bi. {chénai ( living sheasamh | standing Ta séina 4 tui Heiss lying chodlade sleeping (asleep) dhiiseacht waking (awake) ‘See supplementary notes to this lesson. In aice near, lt. n proximity (of)- ‘An tine the fire. In aice is followed by the genitive or possessive form. Tine is a feminine noun. The na¥ form of the article is used with the Genitive of feminine nouns. See earlier note on possessive form. Examples (nominative form in brackets): fone ic” nee fei Ta sé im | np Jeapa (an leaba) the bed ace (na scoite (an scoil) the school Tir an tseomra in the centre of the room. Seomra room, is a masculine noun and here is in the genitive or possessive position in the sentence, The form of the article required in this context is an‘. Lenition of s after the article is expressed by mutating to O10 n 2 13 SesSseeetSeeeSSsESERESESEtesttSESCOESESEREIECETSESSIESEIESI TS SStStSCSTSOSSSECSSSeSEtSESE SEE TEEMNNEE £, written ts, (The inital clusters st, se, sm, sp, sf are not lenited), Examples Doras aa tseomra the door of the room Teach an tsagairt che priest's house Yn aice an tsiopa near the shop but, t6in an stéin the bottom of the tin deireadh an seéil the end of the story a Lin. The preposition j, an eclipsing form, eclipses a following noun, It is written ia when the following noun begins with a vowel Examples: {i mbosea in a box; 1 geathaie in a ct in Eirinn in Jreland; Inam in time >» For details of the eclipsing mutation see supplementary notes to this lesson, 1 Ta siad they are. The verb is normally the first word and is followed by the subject, This order is not changed wher a ‘question is asked, but the verb is preceded by an interrogative particle, and in the case of some irregular verbs by a dependent focm of the verb also. Thus: an Dhfuil said? are they? b See also note &, lesson 2. ag eaint speaking. Note the use of the preposition ag with the verbal noun in expressing the progressive aspect. Examples: ‘4 Sed ag seriobh Sede ts writing {6 Seda ag léamh Seén is reading Té Seam ag miineadh Sedn is teaching 8 Phidraig Padraig, a, a vocative particle is used when addressing People directly, but often in conversational speech the vowel ais clided and only lenition of the initial consonant remains an geathaoir on the chair. Except when the initial consonant is 4 or t, an®, is the form of the article used when the article is Preveded by any one of the following prepositions: ag ar; ar on; 4s out of; chuig t0; faoi under; le with; 6 from; thhe over tri through, Examples ‘Ti an dosea ar an mbord. Zhe box is on the table. ‘Ta Seéa ar an geathaoir. Sedn is on the chair. ‘Té an leabhar ar an biuianeog. The Ocbk ison he wndow, ‘Té an peann ar an bpdipéar. The pen ison the paper. 14 a Bog soft. The singular form of a feminine noun, except in the genitive lenites a following adjective. Hence: ar an geathaoir bhog on the soft chair. b Note also the order of the words in this phrase. See also note 2 ‘on Verbs in the introduction to these notes. Further examples are given later in the course. 15 nis dom rel (10) me. See supplementary notes to this lesson. 16 a Rinne Did. Rime isthe past tense of the irregular verb déan ‘The direct question would be: eéaed a rinne ti? what did you do? D_ Further examples: - [ mé I ti you sé he Céardarinne 4 si Whar 5 she do? | amar (mui) we sibh you (ou Ley «¢ Note the fest person plural isthe only inflected form. Many dialects of Irish have regularised this pattern by the development of muid as the form of the first person plural which can then be used both as the subject and object of verbs eg. Bhuail muid é. #¥ struck him; Buail sé muid. He struck us Ie is not normal to use the older fist person plural sian as the subject of a verb. Thus: bhuall sinn é, would be very infrequent. 17 a Dolaethanta saore your holidays do isa possessive pronoun as English your. The possessive pronouns ace mot my; dot your; at his; a her: &e® our; bhut™ your: a® thir Examples: mo mhila (chéta, bhosca, pheann) my bag (coat, box, per), do mhita (chathaoir, theach, bhord) your bag (chair, howe, rable). ‘a mhila (dhinnéar, ghluaistein) his bag (dinner, car). a mila (gina, pdipéar) her bag (dress. paper). fr mila (geéta, mbosca, bpeann) our bag (coat, box, pen. Bhur mhéta (geathaoir, teach, mbord) your bag (chair, hows, table) a mila (ndinnéar, ngluaisteda, bpsipeat) their bag (dinner, car, paper) [Note that these words never receive strong stess. Note that since I,m, ¥ are not affected by initial mutation18 9 21 a leabhar might mean his, her or their book. In such instances the sense is understood from the context, Ni dhearna mé aon rod. I did not (do) anything; I did nothing. This is a further example of the point mentioned in Note 10 above. Examples: Shuig Piaraigsios. Padraig sat down. (Chair mé an leabhar ar an mbord. [put the Bok on ihe table. ‘teas si ar an gem. She stood on the sep. Lui faoin agian 10 lie nthe sun See supplementary notes to this lesson. 1s décha i is probable, i is likely. This impersonal form is often used where we would use / suppose in English. as décha gar leisccoirar fad anois th. J suppose (oka) you are 4@ lazy person (an idler) entirely now. (Note the word order). b The word is expresses the connection or relationship between two things ond is called the copula, It does not have a complete set of inflexions like other verbs inthe language and its forms are very inregular. The various forms of the copula are given in the table in Appendix 2, Thus is in the sentence is leiscevi t, you ‘are a lazy person, is replaced by the dependent form gur wien preceded by is décha (which takes a dependent claus). The form is gurb when itis followed by a stressed vowel. Examples: Is Splinneach . He is « Spaniard. 1s décha gue Spiinneach &. suppose he isa Spaniard. Is fear mér & He isa big man. Is décha gur fear mér . 1 suppore he isa big man. Is Eireannach &, He is an Irishman. Is décha gurb Eiveannach &. I suppose he isan Irishman. Is Eorpach & He is a European 1s décha gurb Eorpach é. 7 suppose he is @ European. Is amadin &. He i a fool. Is décha gurb amadén & I suppose he is a fool. Ni hea no. Nii the negative form of is. Ea it, s used only with the ‘copula, This is the form ofthe negative response tg,questioas of this construction. Further examples are given in the next note. 4 An sa Fhraine a chaith ti do shauce ar fad? Was itn France (Chat) you spent your entre holidays (all your holidays)? Did you spend all your holidays in France? b TI, in combines with the definite article (an).tofforhn sam before Pry 25 26 2” vowels and before fh followed by a vowel. In all other cases the 4] form is sa‘, Examples: ‘An sa Fhraine a chaith ti do shaoire? Was it in France you spent ‘your holiday? Ni hea. Ni sa Fhraine a chaith mé mo shavire. No. [1 was not in France I spent my holiday. ‘An san uisce (water) a chuir ta €% Wats it in the water you put it? Chaith mé J spent. The lenition of the initial consonant is a mark of past tense, Examples: C: spend, throw Chaith mé J spent, J threw close Dhiin mé closed Cai put Chuir mé 7 put The complete past tense is given in Appendix 1 Moran iontas many wonders, Here mérén a large amount is followed by the genitive plural of the noun. The genitive plural and the nominative singular have the same form in many nouns. Examples: Is fontas &. 11 is a wonder. Té mérin iontas ann. There are many wonders there, a lin much, many, is interchangeable with mérén, Examples: Chonaie mé a lan, J saw much, I saw a lot ‘Chonaic mé a lin iontas. J saw much'many/a lot of wonders. D'fhoghlaim mé, / learned. In the past tense d’ is prefixed to verbs the roots of which begin with a vowel or f—followed by a vowel. Lenited f is elided in pronunciation. Examples: D'6l sé he drank Didist sé he listened’ D'tooghlaim mé Gaeilge. J learned Irish. D'thag sé Bie. He left Jreland.Ceacht a Dé (2) Sa seomra suite Lesson two (2) . In the sitting room New words in this lesson 20 mall slowly si()her, she it fin self, itself ‘ma ti si mall féin alge if he has it slow itself Le. even if he speaks it slowly rémhaith too well tulg (») @) understand tuigeann understands a thuigeann sé that he understands ‘fach however ruair when ‘80 maith well labhraionn (+) (10) speaks ai not 46 two dara second jad they, them sin iad these are, those are seomra suite sitting room ‘én? which? what? cui part ‘cén chuid which part en of the Eoraip (/) Europe leat with you fs fearr is best 4s fearr leat you prefer om with me (Veeland nd than to 4it(f) place, locality ar bith any tile other bith eile any other place fios knowledge agam at me tia fhios sin agam I know that (continent ‘mér-roina na hEorpa continent of Europe, continertal Europe até that is exist (/) question ati | gceist agam Ihave in question, mean is maith liom I like imér big, large go mée very much an- very eas nice freisin also, too nach? this isthe nezative form of an? nach bhfuil Fraincis agat? have vou ‘not French? 18 (BD yes (in answer ro an bhfuil?. ‘nach bhfall?) rolnnt some Francis (f) French Language roinnt Fraincise some Freach Deagén a little ‘Spiinnis (f) Spanish Language « beagin Spalinise alittle Spanish 1 (@) fide cannot ni fei Hom I cannot Gearmiins () German Language son Ghearminis any German rerun 2 labhalrt to speak aol way, manner cen ehaoi? how rar sin therefore, then righ (0) ©) succeed ‘righ leat did you succeed mp ourney do tras your journey Bi OD) was Liam (np William Indra eet avait (0) 5 {2 Tabhairt na Gearmélnise alge he can speak German batt (0, dail Gearminis age? has be "German? does he know German? (i) that further les that he could seriobh to write Aiea alos aga id’ know {0 ralbh aon Gbearmiials alge that he had any German is flr els he can habe 4 + = dune (m) person. 16 very, extremely, most, too (G0) tapaidh quickcly) Translation . Part One Trdcheaire There are Sedn and Pédraig. They are in the sitting-room, Pédraig is sitting on the chair, Sedn Which part of Europe do you prefer Padraig? Pédraig 1 prefer Ireland to any other place. ‘Sedn Oh! I know that, 1 mean Continental Europe. Padraig \like France very much, but Germany and Spain are very nice too. Sedn You know French, do you not? Pédraig Ido. Uhave a little French and a little Spanish, but I cannot speak any German, ‘Seén How then did you get on on your journey? Padraig Liam was with me and he speaks German. ‘Sedn Oh! Has he German? I knew he could read and w: but I didn’t know he had any German. Pédraig He can speak it slowly, but he's good even if he is slow. He doesn’t understand it too well, however, when people speak quickly to him. ite Spanish, Part Two PAdraig and Sedn are sitting in the sitting room, Sean knows that Padraig spent his holidays in Europe. Padraig likes the continent of Europe but he prefers Ireland to any other place. He can speak French. He knows some Spanish too but he does not understand any German. He was successful on his journey however, Liam can speak German and he was with Padraig on the trip. Sean knew that Liam could read and write Spanish but he did not know that he knew German, Pidraig told him that Liam could speak German slowly.2 Notes 1 a Té siad shey are, Ta is the present tense form of the verb bi 10 be. ‘You should pay particular attention to sentences in which forms of this verb are used. Its use should be distinguished from that of the copula, Whereas the copula can be thought of as having connective of relative meaning (Is fear Sein. John is a man), td and the other forms of bi are used in the expression of position, state, condition etc. (Ta Sein anseo, breoite John is here, is sick). Compare the following examples: Ta Sean anseo. Sedn is here. Is fear Sean, Sedn is a man. Ta bosca ar an mbord, There is a box on the table. Is bosea é sin. That is a box. Ta, unlike is has a complete though somewhat irregular set of inflexions, b Watch for further examples in the various lessons, ‘See Appendix 2 for full paradigm. 2 Tiisiad sa seomra. They are in the room. Further examples: Tim (seomra am) (room tata | scomra suite you are | sitting-room tisé | seomraleapa he is | im Jbedveo sa 2 seomra folctha ste isthe 4 bathroom seomra bia weare [| dining-room you are} ‘hey are ) den Eoraip which part of Europe. Cé which, what ombines with the dite artic (a) to form cén, Similarly eof combines with ant form den : by Note that we do not use the genitive frm of Eoraip in this Setnce. The pepsin de aber ha he eit es eal used to express this aritvesese eg uid dent par ofthe country sata dew bunch a group of the boys. Th movin arg aig, He has much money. TA morin den argead alge. He has mcf the money. (Sec supplementary notes to this lesan for the petsonal inflected forms ofthe preposition de) ¢ 4 a Is fearr leat you think it better i. you! préfer. In these notes we refer to words like lest with you, as personal inflected forms of prepositions. See also note J on pronours. bb The word leat, is formed from ley thus: Cén chuid den Foraip is fear le Padraig? Which part of Europe does Picraig prefer? Cén chuid den Eoraip is fearr leat? Which part of Europe do you prefer? © By using the different persons of the inflected preposition we can make several new sentences from the original one. Examples: @ . : (ou) tie i Ge) Cén chuid den < Eoraip < is fearr 4 tei (she) (domhan | | ting (we) lbh (you) eo (they) [Na dit ar bith elle ro any other place. Many words particularly words like nd have different English equivalents depending on the position in a sentence in which we find them, Careful study of the ‘examples in the lessons will ensure that you use them properly. a Téa fhios agam, J have its knowledge. This is the normal way of expressing / know. The verb bi is used with the proposition ag at, ‘by to express the meaning fo have; thus: Té leabhar ag Seén, Sedn has a book. Tia fhios ag Sedn, Sedn knows, Ti a fhios alge, He knows. A complete list of the inflected forms of ag ar, by will be found in the supplementary notes to this lesson, Js i Mér-roinn na hEorpach ata i gceist agam. /t is Continental Europe that I have in question'that I mean. The word até is the relative form of td and relates back to Mér-roinn na hEorpach. Note this type of relative construction used for emphasis: ‘Ta Padraig anseo. Padraig is here. Is € Padraig ata anseo. Ix is Pédraig who is here. Ta sé sa seomra, He is in the roon Is sa seomra ata sé. 11's in the room he is, he is in the room. ‘Té an Fhraincis agat, nach bafuil? You have (a knowledge of) French, have you not? Nach is a form of the negative used in asking questions. The positive form in questions is an, Note also the use of the definite article where it would not be required in English, u 210 u 2 Compare the following Statement: Té an Fhraincis agat. You have French i.e, you know French. . ‘Question: An bhfuil an Fhraineis agat? Have you French? Do you Know French? ‘Statement: Nil am Fhraincis agat. You have not French. i. you do not know French. Question: Nach bhfuil an Fhraincis ag do you not know French? 2 Have you not Freach? i.e. nach bhfuil an Ghaellge an Ghearmainis agat? an bhfuil an Béarla (an) leabhar an Ghaeilge rish: an Ghearméinis German; an Béarla English (an) leabhar (the) book. : ‘Ta roinnt . .. Note the genitive form following roinnt and beagin. See note 25, lesson 1, and nate 3 in this lesson. nil aon Ghearmainis agam. / have nat any German, I have not German. ie. I don’t know any German. Note further examples of aoa any. Examples: ( Ghaeilge ‘An bhfuil Bhéarla Nil {aon { mhila L bhosea | chathaoir (Gaeilge Irish; Béarla English; mala bag; bosea box; eathaoir chair.) In éineacht liom rogesher with me, with me, Its also permissible to say bhi Liam liom Liam was with me. Bhi a fkios agam gurbh fheidir leis. knew (shar) he could. Bhi is the past tense form of the verb bi. Gurbh is the past dependent form of the copula. (Compare with note 21 Lesson 1). gurbh is the form used before a vowel or before fh followed by & vowel. “The form gurt is used before a consonant. = Examples his This agam gurbh& Prag Di ges sige. knew that twas Pédraig (that) he meant. (A bbi—like ati—is the celative form; here as with most verbal forms the relative particle a is written separately). See note 6 above. e Ts Gearminach € He isc German. *¢ fy Ts décha gur Gearménach &, J suppose he'is & Gerinan. 2B 4 15 Dirt sé gur Ghearminach é. He said that he was a Germon. Ditirt sé gurbh Eorpach €, He said that he was a Europea. Is décha gurb Eorpach & J suppose that he is a Europeas. ‘Chuala mé gur Ghearmanach a chonaic é 1 heard that it was a German wo saw him (i.) a [a labhairt go mall (0 speak it slowiy. Note the use of i as a pronoun for Gearminis which is a feminine noun. The general sule is that the pronouns si and i are used when substituting for nouns which are grammatically feminine. (See note on feminine ‘and masculine nouns). Sé and é are used when substituting for ‘nouns which are grammatically masculine. b Mall siow, is another example of an adjective. (It tells us something about a noun). Note again the order of the words: Bus mall a slow bus Eitledn mall ¢ slow aeroplane. € The words used to qualify words other than nouns and pronouns are called adverbs. When such words are used to define the action of a verb, ie. when they are used adverbially, they are preceded by an unstressed word go'which has roughly the meaning of -ly in English. Thus go mall slowly; go tapaidh quickly ; go maith wel. Examples: go mall. Is féidir leis an Ghaeilge a labhairt 4 go tapaidb. go maith, Nuair when. This word is not interchangeable with cathain when, Cathain is used in questions. Nuair is the connective or relative form. Examples: Bij mé anseo m down. Chonaie mé Sed nuair a bhi s sa seomra. I saw Sedn when he was in the room. Cathain a bhi Sein sa seonira? When was Sedn in the room? Cathain a shuigh sé sios? When did he sit down? But cathain is also used in the indirect question. Thus: [Nila fhios agam cathain a shuigh sé sios. don’t know when he sat down. ‘An Fhraine, An Ghearindin, Note the use of the definite article with these words. The nouns are lenited following the article an This is one of the marks of feminine nouns. See note 1 (b) on masculine and femirtine nouns, Note also the position of these ‘words in the sentences of this lesson. a shuigh sé sios. J was here when he sat3 Ceacht a Tri (3) Ceirnini Lesson three (3) Records New words in this lesson tr thee 16 () business tr ond Scotntan sean gi wil do ce combat in front of sta (np sto! air ign ee some other time fee Ohi ee tap (hase im sce tr inp tape, on & tape feinteie (payer fan (9 ty wat (np rovers) noid) mite ord Gm) sabe thcohaidy Cai) wil ge sin there {Stead (m evorder thog (abhai) brought Bae (m) hindranee sto ahha homeward (to) home i buc ley never ings don't bother ora on me {Gorm I must ‘cupla couple, pair, few Imigh (v) (9) go, depart ean (move heed imei ae ita cana (© few ta orm fence T must go anu two seagoing Ghd cheann Frainise wo in French godt eannigh (©) @) buy, purchase Slop (shop Sleaaaign | bout 2 alg 6 a ipa going tothe Gaeilge (f) Irish Language ‘shop Beara Cn) English Language tdim 9 Tam sera then thn ine empha om of im eave acu one of them tom there seinn (©) @D pay (ase) Ta Gn) tobacco 2 shin fo psy tain from me Gato you, for 908 ta tobe ulm 1 want tobacco tris ( @) break tr maith leat? woud you Ie? trite roken tein (m ceaete tan OD ply tee not tseuma it doesnt mater ior maith om I would nt like team @) fr do itp (m) ive etm) Be Translation Part Ove Trdchtaire PAdraig is sitting on the chai¢before thf fife. Sein is on the - stool. “ Sein 1 sce the record player on the table there. Did you bring any znice records home with you this year? Pédraig 1 did, 1 got a few very nice ones indeed. I brought two French ones and two Spanish ones, and I bought one in Irish and one in English as well, but I can't play any one of them for you now. The player is broken. Sean That's a pity, but it doesn't matter. It will do some other time. Padraig 1 have some on tape here. Just a moment, and I'l get the tape-recorder. Sedn Don't bother about it Pédraig. I must go. I'm going to the shop. Pédraig_ I'm going there too. | want tobacco. Sedn Would you like a cigarette? Padraig No thanks. { have a pipe. Part Two ‘There are Sean and Pédraig together before the fire. Padraig is on the soft chair and Sean is on the stool. Pdraig brought a couple of very nice records home with him, from the continent of Europe. He bought two in France and two in Spain, He bought one in Irish and one in English also. He probably bought them in Ireland, ‘The records are near the record player on the cable. He would like to play them for Sean but he cannot. The player is broken. He has a couple on tape. He can play them on the recorder but Sean must go. He mast go to the shop. Pédraig is going to the shop also. He wants tobacco. Notes 1 0s comhair in front of is followed by the genitivé case, Example: ‘Shuigh Seém os combair na tine. Sed sat in front of the fire. 2 a Ar thug ti... . leat? Did you bring... with you? b As mentioned already we do not have words in Irish corresponding exactly to English yes or no. Instead we use the positive or negative form of the verb used in the question. ‘Ar thug té leat €2 Did you bring tt with you? Thug. Yes, I did. Nior thug. No, 1 did not. ‘Ar cheannaigh Sein &? Did Sedn buy it? Cheannaigh. Yes, he did, Nior cheannaigh. No, he did not. 3It is common practice also not to repeat the independent pronoun in such answer-forms. Thus, thug not thug mé, a dh cheann oo (hea, one). Note the use of abit two, ' Forther examples of this use of ceann; ) (D take want Seén? ana go bred the day is fre Cogan wl take nt Seén? _ buiochas (m) thanks, gratitude, dosaen dozen ‘Sedn Are these apples ‘et a thankfulness sear ake Bean an Ti They are very sweet. {got them in only today te with to icon enough suficien Sein Til take a dozen then brioche Dia thanks be to God cert go ee ight enough, very Well pee ey tome aero a oe ree eae se 1 you (ed cia ve rine, ten, eleven, twelve, Twelve altogether. {have oer fruit 3 wel rom you (9 “4 7 2 ‘These peaches and pears are very tasty. lard ath aibR? what do you want? Sesch seven tunsa (m) ounce ¥ tr cenreishe Seén Ihave enough now, but give me six bars of chocolate. How sims empfatc form of sim, from tat sine much is that altogether? fa eich ten Bean an Ti Sixty pence. Thanks. Good-day now. taobactaimse I want tbo tag "tean” sepia toil (will ‘a haon déag cleven ‘Sedn agus Pddraig Good-bye. todo thai if you wily pease tesdvagine = pease re sume ooo / saghas sort, kind, variety torthai (m) fruits Sean and Padraig went to the shop. They wanted cigarettes and cla sah ist? what kind do pineal) (echo) tobaceo, The shopkeeper (woman ofthe house) was in the shop. She jouwan? ora) io) peaks) fle aa cineal kind, class blasta delicious, tasty spoke to them. - » G4 Padraig bought tobacco but he did not buy anything else. He paid twenty pence for it. Sein bought cigarettes and fruit and chocolate also He paid sixty pence forthe things he bought. Teacher Who spoke to Sein and Pidraig? Student The shopkeeper spoke to them. Teacher Did Sean and Pédraig speak to the shopkeeper? Student They did Teacher Did Sein buy tobacco? Student He did not Teacher Did Padraig buy tobacco? Student He did Teacher What kind of tobacco did he buy? Student He bought fragrant tobacco. Teacher How much tobacco did he buy? Student One ounce. Teacher Did he buy anything else? Student He did not Teacher What did Sein buy? Student Cigarettes, apples and chocolate, Teacher How many apples did he buy? Student dozen. Teacher How much chocolate did he buy? Student Six bars. Teacher What kind of fruit did the shopkeeper have? ‘Student Apples and peaches and pears. Notes 1A eheanach fo buy From ceanaigh by. Note the word order of the phase chu tall w chenanchie buy egrets It for cigarettes to buy. 2 a Dia God, daoibh to you (plural). This is a common salutation. Covrespondng to English hel god dy, goodevenng et, Dia dit s ved when salting one person oul b The epi Diao Maire dt (o one person) of Dials Maire Gaoibh (eo more than ne)--Go and Ary to you Dut and Gaoibh are the standard wien forms ofthese words In this txpresion, owever, dle sully pronounced dhl and daoibh, dhaoibh, ¢ Note: Normally the name Moire i served forthe Virgin Mary. Mairi the equivalent of Mary as «pis na 3. Bean an Ti woman of rh Aowse. i ie te genitive 6° Fach alow, 20 - iC 30 Bulochas thanks, gratitude, is followed by the preposition le to, with thanks to God, thank God. C6 mbiad & sin? What amount is that? How much is that? Contrast: Cé mbéad ati uait? How much (money) do you want? Cé mhéad tobac até uait? How much tobacco do you want? Cé mhéad toitin até uait? How many cigarettes do you want? (Cé mhéad a thug ti air? How much did you give (pay) for it? Fiche pingia nua twenty new pence. Ireland adopted decimal currency from February 15, 1971. The basic unit is one pound (punt) of 100 pence (pingin). The word ous new is ofen used in reference to the decimal coinage. Some of the names of the old currency continue 10 be used. ‘The following are the most important: ‘Caoga pingin, deich sciling S0p oF ffty pence; eich bpingin, dh scilling,10p or ten pence; -céig phingir Ming Sp or five pence. ‘An Dhfuil na bitla seo milis? Are these apples sweet? Na billa the ‘apples. This is an example of the aspirate mutation where, following naM h is prefixed to the vowel initial, This is the rule with the article in the nominative plural. The same form of the article is used with the genitive singular of feminine nouns. Examples Té na héin ar an gerann, The birds are on the ire (crann) Té na habhair agam J Azve the materials (abbar) Ch Dhfui aa hairm? Where are the arms (Le. weapons)? (arm) Nil ainm na hiite agam. I have not the name of the place. (dite is the genitive singular of the feminine noun dit a place). Inniu féin, a fuair mé iad, To-day itself I got them, 1 got them only to-day. Féin selfs also used in the sense of just, only ‘A baon, a d6 etc. one, two ete, These are the forms used without a rnoun—when counting, reading the clock, and such like. The names of numerals from eleven to nineteen are formed by adding déag (or dhéag in a dé dhéag twelve). The particle 2 is used in all ‘numbers except multiples of ten, thus: a naoi déag nineteen; fiche iventy; fiche a haon twenty one; triocha a eg thirty five; bead a seacht forty Seven; caoga a ceathait fy four; seasca a naoi sixty nine; seacht6 seventy: ocht6 eighty. iinety; cad a hundred: e&ad a tri one hundred and three. See note 11 below for use of numbers with nouns. Té mo dhéthain agam I have enough, lit. Ihave my sufficiency. \écha The use of the possessive is the rule with the word déthain, thus: Té mo dhéthain agam. I have enough. 4u n Té do dhéthain agat. You have enough Ta a dhéthain alge, He has enough Téa déthain aicl. She has enough, Té dr ndothain againn.WWe have enough. Té bhur ndsthain agaibh. You have enough. Té a ndothain acu, They have enough Sé bharra six bars. With numerals the singular form of the noun may be used as follows: ‘Aon bharra amhéin one bar (amin only, is necessary in Irish—See note 1, Lesson 1) Dh bharra two bars (note the change from a dé, the counting form, to dhst, the attributive form), Tri bharra three bars. Ceithre bharra four bars. (Note the change from a ceathair to thre’, : (Cag bharra five bars. Sé bharra six bars. Seacht mbarra seven bars edt mbarra eight bars. Naoi mbarra nine bars. Deich mbarra ten bars. ‘Aon bharra déag eleven bars. Dha dharra déag twelve bars ‘Seacht mbarra déag seventeen bars. Fiche barra pventy bars. Barra is fiche twenty one bars. Dha bharra is fiche wenty two bars Triocha (daichead, caoga etc.) barra thirty ( forty, fifty, ete) bars. Céad barra a hundred bars. Mile barra a shousend bars. See also note 1, lesson 28. Slim tibh goodbye, farewell. As in greeting (Dia duit) there is @ singular and a plural form, slin leat, being singular, Normally the Person remaining behind says stén leat libh and the person eparting says slin agat/agaibh, Ceacht a Ctrig (5) Ag teacht én amharclann 5 Lesson five (5) Coming from the theatre New words in this lesson dig 6 file (J) feast day, festival, holiday rma (m) drama, drimaiocht (f) the drama, fle dramaiochta drama festival ar sidl going on teacht (tar) 1g teacht coming 6 from fa from te ambarclann (f) theatre castar Sedn orthu they meec Seén taitin please ar thaitin an drdma leat? did you like the piay? did the play appeal to you? sil @) think shit mé I though alsteoie() (m) actor(s) Aanocht to-ni shil mé go raibh na haisteotct fan-mhaith anocht thought that the factors were very good to-night heana already, before ar ndéigh of course ‘ck where faca (fele) saw cf bhfaca ti Damer the name of @ particular theatre ‘anuraidh last year feadh lengih, duration ar feadh for nics (f) fortnight ar feadh coicise for a fortnight faoi under Lithair present aol Latha at present lal! (m) hostage fe by seachtain( 1 where did you beth (oD being Ie bheith to be chugainn to us, towards us snare, as, mar sin like chat, as that aan mar sin €2 isi ike thar? is that fared iad féin what are they? fos knowledge nila fhios agam I don’t kaow beta (6) wil be céard a Dheidh shat will be Dombnach (m) Sunday Dé Dominaigh on Sunday trill (f) cal Luan (m) Monday Dé Luain on Monday Mat (/) Tuesday Dé Mair on Tuesday 6ta (m) coat Bin white Criost(m) Christ ta Ban Chriost Christ's White Coat Céadaoin () Wednesday Dé Ctadaoin on Wednesday Déardaoin (/) Thursday, on Thursday go til, until Feice (ek) see fan go bhfece mé wait tll Ise, let szunna (m) gun fam bent, crooked, dishonest slabhira (7) chain Gr (n) gol Slabhra ir gold chain Aine () Friday Dé hAoine on Friday sim (2) 1 think Satharn (m) Saturday Dé Sathaira on Saturday elie (m) programme ole bad nil sé go hole is not badNFP error nat vn EEE NEE NEE eC S EERE EEE gEntEeTEEEeEEEEeeaEEEE EOE 5 Translation Part One : Trichtaire There is a drama festival in progress. Méite and Padraig are coming from the theatce. They meet Seén. ‘Méire Did you like the play Sean? Sen 1 did. I thought the actors were very good to-night. Did you like it Padraig? Péidraig_ 1 did. | saw it already of course. Sedn Where did you see it already? Péidraig In the Damer last year. It was there fora fortnight. Sed What's on in the Damer at present? ‘Méire “An Giall” by Breandin © Beachain is on this week, but there be three plays there next week. ~ Sean 1s that so? What are they? ‘Méire I don't know what will be on on Sunday, but “An Trail” by Mairéad Ni Ghrada will be on on Monday and Tuesday. “Cota Ban ‘Chriost"" by Criostéir © Floinn will be on on Wednesday and Thursday and... let me see... Padraig “Gunna Cam agus Slabhra Gir on on Friday I think ‘Mire You're right. And there wil be nothing on on Saturday. Sedn That's @ good programire Padraig Is not bad. It's not bad at all by Sean © Tuama will be Part Two There is a drams festival in progress in the theatre. Méire and Padraig were there to-night. Sein was there also. They meet. They are talking to each other near the theatre. Seén liked the play and he thought the actors were very good. Padraig liked it also. Padraig saw the play previously when it was on in the Damer. It was on there for a fortnight lat year. There is a play by Breandin © Beachdin in the Damer this week and there will be three plays there next week. There will be @ play by Mairéad Ni Ghréda on Monday and Tuesday. There will be one by, Criostéir © Floinn in the middle of the week and another by Seén 6 Tuama on Friday. : Teacher Whereis the festival in progress? Student Ws in progress in the theatre, Teacher Where was Sean to-night? Student He was at the play. : t Teacher Where was the play ou previotisly» + #4 u = : Student Twas in the Damer previously. Teacher When was it in the Damer? ‘Student Tt was there last year. Teacher Where is Sein? ‘Student He is near the theatre. Teacher What is he doing? Student He is talking to Maire and Padraig. Teacher Did he see the play previously’? Student He did. Teacher Did he see it in the shop? Student No. He did not see it in the shop. - Teacher Where did he see it? ‘Student He saw it in the Damer. Teacher When was the play in the Damer theatre? ‘Student Tt was there last year. Teacher When will “An Triail” be on? ‘Student “An Triail” will be on, on Monday and Tuesday. Teacher Which play will be there on Thursday? Student “Céta Bin Chriost” is to be there on Thursday. Notes 1 Féile Drdmatochta a drama festival. Drama festivals of various kinds are held in several centres throughout Ireland. The plays mentioned in this lesson have attracted particular attention, 2. Ar sid in progress, going on. Further examples: Céard ati ar siil? What iz going on? ‘a fhios agam céard até ar sil. 1 don’t know what is going on Gappening). . Céard ati ar sill agat? What are you doing? 3. Castar Sedm orthu. They meet Sedn. The impersonal or passive form. of cas followed by the preposition ar expresses the idea of meeting. Examples: Casadh Padraig orm. J met Padraig. Casadh ar a chéile sinn. We met. Castar Padraig orm gach lé. I meet Padraig every day. 4) Shit mé go raibh na haisteoiti an-mhaith. J thought (that) the actors were very good. The form go precedes the dependent verb in indirect statements.BEEeTTenrareeTeeiaiTeeTennaieeTeniaiTenTennaieeTenTE NTT ETenTaT er TenTTIEeTeTTET er TenEaTEeTenTnT eT ENT TP enTEEenTRT eT ITI ET 5B Compares Bhi na haisteoiri an-mhaith. The actors were very good. Shil mé go raibh na haisteoiri an-mhaith. 7 rhought the actors were very good. Bhi sind ag teacht 6a amharclana. They were coming from the theatre. ‘Shil mé go raibh stad ag teacht 6n ambarclann. J thought they were coming from the theatre ‘Ta ua haisteoiri an-mbaith. The actors are very good. go bhfuil na haisteoiri an-mbaith. 7 think the actors are very Ti siad ag teacht 6n ambarclann. They are coming from sh theatre. Silim go Dbul siad ag teacht 6a ambarclann, 7 rhink they are coming from the theatre. = Diinann sé an doras. He closes the door. Silim go ndinann sé an dora. 1 think he closes the dor. 5 Lealsa, Note the use of the sufi -sa for emphasis. See note 7 Lesson 3 and note 1 in supplementary notes to Lesson 22. 6 Ca bhfaca tii €? Where did you see it? e&®, is regularly used with the present and future of verbs but in se case ofthe iregular ‘verbs abaie say; bi tobe: faigh ge ef see; tkgh go; déan dolmake, it is used with the past tense as well. The form cdr! is used with the past tense of all other verbs See also note in Appendix on tention of verb, Examples Regularly Cécgealtheann sé an gual? Where does he throw the coal? Cir chaith san gual? Where did he throw the coal? Ca geeannaioan sian gual? Where docs he buy the coal? ar cheannaigh sé an goal? Where did he buy the coal? With the words listed above: CC ndeireann 36 €2 Where does he say it? Ch nde s6€? Where did he say? Cé monn £2 Where does he be? Ca ralbh sé? Where was he? i bhfagheann sé? Where does he get them? Ca bhfuair sé iad? Where did he get them? 4 Dhfeceanm sé 16? Where does he see you? Ci bhfaca sé ti? Wiere did he see you? Ci dtéann sé? Where does he go? Ci ndeachaigh sé? Where did he 50? -. Ca ndéanann sé € sin? Where does he do (niaké har? 10 uw 2 Cé ndearna sé 6? Where did he do (make) it? Sa Damer Jn the Damer. Halla Damer is a small Dublin theatre. ‘Ar feadh coicise for a fortnight. Ar feadh is followed by the genitive case. The meaning for the duration of may be expressed in other ways. Compare the following: Bhi an drama ar sidl ar feadh seachtaine. The play was on for a week. ie. for the duration of a week. Fanfaidh Sedn go ceann seachtaine, Sedn will stay for a week, lit. 10 the end of a week ‘Ta sé anseo le seacht he arrived. - ‘An Giall, “The Hostage”. The English translation of this play is ‘well-known outside Ireland. The author, Breandin © Beachain is perhaps best known by the anglicised form of his name— Brendan Behan, ‘An Giall, le Breandin © Reachdin. Le, in this sentence corresponds to English by. The use of prepositions is best learned by becoming familiar with the several examples given throughout the course. Le bheith 10 be. Further examples of the use of bheith. Is maith liom bheith ann, 1 like being there. Is maith leis bheith ag eaint. He likes (10 be) talking. Dé Domhnaigh Sunday; Dé Luain Monday etc. Grammatically the forms which contain the element Dé are adverbs, and are equivalent to English on Sunday etc; the word Déardaoin however functions bboth as adverb and as noun, The forms which function as nouns are given in the text Examples: Cé mhéad Luan as seo go Nollaig? How many Mondays from this to Christmas? \Ni maith liom an Luan, / do not like Monday. He is here for a week, ie. it is a week since n 5SesSeRSSeSeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSUSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSUSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSESSSSSSSSSIOOOOONNNES 6 Ceacht aSé(6) Sa teach tabhairne Lesson six (6) _In the public house New words in this lesson séi sixth anuas down, past {ibhairne (m) tavern Je mi anuas for the past month teach tabhaiene public house irigh (8) as give up ‘1 (la) drink sé.a5 an deoch ar fad ar fad? ag ol drinking did he give up the drink entiely? feat one pron, lone in phrase sma iving saying, aiding ‘m'aonar) «air on him téim j m‘aonar J am atone ‘4 cénaf nie he lives deoeh (/) rink ~ imeall border, boundary fos below, down cathair city (irr. get {meall na cathrach outskirts of the city tabbair (9) ir. bring dearthair brother iteith over mmithaie mother druid @) move fan wait, stay scliene (m) cornet 'fhan sé Ik he stayed with her feicim (feic) see ach but biona (bi) “does be ullamh ready i bhionn sé anseo he does not be here delr (abair) 6: very (00 drtar is said mnie often dertegr liom I am told eine 00 often, very oten der sister since Je posaa to ma 36s CD marry faath early, soon” 6 ghgs sé since he marvied fe loath soon délehopision snesivie 2 d6igh Tom I dont think Sse she Ie for Bilan year 231 (F) month tae son Translation Part One Tréchtaire Pédraig and Sedn are in the public house. They ate drinking Pédraig flello Sein! Are you alone? Sein 1am. I'm alone, but I have a drink down th Padraig Get the drink and bring it acrost here.* Ta Sein 1 will... Yes indeed ... Move into the corner there. 6 Padraig 1 don't see Liam here at al Seén He doesn't come too often since he macced. {don’t think he has been here for the pase month Péiraig Did he give up the érink altogether? Sedn No. He hasn't given it up, but be is living on the outskirts of the city now. He has @ house near the place where my brother Eamonn lives. Pédraig_ 1 thought he was with his mother ‘Sein. He stayed with her fora while but it was only unt would be ready. - Piidraig Oh, | didn't know that, And I'm told that his sister is to marry quite soon Sein Maire ist? Piideaig No. She's marced for a year now. It's Sile who isto marry. She will marry a son of Seamus © Cat is own house Part Two Padraig and Sean are drinking in the public house, Pidraig was alone Seém was alone also, Padraig spoke to Sein. He told him to get his drink and to bring it over. Sein got the drink and brought it over. He told Padraig to move into the corner. Padraig moved in and Sein sat near him. They do not see Liam a1 al. Liam did not give up drink altogether, bur he does not come to that public house too often since he married. Seén thinks that he was not thereat all forthe past month. Pdraig thought that Liam was living with his mother but he as not. He is living on the outskirts ofthe city for some time. He stayed with his mother only until his own house was ready. Padraig did not know tha. Somebody told Padraig that Liam's sister was to marry soon. She will marty a son of Séamus © Cathdin, Another sister of his is married for a year now. Teacher Where is Padcaig? ‘Student Hie isin the public house. Teachers there anybody with him? Student Yes, Sean is with him. Teacher What did Padraig say to Sean? Student He told him to get his drink and to bring it over. Teacher Did Sein get the drink? Student He did.G Teacher Did he come over? ‘Student He did. Teacher Did Padraig sit down? Student He did. : Teacher Where did he sit? Student He sat in the corner. Teacher Where did Sedn sit? Student Near Padraig. Teacher Are they in the public house? Student Yes. Teacher Do they see Liam often? Student They do not. Teacher Does he come to this public house often? Student He doesn’t come too often since he married. Teacher Where does Liam live? ~ Student He lives on the outskirts of the city. Teacher Did Padraig know that? Student He did not know that. Teacher What did Padraig think? ‘Student He thought that Liam was living with his mother. Teacher Did Liam stay with his mother since he married? Student He stayed with her for a while Teacher Is Liam to marry soon? ‘Student No. He is married for some time. Teacher Is Maire married for some time? Student Yes. She is married for a year. Teacher Is it Sile who is to marry? Student Itis. Notes 1. Téim i maonar. J am alone, The 0 of mo and do is elided when itis followed by a vowel. Examples: Téim i m'aonar. Lam alone. ‘Té tii d’aonar. you are alone. 2. Faigh an deoch agus tabhair i leith anseo i, Ger the drink and bring it over here. Faigh and tabbair are imperative forms. Both verbs are irtegular because the same base form or root is not used throughout their inflexions. ic Ca ‘See note 1 d on verbs. eee 10 1 n 1s en. This expression is often used to indicate a change of subject. of to indicate approval or agreement. Its meaning is very often similar to English yes, but it is not an exact equivalent of yes. See also note 2, lesson 3. Druid isteach move in, Isteach in or into, implies motion. The word istigh within, inside, in, expresses inside (at rest). Examples: Chuaigh sé isteach. He went in. ‘Ta sé istigh. He is inside. | Caith (throw) isteach &. Throw it in (from outside). Cath istigh & Throw it inside (the thrower being inside). Bionn expresses the habitual aspect of the present tense of the verb to be ie. it denotes regular or repetitive occurrences through the ‘present time. On the other hand, té, refers to a single occurrence and therefore expresses the punctual aspect of the present tense of the verb fo be jonn sé anseo he does not be here. Compare the following: ‘Ta sé anseo (anois) he is here (now). Bionn sé anseo (gach li) he is here (every day). . Le mi anuas for the past month, The basic meaning of the word anuas is dow (ie, coming towards the speaker from above), Here itis used in phrases expressing periods of time just elapsed. Examples: ‘ag caint {iste usir an chloig le Ta sé 4 ag obai seachtai ag scriobh | tamall Ceathri vair an chloig « quarter of an hour; seachtain a week tamall a while ‘Ar fad, ar fad all together, entirely. This form of repetition is used for exira emphasis. Example: [Ni raibh sé ann in aon chor, in aon chor he wasn't there at all ‘Ta cénai air he lives, Note the use of air, the third person singular masculine inflected form of the preposition ar. See note 6, lesson 3. [Ar imeall na eathrach on the edge, verge, outskirts, of the city ‘Note the use of the genitive form cathrach from eathair a city In aice leis an dit near (10) the place. Compare with: in aice na hiite near the place. Both forms ate used. Mo dhearthdie my brother. mot is the possessive form of the first person pronoun corresponding to English my. The possessive pronouns are mo', my’: dot your, a‘ his; aM her; dr* our, bhue™ our; aY their. 3 See oer ee eres eee eee eee ee eee ee13 4 1s Examples: Sin mo theach. That is my house. ‘Sin € do theach. That és your house. Sin é a theach, That és his house. Sin & a teach, That is her house. Sin é ar dteach. That is our house. Sin é bhur dteach. Thar is your house. Sin é a dteach. That is heir house. Sin é mathair. That is my father Sin 6 d'athair. That is your father. Sin & a athair. That is his father. Sin a hathair. That is her father. Sin é ar m-athair. That is our father. Sin é bhur n-athair. That is your father. Sin 6 a n-athaie. That is their father, Lena with his. The prepositions de of; do 10, for; faoi under; i in; le with, 6 from; tri through combine with the possessives at, a, ie", a%, to form the following: de: di, ds", dir’, da. 6: dit, di", dar®, a6", faoi: faoina’, faoina", faoindr’, a ina", inde, ina, Je: lena’, lena", lendr’, lena, 6: dna’, na", 6nie', Gna”. ti: trina’, trina", trinae’, ti Examples: Bhi sé ag caint lena mhéthair. He was talking f0 his mother. Labhair sé lena dheirfir. He spoke to his sister. ‘Ta ’athair agus mo mhéthair inér teach. My father and (my) ‘mother are in our house, ag at, ag a", ag a” become 4, 4", a* before a verbal noun, Examples: at Té an nuachtin 4 léamb aige. The newspaper is being read by him. 4" Té an chathaoi a Th na te geeannach aige. The cigarettes are being bought by him, Deirtear liom it’s said to me, Lam told. ‘See also notes 8 and 9 on verbs. ‘Ti sise pista she is married. Sise is an emphatic form corresponding to si. Irish has a set of emphatic forms of the personal pronouns 4 glanadh aige. The chair is being cleaned by him. Compare the followi Is mé a bhi ann, 11 is I (who) was there. Is mise a bhi ann, Jt is I (who) was there (ie. myself and not any other person), Is tia bhi ann, [tis you (who) was there. Is tusa a bhi ann, Zt is you (who) was there Is é a bhi ann. [tis he (who) was there. bhi ann, /1 is he (who) was there. Is {a bhi ann, 11 is she (who) was there. Is sise a bhi ann. 11 is she (who) was there. ‘See also supplementary notes to Lesson 22. 16 Sile até te pésadh. Sile is to marry, itis Sile who is to marry. This same idea expressed without emphasis would read ti Site le pésadh Sile is to marry. The contrast is thus expressed by differences of ‘word order rather than by emphatic stress as in English, ‘Compare the following: ‘Té an leabbar ar an mbord. The book is om the table. ‘An leabhar ati ar am mbord. THE BOOK is on the table. ‘Ar an mbord até an leabhar. The book is ON THE TABLE. . Ceacht a Seacht (7) TA ocras orm Lesson seven (7) ‘| am hungry New words in this lesson tuath (P) country Sula is the form of the word used with the past tense of the verbs abair, bf, faigh, feic,téigh and déan, thus: Sula nduirt sé before he said Sula raibh criochoaithe aige before he had finished. Sula bhfuair sé before he got. Sula bhfaca sé before he saw. ‘Sula ndeachaigh sé before fe went. Sula ndearna sé before he did (made). € As with other preverbs the word sula adds r ending before the past tense ofall other verbs, Examples: Bhi sé ann sular cheannaigh mé é He was there before I boughs it. ‘Sular thainig sé before he came, See also note on lenition of the verb in appendix. Go féilin fora tittle while. -im is added to many words. It expresses the sense of litle. Examples: Buachaill 2 boy ; Buachaillin a litle boy. ‘Teach a house; Teachin a little house. Srdid a street; Sriidin alittle street15 Ceacht a Ciuig Déag (15) Ag an gcéili Lesson fifteen (15) At the céili New words in this lesson cara (m) friend, cairde friends tabharfaimid (tabhale) we will give 0s (m) rest ceoltie() (m) musician(s) seéal (m) story, legend a from the Déaloideas (m) folklore 2 insiat to tell buaigh (5) win Dhwaigh won ‘duais (f) prize seoil(f)schoot suach (f) cuckoo Tadhg na Cuaiche a nickname for a lazy person aonach (m) fai, market cchuaigh . .a€ aonach, Mk... went toa fair one day Deir carry, catch rug (beie) carried, caught punt (m) pound famhain (m) calf 4 cheannach to buy ‘ceann a thaitin Tels one that pleased him’ ‘anonn from here to that side, beyond sé anonn air he went towards him gamhna genitive case of gamhain, calf Fear an ghamhna the owner of the calf it, the ealfeman bheadh (6) ccé mhéad a bheadh ualdh? how much would he want? Tor him iat (1 sell nach ndiolfadh would not sell bbun bettom, base ‘aol bhun less than, under tairg (120) offer margadh (mm) bargai ag margiil bargaining delreadh last, end faoi dheireadh at last lansin then, thereupon ith Gt) ate : adhastar (mm) halter athabh sé an béthar abhaile he went home, lt, he went the road home 46 to him, for him tar és teacht abhaile 46 after his ‘coming home. lit. after coming home for him ‘thug (abhair) gave Sarracht (f) attempt thug sé farracht he made an attempt. dit, he gave an attempt btcy Dia eral ty God a start? ie. What is your opinion of this as a start? call J) school us ee enema alter ao tas apd t0 op them Further examples: Gien-setala good news 2 insint bréag telling les ‘Céard a déartd le dul go Baile Atha Cliath amérach? What would you ‘matamaiief) mathematics SO sock say to going 10 Dublin tomorrow? What would you think of going to | in muinteoir atamace the teacsteabhar (7) txt boo Biatntantinet een? Wins weld ros Ok fea vehenio aha ‘each fara (thing (be) smi (prefix) is- id not which he did not Cad a déarfa leis sin? What would you say to that? What do you \ ae acta cd whether, whence think of that? ddul chun cinn progress ‘Gi bifis duit how do you know A Cad is déigh leat de seo? What do yoig think of sis? This is another _ ‘dul chun cin ha bpdisti the children’s cuardaigh (8) search fag cuardach searching 2 eana baile his home lessons cra (m) pres, cupboard he way of expressing the same idea as that ini cad a déar(é leis seo? | 4 Cc : GBESEEEEIEETEIEEE ETI EIETEIEETEITEEERCATTTEATATTTTITETTETE TTT ETTTITEETTTTT 8 Aéivh for them rneamh- (prefix implying absolute cailte lost negation or nonexistence) now, fig worth, worthy chess niorbh Thi leis it wasn’t worth to edramach careful ‘him, it wasn't worth his while rneamhchiramach careless ‘ceart (rm) right cead (m) permission i geeart rightly, properly feasta henceforth wath early, soon seridaigh (8) examine 2 luaithe a$ soon serid6idh will examine riochnaigh (8) finish 4 ndéaramh doing them ‘riochnalthe finished ‘6s (m) custom, habit, manner uid (f) portion, share ar nés cuma liom in an indifferent {4 geuid Jeabhar to their books, i manner 10 theie portion of books beidh deizeadh aca they will have beiet two people finished ‘an bheiet acu both of them seriofa written Translation Trachtaire ‘There was a parent/teacher meeting in the school last evening. Sile was there. She did not get good news, The mathematics teacher was dissatisfied with the progress of the children. He said that Sean often failed to do his homework. Liam May God help us! What will we do with them at all? ‘Sile First of all stop them telling lies. Sedn told the teacher that he Tost two text books—which he did not. Liam How do you know he didn't? He was searching his press for them last evening. Sile 1 searched his bag, and I found them in it. They weren't lost, but it wasn’t worth his while to search his bag properly. Liam V'Il speak to them as soon as I have finished this letter. They'll have to look after their books. Sile They will. They'll have to do their lessons too. The mathematics teacher said both of them were careless and that Sedn often came to school not having done his homework. Liam They'll have no permission to look at the television from this out without having their exercises done first, and I'll examine the exercises too, in case they are carelessly done. Sile They are doing them right now, but they'll be finished before you have that letter written. You had bettér look"at thet first. Notes 1 Bhi sé ag cuardach a chéfra. He was searching his press (cupboard). waist again {no beste Note the use of the genitive case following ag cuardach. In this instance the case is marked, in the final example only, by the use of the ant form of the definite article See note 3 on masculine and feminine nouns in introduction. Dé geuid leabhar 10 their (portion) of books. The word euid is often used in this type of expression. Examples: Cuir ort do chuid éadaigh. Put on your clothes. [Ni maith liom do ehuid eainte, / don’r like your talk (i.e. what you ‘Tota thd sca om, liked his totes, hs stories appealed to me. Beidh an litir seo eriochnaithe agam. J will have this letter finished. Note the use of eriochnaithe in these examples: ‘Beidh an lit eriochnalthe agam. [ will have finished the letter. Beidh eriochnaithe agam. J will have finished. Té ceriochnaithe og Sean. Setn has finished. ‘Té an obair eriochnaithe aige. He has the finished work. ‘Sin é an bord. Ta sé eriochnaithe. That is the table. It is finished. 3839 Ceacht a Triocha Naoi (39) Band na Tuaithe Lesson thirty nine (39) The flight from the land New words in this lesson bind (m) desertion, lt. whitening bbini na tuaithe the desertion of the country, the flight from the land ahi (m) change cad ina thaobh what about, why feabhas (m) improvement, excellence athe chun feabbis change for the ni thigann se that does not mean, tr that doesnt leave i mbeitssta one were sted aril sed before comparatives nies mé more a Birzend (7) money bios m6 alraié more money eter tote outof them feirmeoir(i) (m) farmer(s) ‘bheals aon ni Dheadh aon ghé Giri astw there would be no necessity to give them up, to desist from them aontaigh (8) agree ‘i aontaim don't agree trig (2) desert {is Fior gur thréig mécdn daoine itis true that many people deserted semi TB og em tianta years talmhaiocht much money has been {fadhb (/) problem ‘iendistnta international saibhreas (m) wealth ‘nidirtha natural tabhachtach important is tibhachtai most important feirmeoizeacht (7) farming jonscal (mm) industry séan (1) deny ni shéanaim don’t deny tibhaeht importance (almhajocht (/) agriculture (Gbhacht na talmbajochta the ‘importance of agriculture 6 (m) age, period of time, dur much money put into agriculture ‘contae (f) county beng ltl, smal is heap lf there are few days ar diol onsale, fr sale ba chéir na feirmeachabeaga the small farms should be imareachl to lve 0 Dheadai maireachtl orth that ‘one (cope) could ive on them bunaigh (found, establish monarch (/ factory 444 mbun6tai monarch i factory vere established fostigh 8) employ 2 thosté to employ Translation Tadhg { don’t like the change that’s éomirtg ved unk place. Liam Why don’t you? Is it not a change for the better? Tadhg 1 is not indeed. When I was a young man there were aloof == BO small farmers here, and look at how the story is now. ‘Tiam It's true that a lot of people have left the land for years but this is not the only place where such things can happen. The flight from the land is an international problem. Tadhg Perhaps itis, but land is the most important natural wealth and ‘accordingly farming is the most important industcy in the country. ‘Liam I don't deny the importance of agriculture but I think the day of the small farms is going. Tadhg Maybe it is, but that doesn’t mean that it's a good thing. If people were prepared to put more money into sina farms chere ‘would be no need to give them up. ‘Liam Ydon't agree at all with you. A lot of money has been invested jn agriculture in this county and what has the result been? Some small farm on sale almost every day. Tadhg What's the cuse for the situation then? ‘Liam. The smal! farms should be brought together so that people could live on them and if factories were founded the people who would leave the land could be employed. . . Notes 1. Athrii chun feabhais a change for the better. Note the use of the genitive following chun. 2. Teréig moran daoine an talamh. Many people deserted the land. ‘Talamb fand, isa feminine noun. “The genitive form is takin. Examples: ‘Té sind ag fégdil na talin, They are leaving the land. Cheannaigh mé piosa taki. / bought a piece of land. 3, Bao na tuaithe the clearance of the country, the flight from the land. ‘The word tuath country, is used for the areas outside the cities and towns. The word tir is used for the territory occupied by a people. Examples: Té cénai ar faoin tuath. He lives in the country. ‘Mi thuigeann mint na tuathe muintir na cathrach. The people of the country (ie. country people) don't understand the people of the city (ie. city people.) jeadh Poblacht den tir ina dhiaidh sin, The country was made a Republic afterwards (after that) “Tir an-bhocht is en i I's a very poor country. ryee entree nnRnE nt ea 4 Feirmeoireacht farming. Feirmeoir is ea Sein, Sei isa farmer. Céa csi bheatha até sige? What occupation (lit. way of life) has he? Feirmeoireacht (an tsi bheatha até aige). Farming. Dochtiir Dochtiireache Siiingir biseaé. —Sidinéireache Lam tslf bea Mainteoir Méinteoireacht 'S- Is beag ti aach mbionn feirm éigin ar diol. [tis not often (itis few days) that some farm is not on (for) sale. Further examples of the use of beag: Is beng duine a thainig, Nor many people came, Is beag airgead até agam, J hare Hitle money. ‘comhairle (/) advice, counsel ‘combairle a fhil uaidh sin to get innealt ic (m) engineer fig fain alltice € sin leave that (0 advice from him the architect faighte (Caigh) got f6gra On) notice Db'fhsidc ic would be possible 1g lorg bainisteora looking for a alti (m) architect manager linjocht () drawing orcha dark ‘30 bhféachfadh sé chuige that he ag éiri dorcha getting dark, becomiag. would see to it ‘dark (6gilat (m) builder 1 chuid ofbee his work, Ht Portion of work tas (1) light Tasfaidh mé I will light seuchaice (m) switch QO Ceacht a Daichead (40) Lesson forty (40) Cead pleandla_ le haghaidh monarchan Planning permission for a factory New words in this lesson daichead forty dalcheads fortieth pleanail (3) planning ‘ead pleanila planning permission Je haghaidh for Je haghaidh monarchan for a factory ‘mbhothaigh mé (8) felt ‘oicheall(m) unwelcome, imhospitableness ‘ombainn before us léireach (m) clerk. 1 dtosach baire in the first instance, in the beginning 10 ( \ otigeach (mn) oficer ud ar bith a to say anything plean (m) plan. cilliocht() qualification ra ciliochtafevarta the proper ‘qualifications cad Is cilliochtcheart ann? what is proper qualification? cite trained, skilled uine ollte a’ mbeadh taithi aige ar Opal a Skill@ person who woul have expbrichce’of the work a thadfalmis we couid Translation Pidraig What happened when you went into the Planning Office today? Liam {felt we were less than welcome. Tadhg The clerk sent us from person to person in che first instance. Liam And when we met the planning officer he said he could say nothing till he had seen the plan. Padraig He was quite right. Tadig But what are we to do now? ‘Padraig In the first instance, you should employ a suitably qualified ‘manager. Tadig And what is suitably qualified? Pédraig A skilled man with experience of the work. Liam “We could get advice from him. Padraig You could. And when you have got the advice you could, set an architect to work, The architect will do the drawings and he probably would see to it that the builder would carry out the work properly, Tadhg Would we want an engineer also? Pédraig Leave that to the architect, but put an advertisement ia the newspaper looking for a manager ... I's getting dark, is it not? ll put on the tight. Tadhg VU do it. The switch is here near me. Notes 1 Céard a tharla? What happened? Also cad a tharla; céard and ead are interchangeable. 1312. Mhothaigh mé 1 fel. This may also mean I noticed, was conscious (of). Mhothaigh mé go raibh rad éigin cearr. I felt/sensed that something ‘was wrong, I was conscious (of the fact) that something was wrong. 3. Doicheall unwelcome, inhospitableness; this is the opposite of welcome, and is rather stronger than nor welcome. It is often used with gan without ‘Thog sé dom é gan doicheall, He gave it 10 me freely ie. without doicheall 4 © dbuine go duine from person to person, ie. from one person to another. Further examples: Chuaigh sé 6 theach go teach. He went from house 10 house. CChuaigh fear an phoist 6 dhoras go doras. The postman went from door to door. 5. I dtosach baire in the first instance, first ofall, in the very beginning. 6 Bhi an ceart aige. He was right, Le, what he said was correct; contrast with: ‘A dé agus a d6, sin a ceathair. An bhfuil an freagra sin ceart? Ti. Ta sé ceart. Two and two are four. Is that answer right? Yes. It is right. ‘A dé agus a d6, sin a ceathair. An bhfuil an ceart agam? Ti. Té am ceart agat. Tivo and two are four. Am I right? Yes. You are right. 7 An mbeadh innealt6ir uainn? Would we need an engineer? We could also use the word teastil inthis sentence: ‘An mbeadh innealtdir ag teastail uainn? 8 Ag éiri dorcha getting (i. becoming) dark. Further examples: geal. (bright) née. (big) Ta sé ag éiri beng. (small) | trom, (teary) éadrom. (light) fon fa 1 Lesson forty one (41) go hEirinn to Ireland fanaise (f) evidence mile thousand leis na milte bain for thousands of years ‘os cathaln rithe certain ‘dais dirithe certain authorities caoga fity timpeall na bliana ti chéad caoga ‘oimh Chriost about 350 B.C. le, about the year 350 B.C. Sonn fair-haired tba davine arda flonna iad na Gaeil the ‘Gaeil (they) were tal fair-haired people ‘compardid (f) comparison { gcompardid le in comparison with Aeisceart (rm) south, southern region Delsceart na hEorpa (the) South of Europe, Southern Europe go ati an la innia to the present day bait ldimbe handiwork rot known when Translation Ceacht a Daichead a hAon (41) Na Gaeil 41 The Celts New words in this lesson 4 of their ‘ill (/) reputation, fame ‘ill an Ginn reputation for learning ar fad throughout twichtall () commerce, trade cine (m) race ‘infocha races an cine daonna the human race 1a cinfocka a bhi ag cur fithu the races who were living tualsceart north, northern region ‘Tualsceart na hAfraice North Africa, ‘Northern Africa aglac (1) accepted ‘reidearh (m) belief, faith, religion (Criostaiocht (/) Christianity teath (1) spread a leathadh to spread Fmease ndisiin eile among other Aeoraiocht (J) exile ar deoraiocht in exile ‘na misin (m) the missions When did the Celts come to Ireland? We have evidence that there have been people in Ireland for thousands of years. It is not known when the Celts came here, but some authorities think they came about the year 380 B.C. ‘The Celts were tall fuir-haired people in comparison with the people who lived in southern Europe long ago. ‘The Celts had a great liking for poetry and literature. Some of the ancient literature is extant to the present day. They were highly skilled craftsmen and there are many examples of their work in the National Museum and in other places. ‘The Celts were famous all over Europe for learning, and they traded ‘with those races who lived in Europe and in Northern Aft 133 1A ¢1 The Celts adopted the new religion when Christianity came to Ireland. ‘They gave considerable help in spreading the Faith among other peoples. Even today there are thousands of Irish people in exile on the missions. Notes 1 Udair dirithe certain authorities. Udair authorities, authors is the nominative plural of dar. 2 Maireann culd den tseanlitriocht. Some af the old literature lives (ie. is extant). There is a very substantial foikiore, much of which hhas been recorded. There is also a considerable number of manu- scripts in various libraries in Ireland and abroad. 3. Bhi oilidint mhaith orthu in obair Miimhe. They had good training in ‘handicrafts. There are superb examples of gold and silver work as well as fine examples of more mundane things in various collections in Ireland and abroad, 4 Chabhraigh sia... . chun an ereideamh a leathadh, They helped... 40 spread the faith. Many hundreds of Irish Missionaries founded schools and monasteries throughout Europe in ages past. |2 Ceacht a Daichead a Dé (42) Stair Lesson forty two (42) History New words in this lesson Lochlannach (m) Scandinavian, Dane, ar fad na tire throughout the country Norse smachtaigh (8) control, subdue ‘na Lochlannaigh the Danes, the a smachtt 10 subdue, to control ‘Norsemen ballte méra towns slad (m) plunder, ravaging, Jena with theirgto pheir destruction rélnt(f)sway, Bower, authority 134 deicadh tena rie end to tei power dleath fla bloodshed siting QD ‘cath (m) battle of blood ‘Cath Chluain Tarbh Battle of Clontarf Gaelach Irish im hand a vair sin amach henceforth, it Vimb le to hand, near from that time out taobh (m) side vwachtar upper a thaobh na nGael on the side of the an limh uachtair the upper hand ish. gall (m) foreigner nna halnmneacha a thug slad the ‘names they gave Tonad (m) place, location, site ra galll the foreigners (go) saordideach easy (easily) 'Girigh na daoine amach the people fonaid places rebelled, It. rose out éagsil various aris agus aris elle again and again, ‘onaid éagsila various places repeatedly stat (m) state oirthuaiseeart (m) north-east (lit. sloiane (m) surname sloinnte surnames ball (m) spot, place ‘eastern-north) gach aon bhall everywhere Flalaigh (®) rule ‘Normanach (rm) Norman 444 rial being ruled va Normanaigh the Normans Beal Feirste (m) Belfast cogadh (on) war Rialtas (m1) government doirt (2) spill, pour doirteadh spilling ful () blood freagra (m) answer freagrach answerable, responsible Sasana (m) England Translation 3° ‘The Norsemen came to Ireland and plundered a lot of places all over the country. They did not succeed in subduing the country, but they founded towns in places. Their sway was ended at Clontarf, neat Dublin, in 1014, Some Norsemen fought on the Irish side in that battle, and some Irish fought on the side of the Norse. Many of the towns are still in existence. Many of the names which they gave to places throughout the country are still ia use, and of course Norse surnames are found everywhere. ‘The Normans came in 1169. They brought war and bloodshed. The old Irish order was destroyed at the beginning of the seventeenth century. From then on the foreigners were in command, but not undisputed command. The people rebelled again and again. ‘Two new states were set up in 1922, The north eastern part of the country was ruled from Belfast, but the government there was responsible to the British Government. Dail Eireann was to command the remainder of the country. 135 puLEE 12 Notes 1 Ar fud throughout, is followed by the genitive. Examples: ‘Bhunaigh siad mainistreacha ar fud na hEorpa. They founded ‘monasteries throughout Europe. Té seanchaislein le feicedil ar fud na hftireann go ler. Old castles are to be seen throughout Irelard (all over Ireland). ‘Thit siad ar fud wa bite. They fell throughout (about) the place. 2° Lam lit. hand, is used with the preposition le in the sense of near(by). Lémh le Baile Atha Cliath, near Dublin Examples: ‘Bhi c6naf air limh le Lulmneach. He lived near Limerick, he was living near Limerick. ‘Té Din Laoghaire lim le Baile Atha Cliath, Din Laoghaire is near Dublin 3 aSloinnte surnames. When we wish to know a person's surname or family name we often ask Cér diobh tii? who are you? (lit. from whom are you (descended)?). Kinship is very important to Irish people, particularly in rural areas. Many people can trace their family trees for several generations. 'b When we ask céard is ainm duit? we wish to know a person's Christian or given name, or both Christian and surname. Both the ‘Word sloiaae and the word ainm often appear in official forms ete. ‘The word baiste baptism, is sometimes used with ainm particularly ‘on official forms etc. Examples: ‘Ainm baiste: Padraig. Sloinne: 6 Néill Seotadh (address): Din Mér, Tri Li, Co. Chiarrai, It will be noticed that many Irish placenames have English versions. ‘There are historical reasons for this. Some of the English names ‘bear no relation whatever to the Irish names; some are translations ‘of the Irish names but the vast majority are merely anglicised versions of the original Irish Examples: CCill na Mullach Buttevant (no relationship) ‘An Caisledn Nua (the) Newcastle (translation). ‘Ath Dara Adare (anglicised). 4 DiGirigh ua daoine amach. The people rose ou ig: rpbelled. Eiri amach rebellion. 2 136 ¢ : Ceacht a Daichead a Tri (43) An timpiste 43 Lesson forty three (43) jent New words in this lesson thar across, beyond, over, by ‘ag dul thar brid going past ‘erosaire (m) crossroads ccabhair () help ‘lim go bhfuil gach rad i gceart think everything ial ight ‘ar cheart dina ... should we - lis, would it be right for us. ‘cums (7m) appearance compordach comfortable nll cama réchompordach ansin orthu they don't look too comfortable there, dt. there isn't a too comfortable appearance on them b'thearr it would be better ‘corraigh (8) move lad a chorrai to move them ‘thar (m) patient otharcharr (m) ambulance Translation ‘garda (m) guard ‘an Garda Sfochina the guard of ‘peace/the Irish police force za gardai the police ar chuir fi flos ar na Gardai? did you send for the police? ‘th an t-otharchare tagtha the ambulance is come, ie. has (m) driver it) fright, start, jump Doaineadh geit as he was frightened on cheana den dé ghlualsteda in any one of the two cars ceart go Teor right enough bis (m) death Timbaol bdis in danger of death Tréchiaire ‘There was an accident on the road. Sein and Néra are passing by. Néra_ Ob look. There has been another accident at the cross-roads. Sedn There has. It's a very dangerous place. I'll stop and see whether Tecan help them. Néra Do, I'll wait here. I don’t like looking at things like that. Tréchtaire’ Sedn is speaking to a man who is helping the people who ‘were involved in the accident. Sein Can I be of any assistance? Fear 1 don't think so. I think everything is in order. ‘Sedn Should we take those cwo people out of the car? They don't ook too comfortable there. Fear It would be better not to move them untit the ambulance arrives. ‘edn Have you sent for the guards? Fear (have. They will be here shortly. 137pEEEEEISESTTE ISTE SEE SESSSERS SCTE TETSU SECESESSSTETESSESE SES TSSSE TES ESES TET ESEI ESTE TESESTESESEE SESE TOES SETEOESTESSOES SETI CSSEC SS SEE CE SE TEST TO eESE See ‘edn The ambulance has arrived, You had better speak to the nurse. Fear There are two people in the blue car and they don't look too good. The driver of the other car is at the gate over there. I don’t think he has been hurt, but he has been badly frightened. Banalira’ Thanks. Was there anybody else in the other two cars? Fear There wasn’t... L sent for the priest and the guards. Banaltra There's work here for the guards all right, but there's nobody in danger of death. Notes 2 Ar chuir ti fios ar na Gardai? Did you send for the guards? “The official title of the police force is An Garda Siochana the guard Of the peace i. the peace guard. The force is commonly referred to as Na Gardai the guards. Individual members are referred to as Garda guard. Examples ‘Té na Gardai ag déanamh flosraithe. The gardai are making enquiries. Té Garda ag stiiradh (directing) trachta sa tsrdid. There is a guard directing traffic in the street. Cie fios ar is the normal Irish equivalent of English send for. Examples: ‘an dochetir (the doctor). Cuir fos ar na gardai (the guards). \ an sagart (che priest) 2 I mbaol bais in danger of death. Note the following: Fasir sé bas, He died. ‘Ta sé ag f4il bhiis. He is dying. Cuireadh chun béis &. He was put to death i Ti sé marbh. He is dead. Mariodh é. He was killed. Mharaigh sé duine. He killed a man (ie, a person). executed. 138 Ceacht a Daichead a Ceathair (44) Turaséireacht Lesson forty four (44) Tourism New words in this lesson str (tn wen mater erie Fa ae te sea SE in ane — farraige(/) sea exthair () city inscalre (m) fishermen aa Gee slat (/)a stick, a rod ‘aghaldh (/) face * ee terme malities tthe, they face for the ‘gniomh (7m) act aaah wee a rine I dtithe feirme in farm houses cearc fhraoigh (/) grouse (singular) ee oerumene” Sheets Genel Seaees re io oop too caeenee naoscach (/) snipe (singular) one (/) leg, foot, naoscacha snipe (pluva/) ag obit walking Ui. foting hrs (Le ids in gener, aibhneacha rivers bird docks) ‘Locha na hEireann (the) lakes of ‘sliabh (m) mountain am ene ee, we tee jiascaireacht (f) fishing portaigh bogs Adhainn Mhée na Mumhan (the) caill (f) wood, forest Munster rip the Si coillte woods oT en ce tm Coots (the Corsi ©) ms nb fore) 2 Sars eso cern recta eran facet See Ce hay Laie ting hem aoe moves se ey Bou ne Oe mera nine meine ee, eer liiis pike (plural) foghlacireacht (/) fowling (/.¢. shoot cee suas {a beag dulne there are few people Hiomad several, plenty taimeamh (m) delight, affection 44arr ees e eee SEES E SEES t TREE ERENT ETE CREED UT BE TOE TOE TOES TOEE TOT ESEOTE COTE TET TOT TTTECTTT ETTORE nach dtugann taitneamh do that do _lleacht tire beautiful scenery, it ‘not give affection to, that do not beauty of country take delight in iva (rm) nature fileacht () beauty Tontais an dilra the wonders of nature Translation Trichtaire Many people come from foreign countries to spend a holiday in Jreland. Some of them stay in the cities and towns. Some of them head for the coast and the strands. Still others prefer to spend = holiday in farmhouses or travelling about the country. These strangers are welcome and very often motorists give drives to those who are walking. ‘The rivers and lakes of Ireland are famous for their fishing. The Munster Blackwater, the Shanzon, the Corrib, the Boyne and many ‘other rivers have an international reputation for their salmon fishing. ‘There are brown trout in the streams, perch and pike in the canals. ‘There are several types of fish in the seas and anglers are busy all around the coast. ‘There are grouse, pheasants, snipe and other birds on che hills, in the bogs, in the woods, and on the ferms, Foxes and hares are plentiful and many people hunt them. The deer is the largest of the Irish wild animals, ‘Some people dislike hunting and shooting, but very few people fail 10 enjoy the beautiful countryside or the wonders of Nature. Notes 1. 0 thiortha iasachts from foreign countries, Note the plural form of tir country. 2 Abbainn Mhér na Mumham, an tSionainn, an Choir, an Bhdinn. ‘As with place names, the English names of rivers are usually Anglicised versions of the Irish. Abbainn Mhér na Mumban, (the great river of Munster) is known as the Munster Blackwater. The remaining three, called in English the Shannon, the Corrib, and the Boyne respectively are merely adaptations of the Irish forms to English pronunciation, Foghlaeireacht fowling, shooting (game etc.) Bal Pédraig ag foglacireachtconini. Padraig way rabbit shooting Bhi Pédraig ag kimbach, Pédraig was footing (ict using a gun). 140 Ceacht a Daichead a Cig (45) SiobshiGldir 45 Lesson forty five (45) Ahitch-hiker New words in this lesson toméint (10) drive lor Jeor 6 it was not enough ag tiomaint driving aan chéad uair eile the next time siobshidléie (m) hitch-hiker thug meé é sin faol deara I noticed aan fada how long, bow far that ‘chor fada te as far as ardiste (m) garage stoichiat (to) reach Deitreal (m) petrol sil (4) walk, ‘beaon peitrl drop of petrol shilta walked t0i1 will ‘an bhfail mérin silta agat? have le do tho please, lt. with your will ‘you walked much? ola (ait Uachtar Ard a place name maith go leor, a Dhuine Uasail very Gaillim (7) Galway 00d, Sir 6a laethanta saoire from his holidays bona (m) tyre iarthar west /e. western region na boina the tyres tistail test Translation Trichtaire Tom&s is driving to Dublin. He gives a ride to a hiteh-hiker. Tomés How far are you going? Siil6ir Lam going to Dublin, How far are you going yourseit? Tomés 1 am going as far as Dublin too. Sidi6ir I'm in luck then. { thought it would take me another day to reach it, Tomds Have you walked far today? Sisl6ir No. 1 spent the night in Uachtar Ard and I got a ride to Galway from a man who was coming home fom his holidays. Tomds How did you like the West? ‘Sidl6ir 1 liked it very much. 1 spend a fortnight there, but it wasn't ‘enough to see everything. Tomds You'll come back again then? ‘Sidl6ir 1 will. Vd like to spend a week in the city the next time, Tomds A lot of the city is quite old of course. Siuldir L noticed that. That's why I'd like to spend a week there. Tomds We'll go into this garage here. I must get some petrol . . Fill it up please, and see if the water and oil are all right.Freastalai Very well sir... Are the tyres all right?” Tomds It's better to have a look at them, Notes 1 An fada até t6.ag dul? How far (long) are you going? An fada may be used in reference to time or distance. ‘An fada a thiinig ti? How far have you come? ‘An fada até ti anseo? How long are you here? ‘Am fada 6 Dhi ti i gCoreaigh? How iong (is it) since you were in Cork? 2. Unchtar Ard is a village in the West of Ireland in the heart of a famous angling area. 3. Braoa peitril a drop of petrol. Braon a drop, is often used for small quantities of any kind of liquid .cht a Daichead a Sé (46) Ta Liam gan a bheith ar fénamh Lesson forty six (46) Liam is unwell 4 New words in this lesson oats (m) doctor scocnach(/) throat Scrat (nd examination Sach, sre eras eraing hi ie och my ost sore i fonharts (7 fan mea, sgn Sioear (oh eens ee tale appcite stomach | toner als mea pote tomach plas sickness) ae ‘nil aon duil sa bhia agam I have no tina in (n) eadache mae for . th tinneas cian orm le roinat Id Ihave ‘clsle'(/) pull . . headache for some days exo beat wae ail gon rad ar do chroi there is nothing weong with your heart, lit, on your heart ‘éal (m=) mouth, sin (2) stretch, extend teanga (f) tongue sin amach do theanga put out your tongue ‘acail (/) tooth lofa rotten fiacl6ic (om) dentist ‘cuairt a thabbairt ar an bhfiacloir to (pay a visit to the dentist teirmiméadar (m) thermometer ascaill(f) armpit Aroch-thinneas () serious illness, it bad sickness teach (m) whooping-cough Brutinae G9 mass 46 falar (m) disease Eabhras(n) fever ‘taibhleid tablets poltigéir(m} chemist .2g dul a chodladh duit when you are going to bed, lt. to sleep log (on) three hours tri uae a chloig three hours 0 ceann cipla Li for a few days (Ce. till the end of a few days) tuiese (f) weariness, fatigue, tiredness Translation Tréchtaire Liam is unwell. The doctor is examining him. Dochtiir What symptoms have you got? Liam have a headache for the past few days and its difficult to sleep at night. My throat is sore to. Dochtir Have you any sign of stomach pains? Liam No, but I have no desire to eat. Dochtiir Your pulse is allright in any case, and there is nothing wrong with your heart. Open your mouth til [see your throat Stretch out your tongue... . see you have a bad tooth... Liam have. I'll have to pay a visit to the deotis { suppose. ‘Dochttir Put this thermometer under your arm .. . Tell me, did you ever have any serious iiness? ‘Liam I had whooping-cough, and mumps, and measles when I was young. Dochttir None of those is very bad disease. I'l take the thermometer now... Hmmm... You have no fever in any case. Liam Well that’s good. Dochtiir All you have got is a heavy cold .. . Get these tablets from the chemist. Take two tonight when you are going to bed, and take one every three hours forthe next couple of days. Liam Should I remain in bed? Dochtiir ‘That's not necessary. It would be as well not to tire yourself of course. You could 2is0 eat @ good amount of fruit. Come back to ime again in couple of days if you are not feeling beter.Notes 1 Té tinneas cian orm, I have a headache. Remember that agam is not used in this type of expression. See note 4, lesson 7. Examples: Ti tinneas fiacaile orm. 1 have a toothache. Té tinneas cinn orm. I have a headacke. Ta slaghdin orm. I have a cold. 2. Is deacair dom codladh istofche. 1 is dificult for me to sleep at night. Note istoiche an adverbial formed from ofche night. Note how the word is used in the following sentences: [Ni raibh mé riamh ann istoiche, / was never there at night. Tioefaidh iche Dé Luain. He will come on Monday night. 3. Té mo scornach tinn. My throat is sore. ‘Compare the following ‘Ta an arog briste. The shoe is broken. Té an Dhrég bhriste ag Padraig. Pédraig has the broken shoe. ‘Té an bhrég briste ag Padraig. Padraig has broken the shoe. ‘Té an chathaoir seo bog. This chair is soft. Suigh ar an gcathaoir bhog. Sit on the soft chair. 4s Ceacht a Daichead An tEastét Tionsclaioch 47 a Seacht (47) Lesson forty seven The Industrial Estate (47) New words in tl suas le deich mbliana up to ten years Meiriced (m) America ceastit (7) estate Dunaodh was founded thu from them le al, every obair (/) work fan uile shaghas ofbre every kind of work callin (m) girl Dbuachalli agus callin 6gn do na ‘monarchana young boys and girls for the factories cceardai (m) tradesman fe. skilled worker cceardaithe ollte skilled tradesmen. ccomblacht (m) company feidhm (/) function ‘ag feidhmid functioning ‘aon cheann déag acu ann there are leven of them there (44 mbeadh a leithéld d'eastit ann if ‘such an estate were there, lit. it's like of an estate 6 shin ago eich mbliana 6 shin ten years ago rachainn (téigh) 1 would go ini décha go rachaiaa it's not likely I woutd go triobiéid (/) trouble Translation ‘an raibh mérén trlobiside agat? did you have much trouble? foirm (f) form. bhi foirmeacha le lionadh there were forms to fll, o be filled agallamh (m) dialogue, interview eslrend agallamh oc Iwas interview ‘gndthchelsteanna usual questions, ordinary questions avis (/) age ‘agus mar sin de and so on slle (m) sea, salt water thar stile abroad, over seas ba thébhachtai an tagallamh ad an ‘ath’ the interview was more important than the experience imeachtai (m) activities, proceedings ‘6isialta social Imeachtai sbistalta social activities aidhm (/) aim. ‘cén aidhm a bhi lel an ceisteanna sin ‘what was the aim (ie. purpose) of these questions deimhie certain, sure, deimfin a dhéanamh de to make ain of itigh (8) agree réiteoinn T would agree Tmo theannta along with me, together with me Tréchtaire Tadhg has spent up to ten years in America, He returned home recently and has secured a position in a factory on the Industrial Estate that was founded recently. us iCJ Tadhg They require men and women for all sorts of work Liam 1 thought all they wanted were young boys and girls for the factories. - Tadhg There is a demand for managers and skilled tradesmen too. Liam 1 suppose you are right. I believe there are almost a dozen ‘companies operating there now. Tadhg There are eleven of them there. If there had been such an Estate in existence ten years ago it’s not likely that I'd have gone to America at all Liam Had you much trouble when you went looking for work there? Tadhg No. There were forms to be filled at first, and then I was interviewed. Liam What kind of questions were on the forms? Tadhg Usual questions. Questions about age, experience, and so on. Liam 1 suppose the experience you got overseas was helpful to you. Tadhg The interview was more important than the experience I think. They asked me a lot of questions about pastimes and about my social activities, Liam What was the purpose of those questions? Tadhg 1 think they wanted to be sure that I could get on with the people that would be working with me. Notes 1. Donuite shaghas oibre for al sorts (kinds) of work, Note that ulle every lenites a following consonant. Examples: Chuala mé an uile fhocal. J heard every word. Beidh an wile dhuine sista. Everyone will be satisfied. 2. Thar stile orerseas. The general word for sea is farraige, but the words sile and muir are also used; sille basically means brine. ‘Muir is mainly used in the sense of sea as opposed to land e.g. ar muir agus ar tir, on sea and on land. In many contexts they are of course interchangeable, Examples: Bhi an fharraige suaite aréir ach té disturbed last night but it is quiet now. ‘Chuaigh sé thar sile. He went over seas (abroad). ‘Ta siad ag teacht thar muir. They are coming over the sea ‘Ti long ar muir le seachtain. A ship is24 (om) sea Ifr 4 week Ta na bréithre ag teacht thar séile is ag triall thar muir. (a line from anois. The sea was 146 a wellknown Irish song). The brethren (brothers) are coming over QQ te brine and traveling over the sea. 3 Theastaigh uathu ‘make certain (of) that . Examples: mbin a dhéanamh de go . They wanted 10 Déan deimhin dé go rachaidh ti ann. Make certain that you will go there. Nilim deimbin de go bhfuil sé Tam not certain that he has it. Ceacht a Daichead a hOcht (48) Sl4n 4s Lesson forty eight (48) Good-bye New words in this lesson foghlamtha learned de réir a chélle by degrees cleachtadh (m) practice tirthi on herfit sma dhéanann ti cleachtadh go minie ‘iethi if you practice it often, lit. do practice on it bbs efgir duit you should turas a thabhaiet ar an nGaeltacht to pay a visit to the Iish-speaking ‘pobal (m) public, people ‘agus althne a chur ar an bpobal ‘and get to know the people ‘agat ar an teanga now that you have a good foundation (of knowledge) in the language lean (1) continue 0 Teanfaidh ta ort that you will ‘g0 mbainfidh 1 taitneamh as till you take pleasure from prés (m) prose ceumas (rm) ability cuicfdh «ar do chumas will make it possible for you... i. will put your ability cult (m) culture tuiseint ()) understanding a thuiscint to uriderstand Dias (m) taste blas a fhil ar an mbéaloideas to relish the folklore, fit. to get a taste from the folklore teas (1) lay Teagfaidh sé 0s do chombaie it will lay before you saol.(m) life, way of life sola mira way of if that has continuously ur8 Translation ‘You have now learned a lot of Irish. Your Irish will improve gradually if you practise it often. You should, if possible, take a trip to the Gaeltacht and get to know the people who speak the language as their everyday language. We are sure, now that you have a good foundation in the language, i that you will carry on and get considerable enjoyment from Irish literature, both prose and poetry ‘Your knowledge of Irish will make it possible for you to read the \ history of Ireland and to understand the culture of Ireland. It will | make it possible for you to enjoy the folklore and songs and it will open before you a way of life that has existed unbroken for more | than two thousand years. Supplementary Notes to Lessons Notes There are several long sentences in this lesson. If you study them carefully you will notice that they are made up from a number of smaller sentences. Learners are advised not to attempt long sentences in the beginni we Ga 148Lesson One: . 1 T& sé ina shui he is sitting, i. in his siting. The preposition i% in ‘combines with the possessive adjective in this construction. Examples: Singular Ist Pers 2nd Pers. ti titi do shui 3rd Pers. (m) ti séina shui (0) ta st ina sui Ist Pers. ‘im i mo chodladh ir gcodtadh 2nd Pers. ‘td tL do chodladh——_ ed sibh in bhur gcodladh 3rd Pers. (m) tds€ina chodladh td siad ina geodladh (6) tastina codlaah Note the mutations that distinguish at his; a! her and a® cheir. ‘Where mutation does not occur (words commencing with I etc.) the difference between a his, a her and aN their is derived from the context. Examples: Singular Ist Pers. dim i mo tat 2ad Pers. tht 3rd Pers.(m) th sé (6) ti sina lai 2. See note 4 on initial mutation in the introduction. Listen carefully to the sound recording and you will notice that with the exception of ng all these sounds are pronounced as if the original ‘one had disappeared. The sound represented by ng in Irish is somewhat similar to ag in standard British English long. See also notes on eclipsis in introduction and Appendix. 3. Inis dom tell me lit. tell to me. ‘The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition ‘ do! to, for Singular Plural dom 10 me inn to us duit 10 you daoibh co you os fa 43 tohim 608. 10 them ne . i eee 151 a ee eee4° Faoin ngrian in the sun lit. under the sun. ‘The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition Lesson Nine: 1. Go bhfaca sé ano ti that he saw you there. The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition IN in, hot under. | Singular Plural fim under me fina under us fit under you fib under you | faoi_under him fithi under her fithu under them Lesson Two: : 1. Den Eoraip of Europe. The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition det of. gular diom of me diot of you de of kim ai of her t Fralncise agam I have some French Plural 1 ‘The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition ag at, by Singular Plural im. Ihave a box. Ta bosca againn. We have a box. ‘Ta bosea agat, You have a box. Ti bosea agaibh. You have a box. e. He hasa box. Ti bosca acu. They have a box. Lesson Three: 1 Té orm imeacht / must go. The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition ar on. Singular Plural form on me forainn on us ort on you ‘oraibh on you ait on him ‘orth on them uirthi on her 2. Ta tobac uaim I want tobacco. The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition 6%, from. Singular Plural Té tobac usim I want tobacco. Ti tobac uaian, We want tobacco. ’ Té tobac uait. You want tobacco. Té tobac uaibh. You want tobacco. Ta tobac uaidh. He wants tobacco. Ta tohac uathu.{Thgy want tobacco, Té tobac uaithi, She wants tobacco. oo 12 Singular Plural ionam in me fonainn in us ionat in you ionaibh in you ‘ana in him(it font in them inti ia herfit 2. Bhi sf istigh romham she was inside before me. The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition roimh before. Singulae romham before me rombat before you roimhe before him roimpi before her Lesson Ten: Plural romhainn before us rombaibh before you rompu before them 1 The following are the months of the year: Eandir Feabhra January February March April May dune duly August September October November December 2. The following are the four seasons: ‘An tEarrach (he) Spring ‘An Sambradh (the) Summer ‘An Fombar (the) Autumn ‘An Geimbreadh (the) Winter 153Lesson Twelve 1 Rachaidh mé siar / will go west. The adverbs referring to the points of the compass may be divided into four groups that correspond to the nouns Tuaisceart, Deisceart, Oirthear, Iarthar: Nouns Adverbs Movement Movement ‘Compar- away from towardsthe Simple ative the speaker speaker Position Position An Tuaisceart ‘6 thuaidh ~— aduaidh ‘thuaidh: lastuaidh the North AnDeisceart 6 dheas—aneas.—theas-——_—nisteas the South ‘An tOirtbear soir anoir—tholr_ Taste the East Antlarthar sia aniar == thiar——laistiar the West Examples ‘Ta sé ag obair i dTuaisceart na tite. He is working in the north (northern area) of te country. Ta sé ag dul 6 thuaidh. He is going north Ti sé ag teacht aduaidh, He 1s coming from the north, ‘Ta sé thuaidh i mBéal Feirste. He is north in Beas. Ti sé lastuaidh de Bhaile Atha Cliath. He is north(wards) of Dublin ‘Ti sé ag taisteal sa Deisceart. He is travelling in the south (the southern part of the country). ‘Ta sé ag dul 6 dheas, He is going south é . He is coming from the south, Coreaigh. He fs south in Cork, ‘Ti sé isteas de Thiobraid Arann, He is south of Tipperary. ‘Ti sé ag obair sam Oirthear. He iS working in the eas. “Ta sé ag dul soir. He is going east ‘Ta sé ag teacht anoir. He is coming from the east. ‘Ta sé thoir i mBaile Atha Cliath. He is east in Dublin ‘Ta sé lastoir de Chill Dara, He is east of Kildare, ‘Ti sé ag obair san Tatthar. He 1s working in the west Ta sé ag dul siar go Gailimb. He is going west 10 Galway. ‘Ti sé ag teacht aniar 6 Ghaillimb. He is coming from: the west, from Galway. ‘Ta sé thi gConamara. He is west in Conamara. Ti sé Inistiar de Chathair aa Gailimbe. He is west of the city of Galway, ea Ga : 154 1 a Ta sé léite agam. J have read it. The past participle is formed with the ending -te, ta, according as the stem is slender or broad. ‘The form -the, -tha is used after by €, BM, Ps Fe Examples: bris break; briste broken caill lose; caillte lost ain closes dinta closed drink: étta drunk seuab sweep: scuabtha swept Meg nck (dow); eagba rocked » Woes ending 9 Boal 2d el become ata solr Mads ning on Seco ae i desnoy, becomes eto Hage tdig on bch ake the fom ty thus sith writ, one Rim compe, becomes a computed. becomes set Lesson Fourteen: 1 Té Fear an Phoist chugaina. The postman is approaching us. (lit. the post man is 10 43) ‘The Tollowing are the personal inflected forms of the preposition hun 10. = Singular ural chugam 10 me chugainn f0 us ebugat 10 you ‘chugaibh 10 you cchuige t0 him cucu 10 them chuici 10 her Lesson Sixteen: iocht. I don't care about the 1. Ts cuma liom ann né as doa seé it. I don’t care whether the storytelling is there or not. storytelling, ‘The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition as out (of) Singular Plural fasam out of me asainn out of us asat out of you asaibh out of you as out of him!it asty out of them aisti out of her‘it 155eee Elle Thus: Ni raibh focal as. He said nothing, lit. There wasn't a word out of him. raibh focal asam. J said nothing. Lesson Seventeen: 1a An Cumann'staire the historical society. Staire is genitive singular Of the feminine noun stairs We wil reer to word which form thee genitives in the same manner as stat story a Class B. All the nouns in Classes Band BI, ae feminine. The nouns in Class B2 are maseuline. The genitive i formed by adding e after the final consonant. Examples: jr ar eolas agam. I know the history. . He taught history. imé leabhar staire. I bought a history book (i.e book of history). Téim ag foghlaim staire. 1 am learning history. b Many words form their genitive in this way. They do not all form their plurals in the same way. Examples: Singular Plural Nom. country sky place question copy jump field ‘school street weather ball tiortha seachtain feirm coill cistin pingin week farm ‘wood, forest kitchen penny ‘¢ A generally similar formation is accompanied by a change from a broad to a slender consonant before the added e. We will refer to this group of nouns as Class BI. Examples: Singular Plural Nom, Gen, Nom. clann = family clainne clan, brog ‘shoe bréige broga gaoth wind gaoithe —_gaotha seuab brush seuaibe scuaba tuath country tualthe ——tuatha ‘ersobh branch ——eraoibhe -—craobhacha ion daughter inion infonacha 4 There are only two nouns in Class B2. They are im butter, and sliabh mountain, Both are masculine. They have the following forms: Singular Plural Nom, Gen. Nom, Gen, . im butter ime sliabh mountain siéibhe —siéibhte——sliabh. Class C is represented by words such as baisteach rain. The ‘Nominative Singular form ends on -ach or -each. All of these nouns are feminine. They form their genitive by changing the final syllable to -ai or -i. The Nominative Plural is formed by adding a. The Genitive Plural has the same form as the ‘Nominative Singular Singular Plural Nom, Nom, Gen. cléirseach harp cldirseacha cléirseact scornach throat seornacha gallinach soap galliaacha gealach moon gealacha curach canoe ccoracha ‘The word teach house is masculine. It bas the following forms: Singular Plural ‘Nom. Gen. Nom, Gen, teach howe ti tithe teachLesson Eighteen: 1 Ceacht a hocht déag lesson eighteen. Nouns such as ceacht lesson belong to inflectional Class D. They are masculine and form theit zgenitives by adding a to the nominative singular form, final slender consonants being made broad. They do not all form their plural forms in the same way. Examples: ‘Nom. Té an ceacht ar eolas agam, / know the lesson, ‘Mhiin sé am ceacht. He taught the lesson Gen. Bhi tosach an chezchta go maith. The beginning of the lesson was good. (Chodait sé i rith an cheachta. He slept during the lesson. ‘Other words in this class are: Singular . Plural Nom. Gen. is race risa risaj addi boatman bidéra bidirk feirmeoir farmer feirmeora feirmeoiri siopadsir shopkeeper siopadi Uaireadéir watch waireadsiri dochtiir doctor Jocht fault Ddlith flower dath colour rang class ranganna nouns, We will refer to ‘There is « similar formation of femi these as Class DI. Examples: Singular Plural Nom. siochiin peace foghlaim learning Eoraip Europe = Macht lecture Keachtai feoil meat feoka troid fight troideanna 2. Adjectives must agree with the nouns they qualify in terms of number, gender and case. To express these an adjective may have a a maximum of four inflections. They are also subject to lenition. The folowing er the mote common ips of depiable aces together with theic various forms: += 4 4 4 4 158 fa Sin é an fear mér. That is the big man. This is the basic form. It is used with the Nominative Singular form of masculine nouns. Sin é hata an fhic mhéir. Thar is the big man's hat. The initial consonant is lenited and the final consonant is made slender. It is used with the genitive singular form of masculine nouns, ‘Ta na fir mhéra anseo. The big men are here. Ta boseai méra agam. / have big boxes. It is used with the nominative plural form of masculine nouns ‘The initial consonant is lenited when the preceding noun ends on a slender consonant; a is added, ‘Ta hatai na Dhfear mér agam. [ have the big men’s hats. There is no change in the form of the adjective. {tis used with the genitive plural form of masculine nowas. Sin { an bhean mhér, Thar is the big woman. The initial consonant is lenited. It is used with the nominative form of feminine nouns. Sin é hata na mnd méie. That is the big woman's hat. The final consonant is made slender and e is added. It is used. with the genitive singular form of feminine nouns. Té na mnd méra ag caint. The big women are talking. a is added, It is used with the nominative plural form of feminine nouns. ‘Ta hatai na mban mér agam. J have the big women's hats. There no change in the form of the adjective. It is used with the genitive plural form of feminine nouns. Other adjectives like mér: (i bin white; ard tall, high; bog soft: fuar cold Most adjectives that are infected in this way end on a broad consonant (i) Adjectives ending on -mh(e)ar, far: luachmhar valuable; ‘ceolmahar musical; Wifar acklete bb Sin é an fear scléipeach. That 1s she mirthful man. This is the basic form. ‘Sin 6 hata an fhir seléipigh. Thar is the mirthful man's hat. -each ‘becomes -igh. Sin é c6ta na mné set That is the mirthful woman's coat. -each scléipeacha imithe. The mirthful people are gone. {Al adjectives ending on -each are inflected in this way. ‘Théinig an fear brénach isteach. The sorrowful max came in. This is the basic form. Labbair mé le mac an fbir bhrénaigh. I spoke 10 the sorrowful ‘man’s son. -ach becomes -aigh. 159Sin {inion na mad brénai. That is the sorrowful woman's daughter, -ach becomes -ai. Ni maith liom cailini brénacha. don’t like sorrowful girls. ais added, ‘Adjectives that end on «ach are inflected in this way. See b above— compare spelling ‘Té an garstin maith istigh. Th (Cér chuir ti camén an ghars good boy's hurley? The initial consonant is lenited. ‘Ta fear ua mnd maithe sa bhaile. The good woman's husband is at hhome. ¢ is added to the basic form. Garaisti maithe is ea ind. They are good garages. ¢ is added to the basic form, With the exception of adjectives that end on -il most adjectives that end on a slender consonant are inflected in this way, sin leiscidil is en 6. He is a lazy boy. This is the basic form. Nil rothar an gharsiin leiseidil anseo, The lazy boy's bicycle Is not here, There is no change from the basic form. Té teach na mn leiscila salach. The lazy woman's house is dirty. ais added to the basic form. Ni bhionn tithe glana ag davine leiseila. Lazy people don't have clean houses. a is added to the basic form. Alll adjectives ending on dil are inflected in this way. € The following frequently used adjectives have somewhat irregular inflexion ‘ood boy isinside, This is the basic form, ahaith? Where did you put the Genitive Genitive Nominative Singular Singular Nominative Singular ‘Masculine Feminine rambar fat ramhair ——rsimhre daingean firm daingin daingne deimhin certain dcimhin ——_deimhne adie strong tilidre saibbir rich, wealthy: saibhre deacair difficult deacra gearr short siorra gearra tapaidh fast tapai tapal te hor te teo bred fine brea bredtha leathan wide Feithne Teathana domhain deep domhain doimbne tirim dry tirim tiorma ‘lainn Deausiful ‘aion, 160 belong to this class. Singular en &. He is a poet. ‘Sin é teach an fhile. That is the (poet's house. (Other nouns in Class E. Singular toitin cigarente maistir master bata stick iste college ordiste orange Déile meal paste child uisce water ai law ambrénai singer bia food téacs text baile home, town mile mile 1a fii she poets. The noun file poer has ro genitive form, and only fone plural form. This is inflexional Class E. The nouns in this class, and there are many, are masculine. Most words that end in « Plural Cé Dhfull na fli? Where are the poets? ‘Ta cfirde na Dhfili anseo. The poets’ friends are here. Plural maistrt alithe 5 ambrénaithe bianna téacsanna bailte ‘There is @ similar formation of feminine nouns. We will refer to these as Class El. Examples Singular sliinte health taille fee timpiste accident rogha choice tra strand line shirt ‘ihe night Plural timpisti roghanna trinna inte oicheanta We have already mentioned the comparison of adjectives. Some adjectives like mér have special forms for comparison. Examples: Ta Sein mér, ti Piédraig nios mé ni Sean, Is mé Tadhg nd iad, ‘Where adjectives have sot special forms such as these the 161 SS ee ee‘comparative has the same form as the Genitive Singular Feminine form. (See note 2 above). Examples: Hata na mna saibbre. The rich woman's hat. ‘Ta Padraig saibhir, Padraig is rich, wealthy. ‘Ta Sed nios saibhre né Padraig. Sedn is richer than Padraig. Is saibhre Liam ni tad, Liam is richer than they (are). Lesson Nineteen: 1 When we use indirect speech we start off with a verb such as abair, fafraigh, iart, ceap. Examples: . Abair leis dul abhaile, Tell him to go home. Diirt sé liom dul abhite. He told me 10 go home. Fiafraigh de ea bhfuil Padraig. Ask him where Pédraig is. arr air cabbri leat, Ask him to help you. Cheap sé go raibh Padraig anseo. He thought that Padraig was here. 'b With the exception of the copula most verbs have a form known as the Verbal Noun. It is so called because it is derived from the verb and has functions of both verb and noun. Examples: Verb Verbal Noun cabhraigh help ceabhiit Girigh arise, get up éiri boris break briseagh See also notes 3 and 4 supplementary notes to lesson twenty thee. ‘The verbal noun is used when putting orders into inditect speech thus: “righ, a Phidraig’,arsa Sein. “Get up, Padraig”, said Sein. becomes: Diet Sem le Pidraig dit. “N& héitigh, a Phidraig”, arsa Sean, “Do not get up, Pédraig, said Sed becomes: Dire Sen le Pédeatg gan éii “Bris (nd bris) an fhuimneog, a Shedin”, arsa Padraig. “Break (do not break) the window, Seén, said Padraig becomes: Diirt Padraig le Sein an fhuinncog a bhriseagh (gan an thu ‘a bhriseadh). aie Ta ‘Where sentences other than imperatives are put into indirect Meets tees in the dependent clause is preseded bya verbal particle go", nach, gur', or mir'—thus: vette mag sbi ae seleun, Team nr working, he sid { becomes: Fr —— (non workng Spt ea tans m ceanm na” a slsean“lgor didnot get becomes Dai go btu (nach fu) exasn mua He said hat he for (dd sor ge) anew one Eis eighe mar thtmd in, asa Parag “Y did no getup, tecawe fer sid idea tecomes: Dain Prag de rgh 9 mar go rlbh sf thm. Pai ae ha edu not get up becanse he wal “etna oman Sef” a selsenn,“F will f Sen comes”, ‘he said. Becomes : Duis go néanfah 6 dtocathSedn, — eae speceh However wien the pan tense or conditional rosea te wedi the orginal atement they are retained in indtect speech: Exam Cheannian € 4 mbeadh an wf wand bg fT had se none? becomes: E—— Palys hr be mold buy he had the mone go’ and nach” are used to connect dependent clauses which are ee pat enc of the vert, wane lyn bes aight ger fle see igh go and dearaa (form ppreeey, Gur" and nar“ are used to connect dependent clauses which are in the past tense of all other verbs. Bamps! Chane sn go nde (nach ni) s&s ead sha he aid (did not say) that. Seiad go bodh (each mbioh) Sein asco, He say ha Sen used be (not be) here. ead agam”, arsa Pédraig, said Padraig.een Dadirt sé go bhfuair (aach bhfuait) Sein ceann. He said shat Sedin ‘When used with the possessive pronoun the emphatic form is got (didnot get) one. sufficed to the following noun, the forms being: Deirtear go ndearaa (nach ndearna) sé obair aun. 1's said that he did (did not get) work there. Singular Plural CChuala mé gur thainig (adr thdini) sé abhaile. 1 heard that he came oa “e a ne (did not come) home. oa se “a se ‘Duirt sé gur chuala (nar chuala) sé mé, He said that he heard san ~sean (masculine) -sam sean (did not hear) me. sa se (feminine) CCreidim gur thug (ndr thug) sé ceana leis. / believe he took (did rot take) one with him. Examples: Mo ghluaistednsa MY motorcar; mo thoitinse MY cigarette. do bhrégsa Your shoe; @oifigse YOUR office; a Dhoscasan HIS box: Lesson Twenty Two: a Minesean vs shirt; a mélasan HER bag; a grusigse HER hair. 1 Compare the following: : Simple Pronoun Emphatic Form fe sfaton oun story; ie OUR leer: Dur dteaehsa YOUR house; mane a Dir geeistse YOUR question; a bpesnneoa THEIR pen; a dtaithisean ti you tusa in experience. he seisean . ; 7s a 2. The following masculine nouns have unique inlexions: a she sise Singular Plural i she ‘Nom. Dia God Déithe es Gen. Dé eon ee Nom. lia day Isethanta siad they cea iad they The empha suines sed wih the penonal infested forms of “The following feminine nouns have exceptional infections prepositions are broad of slender according to the shape of the wor being emphasised. * oe o Singular Plural Examples: ‘Nom. bean woman mai Singular Plural Gen, mod ban 1 agam becomes agama againn becomes agaione Nom, deitférsister deicférachs 2 sgt agate agaibh =, agaibhse Gen. deirféar o Aigesean acu S) acwsan Nom. teaba bed lespacha fy irthisi or Gen, leapa sith sin Nom. sai month rmicana Gen, sniosa Singular Plural Nom. sie sister (i.e. a member siéracha becomes uaimse uaian becomes uainne of a religious community). ual »uaibhse Gen, shirach es athe |) uathasar ‘Nom. olann woot olla Gen. olann 168 164Lesson Twenty Three: 11 Gloine beorach «glass of beer. Beorach is the genitive singular form ofthe feminine noun beoir beer. Nouns such as beolr belong to inflexional Class F. The nouns inthis class ace feminine. They form their genitives by adding each of ach tothe stem. Ifthe final consonant of the base/stem form is slender it may be changed to broad before the Sufix eg, Beoir-beorach, Ifthe base form consists of more than one syllable then it may be shortened (at least in writing) before the suffix e.g. cathair-cathrach Nom. Té an Bheoi sin an-deas, That beer is very nice. Gen. D'61 mé glaine beorach. drank a glass of beer. ais added to the genitive to form the plural. Examples: Singular ~ Plural Nom. Gen. beoir beer beorach. beoracha cabbair felp —cabhrach ccabhracha cathair city cathrach ccathracha itr letter litreach Titreacha ceathaoir chair cathaoireacha _cathaoireacha. ‘There isa further important class of nouns. We will refer to it as Class G. The nouns in this class are feminine. This clan is typified by the word comharsa neighbour. Ut forms its genitive by adding =» and its plural by adding na: Singular Nom. Is fear maith ¢ an chombarsa. The neighbour is a good man. Gen, Bhi sé i dteach na comharsan. He was in the neighbour's house. Plural Bbaiigh na combarsana isteach, The neighbours gathered in. (.e came in. ‘Other words in this class: Singular Plural Nom. Gen. ceatheé quarter ceathran ceathrina monarcha factory monarchan —_monarchana 2. Further notes on verbal nouns and verbal adjectives: ‘We have seen that verbal nouns are derived from verbs but function like nouns in a sentence. Verbal adjectives, in a similar manner, are derived from verbs and perform the functions of verbs and adjectives. The verbal adjectives may be used me oee as simple adjectives or 166 » in combination with an auxiliary verb to express a perfective aspect. Examples: 2 Adjectival: Ni raibh aige ach camin briste. He had but a broken hurley. Bhi doras dita in aice liom. There was a closed door near me. b Verbal: Ta an camén briste aige cheana féin, He has broken the hurley already. Ti an doras dinta agam. I have closed the door. ‘Verbs ending on a broad consonant add -ta, while verbs ending on a slender consonant add -te, to form the verbal adjective. See also supplementary note 1, lesson 13, Examples: Dim becomes dinta. Bris becomes briste. Where the root form ends on t or th, tt and tht become t. Examples: Tit fall becomes tite. Caith throw, spend becomes caite. ‘Where the root form ends on b, ¢, f, @, m, p,r, -ta and -te become tha and -the. Examples: Fig leave becomes fagtha. ‘Tréig abandon, desert becomes tréigthe. ‘Where the root form ends on bh or mh, these become fand a or € is added, Example: Seriobh write becomes seriofa. ‘The verbal adjectives formed from the irregular verbs are given in the tables in Appendix 2. Verbal adjectives formed from regular verbs are given in the tables in Appendix 1. The following list will aiso be useful: Verb Verbal Noun Verbal Adjective fis grow fis fasta a rink a lta diot sell, pay ait diokta fig leave figtha fan wait fata are ask rth leag knock (down) eagam leagtha Jean follow eaniint ——_‘Heanta (oe take togail togtha bain take et. Daint bainte 167Verbal Noun Verbal Adjective strike bualadh Dbuaitte taste blaiseadh basta put cortha Tough giire siirthe Play (music) sein seinnte drive tiomaint tiomainte show taispedint —_taispednta drown ba baite win baachan buaite stir corral corraithe enquire fafeai fiafraithe buy ceannach ——ceannaithe arrange soeri socraithe remember cuimhneamh — cuimbnithe awak Aiiseacht isthe open ‘oscailt oscailte Speech labhait labbartha tie ceangailte tell inste foghlaim learn foghlamtha Lesson Twenty Five: 1 hail thart going, passing by. (Chuaigh sé thar an doras. He went by the door, he went past the door. The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition thar over, by: Singular tharam by me, over me tharat by you, over you Ahairis by him, over him thairsti by her, over her. Lesson Thirty Seven: Plural tharainn by us, over us. tharaib by you, over you. tharstu by them, over them. 1 Ach, tri but, shrough. The following are the personal inflected forms of the preposition tri through: Singular Plural triom through me trina through us triot through you trib through you (rid through him triothu trithi through her 168 through them - The Article ‘The following are the forms of the article: (See note on initial mutation in introduction). Singular Plural Masculine Feminine 1 Nom, Ant 4 Ant 7 Nat 2 Gen./Poss. Ant 5 Nat 8 NaN 3. Dative An® 6 ABN 9 Nat Examples: 1 Sin é an fear. That is the man. : Sin 6 an t-asal. Thar is the donkey. Ci Dhfuil clidach an bhosca? Where is the cover of the box? Té sé ag an ngeata, He is at the gate. Sin f an bhean, That is the woman, Té an ait go deas. The place is nice. ‘Ta barr na fuinneoige briste. The top of the window is broken. Ta smiit ar an mbeég. There is dust on the shoe. Té na hasail sa phdire. The donkeys are in the field ‘Té dathanna na ngluaistein go deas. The colours of the cars are nice. Té eolas agam ar na hambrdin. I know the songs. ‘The an forms combine with the prepositions to form den of the; don solfor the; faoin™ under the; sa*/sant in the; én from the. ‘The sounds represented by the letiers b, ¢, 4, f, g py tare subject to ‘eclipse. The eclipsed forms are mb, gc, nd, bhf, ng, bp, dt. See note on eclipsis in introduction. The Verb In our discussion of verbs itis necessary to distinguish between tense and mood. We may regard tenses as distinctions as to the time of action while moods may be regarded as distinctions as to speakers’ attitude to actions. Past Tense: Punctual (one time) Perfective Progressive 1 Dbéa 2 Bhi... ag dinadh Habitual (repeated times) Perfective Progressive 3° Dbiinadh 4 Bhiodh . .. ag dinadh 16Example 1. him sé an doras. He closed the door (once and completed the action). 2 Bhi sé ag dimadh an dorais. He was closing the door. (in the act of, at one time, in the past). 3, Dhiinadh sé an doras. He used close the door (repeatedly and conclusively in the past. 4 Bhiodh sé ag diinadh an dorais. He used be closing the door (i. repeatedly in the act of closing the door in the pas). Present Tense Punetual, Perfective Progressive 1 2 Té...ag dinadh Habitual Perfective Progressive 3° Diinana 4 Bioon . .. ag dinadh Examples: 1 2. Té sé ag dimadh an dorais. He is closing the door. (ie. he is in the act of closing the docr. 3. Diimann sé an doras gach lé. He closes the door every day. (repeatedly and conclusively through the present), 4) Bionn sé ag dimadh an dorais. He does be closing the door (habitually in the act of closing the door throughout the present). Future Tense: Punctual 1 Diinfaidh Habitual 2 Beidh... ag dimadh Exampl 1. Diinfaidh sé an doras. He will close the door. . 2 Beidh sé ag dimadh an dorais. He will be closing the door. 170 Con ional Mood: Punctual 1 Dhinfadh Habitust 2. Bheadh . .. ag dinadh Examples: 1 Dhinfadh sé an doras. He would close the door. 2. Bheadh sé ag diinadh an dorais. He would be closing the door. Subjunctive Punctual 1 Gondina... Habitual 2 Goraibh....ag dinadh Examples 1. Go ndiina sé an doras. May he close the door. 2. Go raibh sé ag diinadh an dorais. May he be closing the door. Imperative: Punetual 1 Din Habitual 2 Bi... dinadh Examples: 1 Dain an doras. Close the door. 2. Bi ng dinadh an dorais. Be closing the door. am aAppendicesAPPENDIX 1 Regular Verbs irst Conjugation Perfective Inflections 1 Din close Past Tense (Punctual) Dikin mé J closed. ‘Singular Plural 1 dhin mé red low iseal; laid low ar lir luck s. adh m.; he was lucky bhi an ‘adh leis: he was in bad luck bhi misddh air lunch s. 160 m mad ad). buile magazines. iris f ‘majority 5. forrhe m. make y. déan; to make a dhéanamh; ‘make clear to him léirigh do rman s, fear m.; man of the house fear an ti manager 5. bainisteoir m. manner # 36, sli caoi, nds, euma; ‘what manner of man is he? cén sért Guine €; the manner in which he did it an tsi a ndearna sé é, fan chaoi a ndearna sé é many adj. and s, mérin, iomal, 258 réad; there are many bere ti mérdn anseo; many is the time is iomai uair; how many cé ‘mbéad March s. Marta m.; month of March mina Marta march s. (military) mised f. mark 5. rian, mare m, ; marry ¥. ps; he is to marry ti sé le poxadh; he is married ta sé posta Mary Pr. Maire f; The Virgin Mary Muire ‘mashed potatoes s. braitin m. master, maistir match s. cluiche m. mate 5. céile m. material s,abhar ‘mathematics s. matamsitic f it doesn’t matter is cuma; ‘business matters cirsai gn6 Mays. Bealtaine f- maybe ad. b'théidie me personal pron. mé; he sam me ‘chonaic sé mé; without me gan mé; he knows me (4 aithne aige orm; he gave it to me thug sé dom &; he was striking me bhi sé do mo ‘husladh; above me o mo chionns Emphatic forms: mise; 33; -S¢; Twill doit déantaidh mise €; that is my box sin € mo bhoscasa; he took it from me thog sé uaimse € real s.béile m measles s. bruitineach f meat 5. feol f meet»; Lmet Sedn casadh Sed orm; ‘to meet him bualadh leis meeting 5 eruinnii m. amelt ¥. ea members, ball m.; Member of the ‘Government Ball den Rialtas ‘memory §, cuimbne m.; I remember ‘td cuimboe agam air, is cuimhin liom é menu 2. biachlir m. mercy 5. trécaire f message 5, scéal midday s. mean m. lae riddle adj. mean Middle East" Medin-Oirthear ‘midst s.: In the midst ofthe crowd i mease an tua mile s. mile m: milk s, bainne m. inute 5. noiméad mm, mirror s. scathan a ter 5.; Mr. © Néill Mac Ui Néill rmieth 5. sleip hful aj. seléipeach rable adj. dona on, misean mistake s. dearmad m, mixture s. meascin m mockery s. magadh m.; he is ‘mocking me ti sé ag stagadh fim modify v-athraigh; to modify a uthra monastery 5. mainistir f Monday's, Luan m.; on Monday Dé Luain money 5. airgead m. month s. mi f. ‘moon 5. gealach f more adj. nios mé, tilleadh; one ‘more ceann eile; more than twenty breis is fiche morning s. maidin f; in the morning ‘ar maidin most ad). formhoe mother s. mathair f motorcar 5. gluaisiedn m. motorists. gluaisteinai m. ‘mountain s. sliabh m.; high ‘mountain ctuach f. mouth s. béal m. move s. cor m.; gluaiseacht / move v. corraigh, gluais, druid; he is moving ti sé ag gluaiseacht; to move a chorrai Mr see mister much au). méran, go leor, a tins ‘much money morn airgid, g0 leor airgid, a lin airgid; have you ‘mulch money? an bhfuil puinn airgid ‘agat’; how much is it? of mhéad musics. ceol m.; muse festival Red cheoil musicians s. ceoltSici m. must ».; T must ti orm, caithfidh mé mutton s.caoireoilf iy possessive mob, (m’ before vowels): my shoes mo Bhrogas imy donkey m’asal; my elothes mo chuid éadaigh: it was my frst time ba € an chéad air agam & Emphatic forms: sa: se; my boots smo bhrsgasa harrow aud. caol national adj. naisiints natural ad), nidurtha naturally aus. go nadirtha nature s, nadir m.; dulra near adv. ina aie, in aive le, cois, ima le nearly adv. he nearly filed dobair dé teip necessary ai: it is mecessary to doit ni foldir €a dhéanamh, caithfear & a dhéanamh, is gi € a dhéanamh; it’s not necessarily right nig gur inecessity 5. 8 m. need 2 caspa mn; need for food feaspa bia; I need cigarettes ti toitini ag teastil uaim need. teastaigh; I need cigarettes teastaiona toitini uaim neighbour. comharsa f. neither ads:, conj. nether you nor 1 will go ni rachaidh mise nd tusa reser (in past) riamh never (in the future) choiche new ad nua ews s, nuacht m, newspaper s. nuachtin mat ‘m (ouachta) next auj. next week an tseachtain seo chugainn; next month an mi seo chusainn; the next house an chéad teach eile nice adj. deas ts. che f: by night istoiches ast night aréic nine naoi nine people naonir sipéar eerinetieth ndchada ‘no aon, ar bith (with negarive ‘expressed oF understood): he has ‘no money ail aon airgead aige noble adj. uasal non (prefix) neamh-; careless neamhchiramach nor, con). (negative form of verb +¢nd: neither you nor I know ail a fhios agatsa ni agamsa Norman s. Normanach m. north thuaidh; northern region tuaisceart; going north ag dul 6 thuaidh: coming north (ce. from the sourh) ag teacht aneas; ‘coming from the north ag teacht aduaidh: north (in relarion to @ specific point) lastusidhy; is north Of the house ta sé lastuaidh den teach; he is in the north ta sé sa twaisceart north-east s. oirthuaisceart m, northward s_; to the northwards thuaigh nose s. srOn f. not ad; he is not here nil sé anseo; he wasn’t here ni raibh sé anseo: don’t move na corraigh; he didn't move nor chorraigh sé; [ know he is not there td a fhios agam nach Dhfuil sé ann; not to come in gan teacht isteach rote 5. n6ta m. ‘nothing s.faic m., dada (m) (with negative), aon ‘ud, rud ar bith; 1 have nothing nil faic agam, nil dada agam, nil rud ar bith agam aotice v.airigh November s. Sambain f:; the month of November mi fra Samhna ‘now ad. anois; even now, just now ‘anois fein nuisance scr m. ruses. banalra f ‘occasion s.trith m. ‘occupation s. sli. bheatha o'clock a chlog October «, Deireadh m, Fémhair of (prep. de; it was nice of you ba dheas uait €; the son of a king imac ri; a relation of mine gaol dom; of the den; of their di; that hat of mine an hata sia agam offer». tairg office 5 oifig / officers. oifigeach m, often adv. go minie (oh interjection & oils ola f old adj. aosta, sean ‘omnibus 2. bus mt fon prep. ar; on me orm; on you or ‘on him air; on her uirthi: on us frainn; on you oraibh; on them otha ‘one aon, amin fone person aon duine amhain, dt ‘amhain; twenty one years bliin is Fiche; one or two pages leathanach 16 d6; once oF twice uair nd dé ‘one a haon; chapter one caibii a haon fone s.ceann m.; I have only one il agam ach ceann (ambdin); this one an ceann seo: which one? only adj. aon-; the only one an t-aon duine amhain; only adv. amhdin; not only ni harmhain open oscailt, ar oscalt; the window had been opened bhi an fhuinneog oscailte, ar oscailt, ‘open v.oscail; he was ope ag oscalt; to open a oscailt opinion s.tuaicim f ‘opposite ar aghaidh, os comhair (0F con. nd, (with negative) na; (ither) Tomas or Liam is here ti Tomas no Liam anseo; {aeither) Tomés noe Liam is here nil Tomas ni Liam ansco orange s. ordiste m. oration 5. raid f. ordge 5, orda m. » order ¥. ordaigh; to order a ordit bhisé ordinary gnich; ordinary people gnathmhuinti; ordinarily de ghosth ‘organisation s, eagraiocht organise +. eagraigh; organising it aeagra other auf eile; the other one an ceann tile; he was here the other day bhi sé anseo an li faoi dheireadh; ‘one after the other ceann i ndiaidh a chile: they were talking to each ‘other, to one another bhi siad ag cant Te chéile fur possessive &r*; our shoes ir rmbroga; our father ér n-athaie; ‘our clothes ar gcuid éadaigh: It was our frst time ba é an chéad uair againn & Emphati forms sha; ne; our shoes ar mbrogana ‘out cule. (with motion) amach: he was going out bhi sé az dul mach: out (widhout morion); be is fut ti sé amuigh; out of as; out of ‘outside s, taobh amuigh; the outside ‘of the box an taobh amuigh den bbhosca: he is outside ta sé amuigh; hee is outside the door sé Tasmuigh den doras ulskits 5. imeall mr; outskiets of ‘the city imeall na eathrach ‘over prep. thar; over me tharam; Ihe went over the bridge chuaigh sé thar an droichead; come over tar ‘leith, tac anall; over (on the other side in relation a specific postion) lastall; over there thall ansin; ‘over the door os cionn an dorais; all ever the place ar fud na héite; the play is over ti an drima thart ‘mn v1: who owns this? cf les & seo; Town this book is liom an leabhar seo ‘own fein; my own book mo leabhar ‘ein pair 5. eipla m. ants s. (a pair of Papers. pipéar m, parade s. morshidil m, para f. parent s. tuismithevir m, parish ». parbiste m. park s. paire / parliament s- parlaimint .; The Irish Parliament Dail Eireann: Member of Di Dala part s.cuid f, prt, participa bhi sé particle puinn: T haven't a pacticle, Thave only a very small amount nil puinn agam particular airithe passenger s. paisingic m past thart; in times past san am a ‘chustigh thart; for the past month le mi anuas; going past ag dul thar braid; past me tharam pastime s. caitheamh m. aimsire patient. othar m. Patrick Pr. Pideaig m. patron s, patriin m. pay ¥- ioc, diol; its paid ta sé dioka, Ui sé foctha; to pay a ioe peace 5. siochdin each s. péitseog f Pear s. piorca m. peculiar ad. ait Ben s. peann m. penel s. pean luaidhe penny s. pingin f. people s. pobal m., muintir f. people (plural of person) daoine; the people of the place (ie. public of the place) pobal na haite: ‘country people muintir na tuaithe; there are people there ti daoine ann per prep. in aghaidh; per annum in aghaidh na bliana perceive v.airigh Perch s. péirse d. perhaps adv. bt heidir period s. Lina f Permission s. cead m. Person s. duine m, Dest s. eri m. petrol s. peitreal m, Eireann Teachta 261pheasants. piastin m. pictures, pictiir m, pieces. piosa m. pig s. muc f pike ¢- lids pilgrimage s.olltheeacht f, turas m. pive s. piopa m. iy & trua f place s.ionad m.; ball m.s ait fz in its own place ina ionad fin; every place gach aon thall; this place an dit seo, plan s. pean m plan v. beartaigh: itis planned ta beartaithe; to plan a phleandil planning s. pleanail f plates. plita platform s. ardan lay +. (games) ime; (music seinen; (child ar play) sigradh; he is playing (a game) ta sé ag imirt; he fs playing (music) ti sé ag seine he i playing (ie. af play) tase ag sigradh; the game was played imriodh an eluiche; to play (games) a imirt; (muse) a sheinm play s. drima m. player s. (1) football player imreoir eile; (2) (musical) record player seinnteoir ceirnini please; if you please le do thoil please ¥tatin; it pleased him thaitin sé leis pleasing taitneamhach Pleasure s. thas m, plentiful adj. fuirseach plenty fdirse ; iiomad m. plonder . siad f plunder », stad pocket s. poca m. poem s. dain m, poet s. fle m. poetry. filfocht f police . poilini m.; The Irish Pe Force An Garda Siochina; the Police na Gardai, na Polini poor bocht pork s. muiceoil f ste (cu) fiir; would be ihe Ofheie port (ai post Prstcard cia post stman fear port Drstofc oly. pot, the post ‘fie oifigan phot potato pram Pound: punt pear. doin powers if practic nds old practice, Tradiioal manner sears practice cleahrads{taneno practic (at oi aan ceachtadh praise mol praise him & a rholadh praises oladh m, Prayers paie/¢ The Lor’s Prayer an Poaidie preter 1 woul peter 'theare Wom | prefer i err om prepare yllnaigh; vo prepare Srl tnch eng prepared tian Lond uh prepared ad) ula Deseo |ithair; at present fai Tatar; the present month a ti $01 presently a ball pecs uachtaran m pes cota m Drie 2: praghas m.; costs Pris sagt me Principal ad promt prisms ween 5 rosin Private riobhateach Pre duais Probable: it probable is dcha; itis pronable that docha go probaly (suppose) is décha Probie 20h Proceedings imeactalm, Promamoe 5 clér m. Progress dol chun cin Froese m roms gal Proper cert Dropery adh, i esart incipal poet propose ¥. mot rose s. pros m. prosperity 5. rath Protestant s, Protastinach m, protestant ai. protastinach ‘adj. poibli publi s. pobal m. publie-house ¢. teach m, tébhairne publish v- folsigh; to publish a Thoilsic pull » tarraing pulses, cuisle f Durchase ». ceannaigh; to purchase ‘acheannach purpose; for the purpose of chun ppt v. cuir; he fs putting it on the table ti 5é 4 chur ar an mbord; to put a chur ‘qualification .edlioeht quality © tréth quantity s.oiread m. quarters ceathei f ‘Quench ». mich; he was quenching it ‘bhi sé & mhachadh; to quench a mhichadh ‘question + ceistigh ‘question 5. ceist/; he asked me a ‘question chuir sé ceist orm ‘quick(ly)(g0) tapaidh; (go) meac quiet(y) (go) cin rabbit s.coinin m. race s. cine m.; the human race ‘an cine daonna race s. ras m.; the horse was racing ‘bhi an capall ag ris racing s. rasaiocht £ radio s, raid m. failway station s stdisiin na traenach Ut, the station of the train) rain 5. baisteach f-; 1 sé ag cur baist, ta sé ag cur raise v, ardaigh; to alse a ard fats, francach m. ravage s.slad f reach ». sroich: to reach him é a shroichint read «. igh; to read the book ‘an leabhar a leamh; he is reading ‘the book ti an leabhar a léamh aige reading 5. eam m. ready ullamb, e&idh rear 5. cil. reason 5. cis f, Cath m., cial f reasonable réasinta rebellion 5, éiri amach recite ¥.aithris recognition s.aithne f recognise +: L recognised him ‘faithin mé &; to recognise a aithint recommend +. mol; to recommend ‘2 mholadh record 5, ceitnin m, recorders. taifeadin m. red dearg; (of hair) ru reek (high mountain) eruach f regard meas (m); Lave a high ‘regard for him 14 ardmheas agam seguro) ria religion . creideamb m. remedy s,ieighe3s m. remember +. cuimnnigh; it must be ‘remembered ni mor a cchuimbneam; he is remembering, 1 sé ag cuimhnearmh remembrance /_cuimhneamh m.: to the best of my remembrance (recollection) chomt fada le mo chuimbne remind +, meabbraigh: he was reminding bhi sé ag meabhris repair v, deisigh; to eepair a dheisid reports. wairise/ cur sios reporters. tuairisceoir m. republics. poblacht f ‘republican s, Poblachtach m. eputation = dil fain m. require v, eastaigh; what did he Tequire? céard a theastaigh uaidh? respect s. meas m. responsible freagrach rest 5. 50S m.result 5 toradh m.; as an (undesirable) result of it dé dheasca retain ¥, coinnigh; to retain a choinnedil retuen fill; e is returning ti sé ag fileadh rich saiphir ride v.; he was riding bhi sé ag marcaiocht; to ride a race smarcaiocht i ris ride s, marcaiocht f. Fier ». marcach m. right (proper) ceart, c6ir rightly ad. i geeart ing s. inne m. rise +, éirigh; stand up éicigh i do sheasamh: he arose d'irigh s&: he is risen 88 éirithe; he i rising Ui sé ag iris to rise dick rising (revolt) éirif. aac Fiver s, abhainn f road s. both 7 roast ¥. rst rock 5. carraig f rod 5. slat; fishing rod slat iascaigh oom (i.e. space) s. sit fait 5 rope 5. tead m. rose 5.158 m: rose-tree s. réschrann m. rotten aij lof rough adj. garbh round s. babhta m, rub ».cuimil: to rub a chuimilt rule ¥- ralaigh; to eule arial alle iil f un v. ith um sith m sate skin said duit (ce abalr); sald he ar saint s.naomh m. sake 5.; forthe sake of as ucht, ar son; talk for talking’s sake sale 5. diol m.: on sale, for sale ar diol, le diol 264 salmon s. bradin m, salt waters, sdile same adi. pron, céanna, ionann: the same person an duine céanna; the same words na focail chéannas he went home, and I did the same chuaigh sé abhaile agus rinne mise an rud céanna; that isthe same as to say ionann sin is a; i’ all the same to me is cura liom; If its all the same to you mas cum leat, ‘mas cuma duit satisfaction s. thas m.; sisamh mus he is satisfied ed sé sista Saturday s. Sathara m.; on Saturday Dé Sathaien sauce 5. anlann m. save ¥, sabhail; it was already saved ‘Ohi sé sibhdilte cheana fein saw +. chonaie (see feie) ‘ays deir (see abaie) say + abair; he was saying bhi sé ag a; to say ard ‘Scandinavian s, Lochlannach m, ‘Scandinavian adj. Lochiannach scholar s, scolaire m schoo s. scollf sea 5. sil f, farraige f, muir f search s, coardach m. org m.: to make a search cuardach a shéanamh; to go in search of someone dul af lorg duine search v, cuardaigh, lorg; he searched the house chuardaigh sé an teach; to search forthe house an teach a lorg ‘seat 5. suiochan m second dara; every second day gach dara 14; the second one an dara secrets. rin m. secretary s, ronal mt. section s roinn f. see v fle; to see a fheicedil seek . cuardaigh, arr; to seek (ask) ‘something of Padraig rud a iarraidh ar Phadraig seeking ag iarraidh, ag lorg self fein; myself me fein; yourself ti fein; the doctor himseif an dochtdie 2 Tein they were talking among themselves bhi siad ag caint eatarthu fein sell», diol sense s, call f sensible adj. callmbar sentence s. abait/ September 3, Mein Fomhair serious ness drochthinness m. servants seirbhiseach m. sersce 5. seiebhis / settle v.socraigh; what is settled? ‘ard até socair? seven seacht; seven people seachtar seventh seach seventieth seachtOda seventy seachts several a lin, iiomad shake. croith Shannon (rive) Pr. n. An tSionaina share s. cud f. she pers. pron. si ; she came thiinig sip she fs a purse is banaltra {5 she was brought home tugadh abhaile i; Lam as good as she (is) tdim chomh maith Ie she has a cold té slaghdaa uirthis, Emphatic forms: sse, (corresponding in use 10 81); ie (corresponding in tse 101); “56 (with inflected reposition) shelf 5. self f. sherry #.seiris shilling 5 sciling ship «long f. shires. Wine f shoe ». brog f shooting s. imhach m. shop 5. siopa m. shopping s- siopadsireacht f shopkeeper s, sionadoir m. short gairid, gare; a short journey tras gairid; the day is getting short td an la ae éiri gard; a short story gearrscéal; a short while later armall gearr ina ahiaidh sin shortly adv: 1 will go shortly rachaidh mé go luath show 5, taispedntas m. seo m. show ». Ierigh,taispedin, he was showing bhi sé ag lini, Bhi sé ag tuispedint; to show a thaispediat shower 5 cith m. shut y. din sick tinn, breoite; @ sick person othar side 5. ta0bh f- Sights. cadhare m. Sign s. comhartha m, rian me; make 3 sign to him déan comartha leis silver» airgead Similar wd) eeanna simple simpli sin 5. peaca m. since 6, 6 shin: ever since riamh & shin’ along time ago i Bhiad 6 Shin: since I was here 6 bhi me lanseo; its only two days since he tame nil ach dha la 6 thainig sé sing v. can, aba; he sang a song ‘chan sé amran: sing a song for us baie amhrin duinn singer 5. amhranai m. single aon sir. (ocative) A Dhuine Uasail sister 5. deifir sister (ie, member of community ee.) sir f sits suigh: he is seated, he iy sttng down ti sé ina shui; to sit down sites: lithair fiona sitingeroom +. Seomra.m. suite situated suite six se; six people sesear sith sgt th seaseadi sixty seasea size s oitead m, méid f Shi. ceird f, oilteacht f, soil f shin 5 eraceaan m. skirts. sciora m shy 5. spéie f. Sleep 5. codladh m.: g0 to sleep ‘igh a chodladh; he talked in his sleep labhair sé trina chodladh sleep ». codail; I slept there chodail stow(y) (go) mall small beasmell s. boladh m. snipe 5. naoscach J. 0 ais. 1 am Hot $0 sure nities chomh innte sin; U think so is doigh liom 1 told yeu so duirt me leat é; ‘hat fs 50 mar sin at fe that $02 an mac sin €7; perhaps so b'Theidir €: even so mar sin féin; and so on agus mar sin de soap s.gallimach f Social soisialta society s. cumann m, soft bor soils. cre m. sold diolta: see sell soldiers. saighdivir m. oglach m. some ad). cui. eigin, roinnt: I have some of them ti cuid diobh agam; there is somebody at the door ti duine éigin ag an doras; there are some here ti roinnt anseo something s. or pron., cud m.éigin son s, mac mia son of Séamas mac le Séamas songs. ambrin mm. Soon aids- 80 luath, gan mhoil; ‘25 soon as possible chomh luath ‘agus is feidir, a luaithe agus is ‘ii, the sooner the better di luaithe is ea is Teare €: sooner or later luath né mall sorcow bron m, sorrowful brénach Sorts, Saghas m, Sirk m., inet m, soul 5. anam mi. soup s, aaraith south. deisceart south adv. theas,laisteas, (of motion) 1 dheas: he isin the south ta sé sa sdeisceart; he is south in Cork ta s& theas i eCoreaigh: Kildare Ie south ‘of Dublin «3 Cill Dara laisteas de Bhaile Atha Cliath; he is going south té sé ag dul 6 dheas, southwards adv. 6 dheas, Spaniard s. Spaingeach m, Spanish (anguage) s. Spainnis f Spanish ad. Spainneach speak ¥. labhaie; without speaking 266 eel, san labhairt; he cannot speak il caint aige; speak in Irish labhaie a5 Gaeilge; to speak Iabhairt speaking s. labbairt £; he is speaking ti sé ag labhairt speaker cainteoit m. special faci leith, spesialta speech s. raid fs cait f. spells litcigh; to spell ltr spelling siti spend ¥. caith; spending money ag ‘catheamh airgid, it was all speat bhi sé ar fad cate; to spend a ehaitheamh Is, doit: spilling blood ag doirteadh fola; to spi a dhoicteadh splendid slainn spoke labhait see speak spoken labhartha see speak sport s. spet m, spot s. ball m. spouse 5 cle m spread ». leath; to spread a leathadh spring 5. earcach m, square s. cearnds f staffs foireann f- stairs . staighre'm, stalls. cr6 ™ stamp s. stampa m. stand s. seastin m, stand s. seas standing seasamh; he was standi bhi sé ina sheasamh start, tosaigh: start working ‘osaigh ag obair; to start a thosi tarts. t0sii mt, tosach my tis my seit f: from start to finish 6 this go

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