• Geosynthetics are human-made materials
Filtration
made from various types of polymers used to
enhance, augment and make possible cost
effective environmental, transportation and
geotechnical engineering construction
projects.
• Polymer is a substance that has a molecular
structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a
large number of similar units bonded
together, e.g., many synthetic organic
materials used as plastics and resins.
APPLICATIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS:
 For the construction of roads and other
traffic-related areas.
 For the construction of railways
 For ground constructions, foundations
and supporting works.
 For hydraulic works. (Example:
Construction of Basins, Dams and
Canals.
 For construction of tunnels and
underground structures.
 For the construction of landfalls for solid
and liquid waste.
 For the protection of waterproofing
systems.
 For the erosion control
FUNCTIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS:
1. Separation
 the use of geotextile to prevent the
intermixing of coarse and fine soil materials
allowing the free flow of water across the
same
 eliminates the loss of costly aggregates into
subsoil
2. Reinforcement
 two dimensional tensile structures which
holds together aggregates or soft soils
 the use of tensile properties of geosynthetic
material to resist stresses or contain
deformation in soil structure
 used to optimize the design of earth
retaining structures:
a. concrete retaining wall
b. reinforced wall
c. reinforced slope
d. unreinforced slope
3.
 prevent excessive migration of soil particles,
while at the same time allowing liquid to flow
freely through the filter layer
 a filter must be permeable enough to allow a
relatively flow through it
 application of filtration:
 trench drains
 structural drains
 toe drains in dams
 filters for hard armor (e.g., rip-rap,
gabions,fabric-form)
 silt fences
 silt curtains
4. Drainage
 transportation of liquid or gas within its own
plane to an outlet
 prevents soil particles entering drainage
systems while unrestricting water flows
TYPES OF GEOSYNTHETICS:
1. Geotextiles
are indeed textiles in a traditional sense,
but consist of synthetic fibres rather than
natural ones like cotton, wool and silk.
Thus bio-degradation is not a problem.
Geo-textile Polymer is manufactured
from polyester or polypropylene.
TYPES OF GEOTEXTILES:
Nonwoven geotextiles - One of the most popular
options for drainage, filtration and stabilization.
Constructed from a felt-like fabric, these
geotextiles are light in weight and able to both filter
and reinforce a construction areas.
Woven geotextiles - contrast to the
nonwoven materials above, Woven Geotextiles are
most commonly used in applications that require
increased support and stabilization. This will include
implementation under dirt roads, rip rap, driveways or
other areas with increased traffic.
Knitted geotextiles - are produced by interlooping
one or more filaments together with a knitting
machine, instead of a weaving loom.
2. Geogrids
 Geogrids have a uniformly distributed array
of apertures between their longitudinal and
transverse elements. It is a planar,polymeric
product consisting of a mesh or net-like
regular open network of intersecting tensile-
resistant element, called ribs, integrally
connected at the junction. The ribs can be
linked by extrusion, bonding or interlacing.
 Geogrids constitute a category of
geosynthetics designed preliminary to fulfill a
reinforcement function
3. Geonets
 Geonets are stacked criss-crossing
polymer strands that provide in-
plane drainage. The geonets are all
made of polyethylene. The molted
polymer is extruded through slits in
counter rotating-dies which forms a
matrix or a net of closely spaced
“stacked” strands. When the layers
of strand are two then it is called as
“biplanar” and three layers of strand
are called “triplanar”.
 Other geonets: These newer
geonet structures have either box
shaped channels or protruding
columns from an underlying support
network.
4. Geomembrane
 They are relatively impermeable
when compared to soils or
geotextiles. They are divided into
two general categories, they are,
Calendered and Extruded.
 For Calendered type, materials
used are polyvinylchloride,
chlorosulphonated polyethylene,
chlorinated polyethylene and
polypropylene. For Extruded type,
material used is high dense
polyethylene.
5. Turf reinforcement mats (TRMs)
 randomly laid monofilaments, or
yarns woven or tufted into an open
and dimensionally stable mat
6. Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCL)
 Are manufactured by sandwiching
the bentonite within or layering it on
geotextiles and/or geomembranes,
bonding the layers with needling,
stitching and/or chemical
adhesives.
7. Geofoam
 Is used in geotechnical applications
such as lightweight fill for
construction on soft ground, for
slope stabilization, and retaining
wall or abutment backfill; as well as
for roadway and runway sub-grade
insulation and foundation insulation.
8. Geopipe
 are plastic pipes used with
foundation, soil, rock or any other
substance related material as an
integral part of a human-made
project, structure or system.
 It has been specifically designed
and manufactured to be a practical
solution for all drainage problems.
9. Geocell
 are three-dimensional, honeycomb-
shaped soil-reinforcing
geosynthetics composed of
polymeric materials and are
primarily used for confinement of
granular material.
Geocomposite
• consists of a combination of geotextiles,
geogrids, geonets and/or geomembranes in
a factory fabricated unit. Also, any one of
these four materials can be combined with
another synthetic material (e.g., deformed
plastic sheets or steel cables) or even with
soil.
• Geotextile - Geonet Composites
• Geotextile - Geomembrane Composites
• Geomembrane - Geogrid Composites
• Geotextile - Geogrid Composites
• Geotextile/polymer - Core composites
ADVANTAGES OF GEOSYNTHETICs
 Light weight.
  Quick and effective protection against
erosion problems.
 Less airspace used.
 Thethinness of geosynthetic versus their
natural soil counterparts as light weight on
the subgrade.
 The ease of geonsynthetic installation in
comparison to thick soil layers requiring
large earthmoving equipment.
 Avoidance of quarried sand, gravel, and clay
soil materials.
DISADVANTAGES OF GEOSYNTHETIC
 Without proper handling, storage and
installation may cause severe damage.
 Clogging of geosynthetics (geonets,
geopipes and/or geocomposites) is
challenging design for certain soil types or
unusual situations. Properly installed matting
provide excellent erosion control but do so
relatively high cost.
 Frequent maintenance is required.
 Require more time and experimental works
for construction.
A footing is a foundation unit constructed in brick
work, masonry or concrete under the base of the wall
or a column for the purpose of distributing the load
over a large area.
A foundation is the low artificially built part of a
structure which transmits the load of the structure to
the ground.
Difference between Footing and Foundation:
 Footing is defined as a structure
constructed in brickwork, masonry or
concrete under the base of a wall or column
for the purpose of distributing the load over a
larger area while Foundation is that part of
a structure which is in direct contact with soil
and transmits load into it.
Shallow foundations- are used when surface
soils are sufficiently strong and stiff to support the
imposed loads; they are generally unsuitable in weak
or highly compressible soils, such as poorly-
compacted fill, peat, recent lacustrine and alluvial
deposits, etc.
4 Types of Shallow Foundations:
Pad foundations- are used to support an
individual point load such as that due to a structural
column. They may be circular, square or rectangular.
Strip foundations- are used to support a
line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a
line of columns need supporting where column
positions are so close that individual pad foundations
would be inappropriate.
Raft foundations- are used to spread the
load from a structure over a large area, normally the
entire area of the structure. They are used when
column loads or other structural loads are close
together and individual pad foundations would
interact.
Combined foundations- are those foundations
that are made common for two or more columns in a
row. It is used when the footing for a column may
extend beyond the property line. It is also suitable
when the two columns are closely spaced and the soil
on which the structure resist is of low bearing
capacity. It may be rectangular or trapezoidal in
shape.
Deep foundations- are required to carry
loads from a structure through weak compressible
soils or fills on to stronger and less compressible soils
or rocks at depth, or for functional reasons. These
foundations are those founding too deeply below the
finished ground surface for their base bearing
capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is
usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level.
3 Types of Deep Foundation:
Basement Foundation - These are hollow
substructures designed to provide working or storage
space below ground level. The structural design is
governed by their functional requirements rather than
from considerations of the most efficient method of
resisting external earth and hydrostatic pressures.
They are constructed in place in open excavations.
 Caissons are hollow substructures
designed to be constructed on or near the surface
and then sunk as a single unit to their required level.
Pile foundations- are relatively long and
slender members constructed by driving preformed
units to the desired founding level, or by driving or
drilling-in tubes to the required depth – the tubes
being filled with concrete before or during withdrawal
or by drilling unlined or wholly or partly lined
boreholes which are then filled with concrete.
Types of Footings
Footings which are provided under each
column independently are called as Isolated
Footings. They are usually square, rectangular or
circular in section.
Flat or Pas Footing - These kind of
footings are generally square or rectangular or
circular in shape which are provided under each
column independently.
A footing which has more than one column is
called as combined footing. It is used when the two
column are so close to each other that their individual
footings would overlap.
A combine footing may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in plan.
Strip footing- is a continuous strip of
concrete that serves to spread the weight of the load-
bearing wall across an area of soil. A strip footing can
also be provided for a row of columns which are so
closely spaced that their spread footings overlap or
nearly touch each other.
A raft or mat footing is a solid reinforced
concrete slab covering entire area beneath the
structure and supporting a number of columns and
walls under entire structure or a large part of the
structure.
Strap Footing - It consists of two isolated
footings connected with a structural strap or a lever.
The strap simply acts as a connecting beam.
Sloped footings - are trapezoidal footings.
They are done with great care to see that the top
slope of 45 degree is maintained from all sides.
Stepped footing - As from the name its
resembling that footings are stacked upon one
another as steps.
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the
flow of water or underground streams.
TYPES OF DAM ACCORDING TO MATERIAL:
An earth dam is made of earth (or soil) built
up by compacting successive layers of earth, using
the most impervious materials to form a core and
placing more permeable substances on the upstream
and downstream sides.
A rockfill dam is built of rock fragments and
boulders of large size.
Main load-carrying structural elements of
timber dam are made of wood, primarily coniferous
varieties such as pine and fir.
A steel dam consists of a steel framework,
with a steel skin plate on its upstream face.
Types of Dams according to function
Storage Dams - They are constructed to
store water during the rainy season when there is a
large flow in the river. Many small dams impound the
spring runoff for later use in dry summers. Storage
dams are the most common type of dams
A diversion dam is constructed for the
purpose of diverting water of the river into an off-
taking canal (or a conduit). They provide sufficient
pressure for pushing water into ditches, canals, or
other conveyance systems. A diversion dam is usually
of low height and has a small storage reservoir on its
upstream.
Detention dams are constructed for flood
control. A detention dam retards the flow in the river
on its downstream during floods by storing some flood
water. The water retained in the reservoir is later
released gradually.
A debris dam is constructed to retain debris
such as sand, gravel, and drift wood flowing in the
river with water. The water after passing over a debris
dam is relatively clear.
A cofferdam is a (usually temporary) barrier
constructed to exclude water from an area that is
normally submerged.
A road is a route or way on land between two
places that has been paved to allow travel by foot or
including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.
Roads consist of one or two roadways, each
with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks
and road verges.
Roads that are available for use by the
public may be referred to as parkways, freeways,
highways.
Pavement is the actual travel surface
especially made durable and serviceable to withstand
the traffic load commuting upon it. Pavement grants
friction for the vehicles thus providing comfort to the
driver and transfers the traffic load from the upper
surface to the natural soil.
TYPES OF PAVEMENT:
The rigid characteristic of the pavement are
associated with rigidity or flexural strength or slab
action so the load is distributed over a wide area of
subgrade soil. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with
steel reinforcement.
 Jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP)
 are plain cement concrete
pavements constructed with closely
spaced contraction joints. Dowel
bars or aggregate interlocks are
normally used for load transfer
across joints. They normally has a
joint spacing of 5 to 10m.
 Jointed reinforced concrete pavement
(JRCP)
 Although reinforcements do not
improve the structural capacity
significantly, they can drastically
increase the joint spacing to 10 to
30m. Dowel bars are required for
load transfer. Reinforcements help
to keep the slab together even after
cracks.
 Continuous reinforced concrete pavement
(CRCP)
 Complete elimination of joints are
achieved by reinforcement.
 Prestressed Concrete Pavements (PCP)
 The pre application of a
compressive stress to the concrete
greatly reduces the tensile stresses
caused by traffic and thus decrease
the thickness of concrete required.
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTare those pavements which
reflect the deformation of subgrade and the
subsequent layers to the surface. Flexible, usually
asphalt, is laid with no reinforcement or with a
specialized fabric reinforcement that permits limited
flow or repositioning of the roadbed under ground
changes.
TYPES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT:
 Conventional Layered Flexible Pavement
o Layered system with high quality
expensive materials are placed
in the top where stresses are
high, and low quality cheap
materials are placed in lower
layers.
 Full Depth Asphalt Pavement
o This pavement are constructed
by placing bituminous layers
directly on the soil sub-grade.
 This is more suitable when there
is high traffic.
 Contained Rock Asphalt Mats
o This pavement are constructed
by placing dense/open graded
aggregate layers in between two
asphalt layers. Modified dense
graded asphalt concrete is
placed above the sub-grade will
significantly reduce the vertical
compressive strain on soil sub-
grade and protect from surface
water.
ROAD is an open, generally public way for the
passage of vehicles, peoples and animals.
EVOLUTION OF ROADS:
First Road - it was spontaneously formed by humans
walking the same paths over and over to get water
and food.
Formal roads - as small groups of people combined
into villages, towns and cities, networks of walking
paths became more formal.
Introduction of wheels (7,000 years ago)
-Showed the limitations of dirt paths.
-It lead to the earliest stone paved roads that have
been traced to about 4,000 bc.
Purposes/uses of roads based on:
 Livelihood - With the help of road, people
can access the different parts of the
country and it will help them to develop
their way of living which leads to a good
livelihood.
 Tourism - Road infrastructure enhances
the accessibility of tourists to destination
located in different parts of the country.
Road infrastructures play an important
role in the socio-economic and cultural
development of any region.
 Transportation of harvest - Farm to
market roads
 -Is a state road or county
road that
connects rural or agricultural areas to
market towns
 - These are the foundation of modern
agriculture, these provide market access
to farmers, which can then motivate the
latter to plant more, ultimately increasing
their production and income.
KINDS OF ROAD
 National Road - It was the first federally
funded road in U.S. History. It could
easily accommodate the vehicle and
traffic.
 Provincial Road - Usually refers to
either a road numbered or maintained by
the state or province
Expressways - A highway designed for fast traffic,
with controlled entrance and exit.
Highway - A main road that connects one town to
another or one city to another. It may or may not
contain tolls.
Freeway - It is a restricted highway that all vehicles
are allowed to run for free.
Avenue - A public way that has trees or buildings on
either side.
Drive - A long, winding road that had its route shaped
by its environment.
Boulevard - A very wide city street that has trees and
vegetation on both sides of it.
Lane - Narrow road often found in rural areas.
Street - A public way that has buildings on both sides
of it.
Terrace - A street that follows the top of a slope
Place - A street that leads to a dead end.
Court - A street that ends in a loop.
WHAT IS A VOLCANO?

 Vent or Chimney

 Molten rocks called "magma"

ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY OF ERUPTION
 Eruption
 Active - a volcano that has had at least one
 Fizzy drinks
eruption during the past 10,000 years.
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY  Dormant - an active volcano that is not
AND SEISMOLOGY (PHIVOLCS)
erupting, but supposed to erupt again.
Director: Renato Salud
 Extinct - - has not had an eruption for at least
Mandated: 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt
again in a comparable time scale of the
 Volcanic eruptions future.

 Earthquakes 10 ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN PHILIPPHINES

 Tsunami  MAYON

 Geotectonic Phenomena -Located at Albay in Bicol region.

Hibok-Hibok Volcano in 1951 -Famous for its symmetric conical shape.

 -realize to seriously monitor and conduct -Last erupted on November 30, 2006 with a death toll
studies in volcanoes. of 1, 266 people.0

FUNCTIONS OF PHILVOLCS  TAAL

1. Predict volcanic eruption and
earthquakes.
2. Determine how disaster shall
occur.
3. Forecasting
4. Mitigate hazards
5. Formulate preparedness plan
TYPES OF VOLCANO ACCORDING TO
SHAPES
-Located at Talisay and San Nicolas, Batangas.
-It is the second (2nd) most active volcano in the
Philippines.
-The most catastrophic eruption was on January 30,
1911. The eruption claimed 1,335 lives and injured
1999.
 KANLAON

-Located on the island of Negros

-It is the highest point in Visayas, with an elevation of

2,465 m (8,087) above sea level.
-It has erupted 28 times since 1991
 BULUSAN
-Located at Sorsogon province in Bicol region
-It is the fourth (4th) most active volcano in the
Phillipines.
-It has erupted 15 times since 1885.
 Smith
-Located at Babuyan Islands in Cagayan Valley
region.
-It has erupted six (6) times, the last of which was in
1924.
-Stratovolcano.
 Hibok-hibok
-It is located at Camiguin.
-It has erupted five (5) times in modern history.
-The most destructive eruption was on December 4,
1951, reducing the population from 69,000 to 34,000
due to emmigration. Total death toll: 3,000 people.
 Pinatubo
-Located at Central Luzon.
-The last eruption was on June 15, 1991 that
produced the second (2nd) largest eruption of the
20th century.
-Total death toll: 722 people
 Banahaw
-Located in the region of CALABARZON.
-Considered as the tallest mountain in
CALLABARZON with an elevation of 2,170m (7,120ft)
above sea level.
-The last eruption was recorded on January 18, 1909
 Biliran
-Located at Biliran provinces.
-The first and last eruption was on September 26,
1939
 Makaturing
-Located at Lanao Del Sur
-It has an elevation of 1, 940m (6, 365ft) above sea
level.
-It has erupted ten (10) times with the last one
occuring on March 18, 1892.
DORMANT VOLCANOES
Musuan Peak or Mount Musuan also
known as Mount Calayo (literally "Fire Mountain") is
an dormant volcano on the island of Mindanao in the
Philippines.
Number of Historical Eruptions: 2
Year: 1866 and 1867
Mt. Isarog, which is located in the Bicol
region and near the tourist town of Naga, stands more
than 5,000 feet, It has an elevation of 2,000 metres
above mean sea level. In 1934, it was marked as a
national park due to its rich flora and fauna.
Mount Iraya, is an dormant on Batan Island
and the highest point in the province of Batanes,
Philippines.
Number of Historical Eruptions: 1
Year: 1454
Eruption Type: Pelean
Volcanic Hazards: Lava flows, pyroclastic flows
Matutum is an active volcano,
approximately 5.7 kilometres (3.5 mi) from Acmonan,
Tupi, South Cotabato, Philippines. It has 2 hot
springs, called Acmonan and Linan, 5.7 kilometres
(3.5 mi) west-southwest of the volcano.
Number of Historical Eruptions: 1
Date: 07 March 1911
Mount Parker, locally known as
Melibengoy, is a stratovolcano on Mindanao island in
the Philippines (6°06.8' N, 124°53.5' E). It is located
in the province of South Cotabato.
 Number of Historical Eruptions: 1
 Latest Eruption/Activity: 1641 Jan. 4
 Volcanic Hazards: pyroclastic flows, airfall
tephra, lahar, lake break-out
EXTINCT VOLCANOES:
MOUNT TAGAPO, also known as Susong
Dalaga mountain, is a conical peak on the lake island
of Talim on Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the
Philippines. The mountain ridge is 438 m (1,437 ft) in
elevation and the highest point of Talim Island.[1] The
peak falls under the jurisdiction of the towns of
Binangonan and Cardona in Rizal province.
MOUNT BALUNGAO is an extinct volcano
located in Pangasinan, Ilocos Region, on the island of
Luzon in the Philippines. Rising to the height of 382
metres (1,253 ft) ASL, it is located in the town of
Balungao, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the town
center. It is the main tourist attraction of the town,
along with the Balungao Hot and Cold Spring Resort
nearby.[1] Mount Balungao is listed as an inactive
volcano by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
TADLAC LAKE, also colloquially known as
Alligator Lake, is a freshwater crater lake located in
Barangay Tadlac, in the municipality of Los Baños of
Laguna province in the Philippines. The lake-filled
maar is located along the southern shore of Laguna
de Bay, the largest lake in the country, with Alligator
Lake protruding out of the shore of the larger lake.
The PINUKIS is a 1,562 meters above sea
level high inactive volcano in Brgy. Lison Valley,
municipality of Pagadian City, Philippines. It covers
more than 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres), has up to
2015 retained a relatively intact forest cover and is
therefore included in the Important Bird and
Biodiversity Areas (IBAs).
MOUNT BAYA is a dormant volcano in the
municipality of Ganassi in Lanao del Sur province,
Philippines. The mountain has a peak elevation of
1,484 meters (4,869 ft) rising from a plateau of about
950 meters (3,120 ft). It is located about 4 kilometers
(2.5 mi) east of Lake Dapao and about 4.5 kilometers
(2.8 mi) southwest of Lake Lanao.[1] Between Lake
Dapao and Mount Baya is Mount Gadungan, another
inactive volcano.
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
 Magma Chamber – It is a large
underground pool of hot molten rocks which
is under extreme pressure.
 Lava – It is a silicate rock that comes out in
a volcano during an eruption. It has a
temperature between 700 to 1,200 °C (1,292
to 2,192 °F).
 Vents – Is where the magma rise
from the magma chamber and reach the
surface.
 Throat – The uppermost and entrance
section of a volcano. It is where ashes and
rocks are ejected.
 Crater - is typically a basin, circular in form,
which can be large in radius and sometimes
great in depth. Volcanic crater surrounds the
volcanic vent.
  Ash Cloud – consists of ashes made of  Intermediate Lava
fragments of lava rock, minerals and
- Andesite Lavas
volcanic glass created during a volcanic
eruption. - Block Lavas
HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED? - Has a Temperature of 750 to 950 Celsius.
 Plate-Tectonics Theory  Mafic Lava

- Can Tend to produce in shield volcanoes.

PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS - Has a Temperature of 950 Celsius.
It is the mixture of hot rock, ash and lava  Ultramafic Lava
fragments that are thrown from the vent of a volcano
during an eruption, it is also another name for a cloud An example of this lava is komatiite and it
of ash, lava fragments carried through the air, and contains over 18% magnesium oxide
vapor. Such a flow is usually very hot, and moves
Has a Temperature of 1,600 Celsius
rapidly due to buoyancy provided by the vapors.
 Unusual Lava
Pyroclastic material is transported during an
eruption in three ways: 3 Different types of Unusual lavas are:
 Pyroclastic Flow - Strongly Alkaline lavas
 Pyroclastic Fall - Carbonatites
 Pyroclastic Surge - Komatiites

LAVA Lava Flow

 Is the molten rock expelled by a volcano
during an eruption.
 There are 2 different Lava compositions and
these are:
 A stream or sheet of molten or solidified lava.
 There are three main types of Lava Flow
 Pahoehoe

 Silicate Lava - Shiny, Smooth and has Glassy surface.

 Unusual Lava  Aa

Silicate Lavas – have 4 chemical types and these are: - Rubbly flow, molten core and has higher
viscosity.
 Felsic Lava
 Blocky
- Lava Spines
- Similar to Aa but has a blocky surface than a
- Lava Domes
rubbly surface.
- Has a Temperature of 650 to 750 Celsius.
Mass Wasting
• the process of erosion whereby rock, soil,
and other earth materials move down a
slope because of gravitational forces. It
proceeds at variable rates of speed and is
largely dependent on the water saturation
levels and the steepness of the terrain.
• Rapid movement along a curved
surface
• Occur along oversteepened slopes
• Translational slumps occur when a
detached landmass moves along a
planar surface

• Rotational slumps occur when a

slump block, composed of sediment
Important triggering factors or rock, slides along a concave-
upward slip.
• Saturation
• Fall (Rock fall and rock avalanche)
• Oversteepening
• Rapid
• Removal of vegetation
• Blocks of bedrock move down a
• Ground vibrations slope Cousin to Rockfall
Types of mass wasting processes • Rockfall - consists of one or maybe
a few rocks that detach from the
• The material involved
high part of a steep slope, dropping
• The movement of the material and perhaps bouncing a few times
as they move very rapidly down
• Rate of movement slope.
Material Involved • Rock avalanche - forms when a
massive rock fall explodes apart on
• Debris
contact with a slope
• Mud
• Slide (Rock slide, slump and sturzstrom)
• Earth
• A slide happens when a section of
• Rock soil or rock suddenly gives way and
moves down a slope.
Movement of material
• Rockslide - occurs where there is a
• Fall tilted, pre-existing plane of
weakness within a slope which
• Slide
serves as a slide surface for
• Flow overlying sediment/rock to move
downward.
Forms of mass wasting
• Sturzstrom: is a unique type
• Slump (Rotational Slump and Translational of landslide consisting of soil
Slump) and rock which has a great
 horizontal movement when • and clay soils
compared to its initial vertical drop
as much as 20 or 30 times the • Creep
vertical distance. • Slow movement of soil and regolith
• Slump - are fairly small when downhill
compared to rock slides. Slumps • Causes fences and utility poles to
form where the base of a slope is tilt
removed by natural processes.

• Flow (Rock avalanche, rock flow, debris flow)

• are the most complex, both in terms

of how they originate and how they
move.

• Rock avalanche - Transitional,

usually originating as a massive
rock fall which breaks apart upon
contact with the ground at the base
of a steep slope. Initially, the rocks
continue to bounce and fly down
slope, still behaving much like
falling rock.

• Debris Flow (Mudflow)

• Rapid flow of debris with

water

• Confined to channels

• Dry areas with heavy rains

• Lahar composed of
volcanic materials

• Earthflows

• Rapid or slow

• Typically occur on
hillsides in humid regions

• Water saturates the soil

• Liquefaction: associated
with earthquakes