Copyright © 2018 Waleed Elsafoury

LTE-Advanced Pro can use unlicensed band spectrum either through Licensed Assisted
Access (LAA), or by integrating Wi-Fi more closely to the cellular network via LTE-Wi-Fi
aggregation (LWA).
LTE-Advanced Pro also allows the aggregation of LTE and Wi-Fi transmissions,
offering a further way to make use of unlicensed bands. Under 3GPP Release 13
LTE-Advanced Pro introduces the next step in spectral efficiency with 3-dimensional (3D)
beamforming, also known as Full Dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO)

Release 13 specifies MIMO modes for up to 16 transceivers at the base station, while
Release 14 may allow as many 64.
LTE-Advanced radio has shown it can provide high efficiency in the macro cellular layer
but even this is not enough to satisfy the needs of the most extreme traffic hot spots.
Small cells are the next step in providing increased local capacity.
Also using inter cell aggregation “ Coordinated multipoint “ giving:
- higher throughput
- Load Balance
The need of Femto Cells
IoT optimization in Release 13 extends coverage for power-limited devices via
repetition and power spectral density, boosting to 164 dB path loss, allowing the use
of power-limited devices to operate in cellars or closed indoor places. Release 13

also improves battery consumption by introducing longer Discontinuous Reception

(DRX) cycles, allowing up to 10-year battery life with 2 AA batteries. Narrowing the
operating bandwidth to 1.4 MHz and further to 200 kHz
3GPP has defined direct communication between two devices under the category of
Device-to-Device (D2D) communications. D2D functionality can be used in several
ways: for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, for public safety
The introduction of new functionalities through LTE-Advanced Pro coincides with the
trend to move network functionalities to the cloud, extending from the core network
to the RAN. The cloud approach enables faster introduction of services as well as
savings in operating expenditure.
 Max. Max.
System Modulatio Freq. Bands
G Access Teq. Data rate Data rate n
Carrier BW
/service In Egypt
DL UL
AMPS
1G FDMA - - FM 30Khz -
NMT
2G TDMA GSM 9.6Kbps 9.6Kbps GMSK 200Khz
900 MHz
2.5G TDMA GPRS 40Kbps 40Kbps GMSK 200Khz
1800MHz
2.75G TDMA EDGE 120Kbps 120Kbps 8PSK 200Khz
3G W-CDMA UMTS 384Kbps 128Kbps QPSK 5Mhz
3.5G W-CDMA HSDPA 14.4Mbps 384kbps 16QAM 5Mhz 900 MHz
1800MHz
3.75G W-CDMA HSUPA 14.4Mbps 5.8Mbps 16QAM 5Mhz 2100MHZ
3.8G W-CDMA HSPA+ 42Mbps 21Mbps 64QAM 5Mhz

3.9G
OFDMA
LTE 450Mbps 150Mbps 64QAM 20Mhz 700 MHz
& SC-FDMA
1800MHz
OFDMA LTE 2100MHZ
4G & SC-FDMA 1Gbps 500Mbps 256QAM 100Mhz 2600MHz
Advanced
LTE
OFDMA Licensed &
4.5G & SC-FDMA
Advanced 3Gbps 1Gbps 256QAM 640Mhz
Unlicensed
Pro