Mature American Elms in the area

where I live in a rented room in

Winnipeg. A crow’s nest is in the
upper lef t (arrow)
 Index

I ndex

A bstract photograph 157, American Robin 37, 106, 203, Banding cont’d
696 204, 212, 216, 224, 230, 231, captur ing
Acanthocephalans 263, 295 232, 234, 300, 305, 372, 377, Australian trap 306, 309
Activity during day 448 379, 390, 404, 509, 544, 569, box trap 306
Actors 12–13 570, 610 cannon netting 306
Adrenal gland 509–510 American White Pelican 364, 404 live by hand 306
Adult Ammunition companies 314, 367 other methods 307
def ined 44 Anatomy 466 wooden frame net 306
plumage 190 syrinx 160–162 earliest 315
Aesop 13–14 Anemone, Canada 289 hunting
Age Annual biases 314
classes 83 mortality 256 culture 312, 314
ratio 193–194 population growth model 148 seasons survived 313, 315
Ageing 183 Anthology of quotes 616–618 leg bands 306, 307
mouth color 192–193 Antibodies 203 locations 309
Aggression 40, 41, 46, 47, 57, 74, Anting 518, 520 longevity 315
75, 533–534 AOU 18, 255, 305, 318 maps 309, 311–313
Alarm / dispersal call 166, 179 Arizona 27 molting 186
Albinism 36 Art 10 problems 306, 307
breeding 38 Artificial nest studies 373, reasons 305
ephemeral 36 380–384, 403, 404, 408, 412 recoveries 307–315
nestlings 38, 39 Artists 10–12 Great Plains 311
partial 37, 38 Assembly / mobbing calls 164 long distance 311–313
photo of wing 38 experiment 178 size 306
rare 37, 39 manufactured 164–165 t ime of year 312
reasons 38 species-specif ic 178 while wearing a mask 535
species 37 Aster, Smooth 314 wing tag 306, 307
Algonquin Park 284 Asynchronous hatching 127 problems 306
Allofeeding 111 Auditory survey 444 working with researchers 289
Allopreening 53–54 Audubon, John James 305 Banquet, crow as food 613
Allospecies 22 Australian crow trap 306, 309 Barbs and barbules 122
Altricial 103 Auxiliary Baskin, Leonard 11
American Black Duck 94 age and number 48 Basswood 64, 519
American Crow 15 Avens, Three-flowered 249 Bat 361
American Hazelnut 301 Avibase 19 Bathing 516–518
American Kestrel 246, 368, 502 BBS 68, 220, 235, 440, 446,
American Mergansers 389, 400,
418
American Museum of Natural
B acterium 201–205, 504

Badger 410
451, 455, 460, 462
map 43
Bear, Black 242
History, NY 29 Banding Beetle 258, 328, 419
American Oystercatcher 384 bait, drugged 306 Begging 157
American Redstart 385 Behavior, change 79, 109

The American Crow 693 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

Ber muda 29 Bones cont’d Breeding cont’d

Bias 408 humerus cont’d males 57
Bicycle survey 423 par ts 478 nonbreeding f lock 71
Bidens 301 jaws 471 plumage 189, 190
Bill 192, 349 leg 481–482 range map 16
deformed 253 lower jaw 468, 471 success 141
feeding method 433, 349 metacarpus 479 Brehm, Charles Ludwig 19
length 197, 466–468 nasal-frontal hinge 471 British Trust for Ornithology 186,
movement 472 pectoral girdle 475–476, 496 338
picture 22, 393, 434 pelvic girdle 480–481, 499
shape 470 pictures 488
size 418, 468, 470 pneumatic fossa 478
strength 471–474 pygostyle 499
wiping 518 radius 479, 480
Billing 54 ribs 483
Biosystematics of American scapula 475–476, 496
Crows 21 second digit 479
Bird skull 466–467, 469
carrying capacity, f lying 239 trabeculae 473–474
census counts 322 sternum 474–475, 491, 496
economic worth 348 stress 474
endangered 380 synsacrum 486
names and abbreviations 305 tarsus 251, 481, 482, 500
per hectare 446 tibiotarsus 201, 481, 482, 487,
reactions to calls 415 499, 500
Birders 370, 441 toes 482–485, 499–500
Birds of Canada 404 bones 482, 499
Black, adaptive color 34–35 hallux 482–486 Brood
Blackbird, Red-winged 46, 73, nails 483–485, 499–500 attentiveness 126
225, 253, 325, 338, 353, 359, pads 482–484 number per year 150
377–378, 413, 424 papillae 482–484 parasitism 110
Blackcaps 180, 379 scales 482, 485 reduction 105
Black f lies 277, 284 tongue 24, 163 Buf fer prey 411
Black Noddies 520–521 trabeculae 473, 474 Bullhead, Black 428
Blood ulna 479, 480 Bulrush, Greater 462, 493
bone marrow 278, 281 uncinate process 486 Bunting, Indigo 255
brachial vein 194 upper bill 472, 473 Burdock, Cottony 373
meal 234–236, 259 vertebrae 307, 483, 486, 499 Bur Oak 442, 446, 504
parasites 275, 295 wing 477–480 Bursa of Fabricius 193
peripheral 282 Boreal Forest 381 Butterf ly 570
sample 58 Bounty system 319, 614
smear 211, 265, 267, 278–280
Blowf ly 258, 292
Bobolink 297
Brachylecithum americanum
276–277
Brain 163, 538
C aching 424, 427, 429, 430,
431–433, 436–437, 526
Cactus, Saguaro 26, 30
Bobwhite 396, 411 comparison 538 Calcium 106, 107
Body molt 187 size 41 Calls
Bones 347, 466 volume 538, 539 age and sex 73, 169–174
archaeological digs 486–487 weight 539 alarm / dispersal 166, 170,
brain volume 468 Breathing rate 136 415
clavicle 496 Breeding assembly / mobbing 164–165,
coracoid 475–476, 496 allopreening 53, 54 169
femur 481, 499, 500 clutch size 100 babbling sounds by juveniles
f ibula 499 cooperative 41 169, 174, 176
foramen 499 copulation 55 begging
furcula / wishbone 475–476, density 47 females 169
491, 496 females 57 juveniles 135, 174
humerus 477–478, 492, 493 first attempt 71 nestlings 104, 114, 132, 135
key 477 helpers 43

The American Crow 694 tom4crows.com

 Index

Calls cont’d Caws cont’d Cooperative breeding cont’d

bouts interpretation 164 theories 42
caws per 164, 166–168 location in territory 170 Coot
number 74 number 167–168 American 107
numerical aspects 166–168 pulse rate 175 Eurasian 377, 400
cour ting 172 sequence 164 Copulation 55
dawn chorus 180–182 sound 160 extrapair 56
interpretation 169 stress 181 Core area 432
location 170 sunrise 181 Cormorant
mimicry 170, 171, 175, 176 types 169–175 eggs 342
practice 176–177 variables 163, 166 play 534
predators 166 CBC 452, 455, 458–460, 462– Cor n 338
rattle 53, 171–174 464, 571 bird damage 318, 359
recognition 178 CBOL 23 Borer, European 353, 401
sof t 52–53, 172 Cemeteries 84, 143 Bt gene 335
sof tware analysis 168 Center for Disease Control 211 crop 321, 338, 443
sonograms 165 Central Park, NY 29 diet 336
species-specific 178 Ceremonial gatherings 40–41 eaten by birds 359
structured 164 Cestode 273–274, 292 food 115, 430
sunrise 181 Chemicals and birds 201, 253 Laws 338–339
types 169–174 Chickadee, Black-capped 253, planting 321, 322
unstructured 164 375, 449, 451, 462 Rootworm control 345
Chicory 546 sprouting 322, 331, 334, 358
Chipmunk, Eastern 362, 363, 379, stored 430
415 waste 319, 323, 332
Chippewas 299 Cornell Lab. of Ornithology 175
Chronic Wasting Disease 363 Corporate greed 398
Cicadas 325 Corvidae 15, 266, 337
Clam, Japanese Littleneck 420 food storage 425, 426
Clutch size 100–102, 149 nesting in Canada 15
CO1 22–23 Corvids 393, 454, 468, 469,
Coccidia 296 535, 537
Coddling Moth 330 Cor vus 15, 53
Collar mount 84 americanus 19
Color brachyrhynchos 15
adaptive value 35, 152 measurements 21
albinism 36–38 caur i nus 15, 19, 20–23
art and fashion 32 corone 19
caramel 37, 39 enca 30
Camera near nest 381, 383–385, conspicuous 33 hargravei 19
412 diet 38 hesper is 18, 20, 61
Canada erythristic (reddish) 39 measurements 19
Anemone 289 monochromatic 32 ossifragus 19
Goose 103 mythology 39 pascuus 18, 65
Cardinal, Northern 163, 215, 275 purpose 34 paulus 19
Carrion 420–424 solar energy 34 unicolor 30
Carrying capacity, flying 239 Conclusions 411 Cotton Rat 396
Catbird, Gray 455 Conservation Reserve Program Cottontail Rabbit 241, 362,
Catching / shooting crows 322, 383, 455 396, 423, 425
inf luence on ageing 193 Control, with a bounty system Countershading theory 34
Cats 143, 216, 288, 368, 369, 319 Courting calls 51–53
395–396 Cooperative breeding 41 Courtship 52
Cattail 382 aggression 46 Cowbird, Brown-headed 110,
Causal reasoning 537 conditions 41 375, 383, 427, 453
Caws def ined 44 Cowpie 418
acoustic properties 175 experiment 42–43 Coyote, Eastern 306, 400,
bout 164, 166–168 learned 42 Crab 387
f requency 168, 175 maintained 45 Crane, Sandhill 526

The American Crow 695 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

Crayf ish 325, 355 AMCR cont’d AMCR cont’d

Crocus Anemone 40 brain 535, 539 egg cont’d
Crop breeding dates 99–100
damage in Texas 340 age 46 destruction by people 614
protection 330, 331 bird survey 235, 236 eaten by a crow 356
cooperative 41 embryo development 113
■ CROW, AMERICAN 15 density 47, 83 hatching 113
abundance 407, 447, 449, 455 map 16 incubation
activity in day 448, 564, 566 success 141, 147 laboratory 104, 114
adrenaline 510 broods per season 147 natural 109–113
adult def ined 44 caching 424, 427, 429, 430, laying
age groups 183–185 431–433, 436–437, 526 rate 100
ageing 183–185, 192, 193 caged 372 time 92, 101
aggression 40, 41, 534 cam at nest 114, 131–133 loss 141
albino 36 catching crows shell
ephemeral 36 by hand 306 pipping 113
partial 37–38 with traps 47 removal 111, 143
allofeeding 111 causal reasoning 535, 537 thickness 103
allopreening 53–54 CBOL 23 size 102
antibodies 203 cell division 58 volume 102, 104
anting 518 ceremonial gatherings 40–41 weight 103, 113, 114
as food 613 close encounters 70 extermination contests 614
auxiliary crows 47, 48, 58, 72 clutch size 100–102, 148–149 eye
def ined 44 coevolution with people 535 color 192, 525
color 32, 152, 183, 192 drawing 512
common names 19 pectin oculi 512
control 368 structure 510–513
cooling in sun 521 vision 530
copulation 55, 56 family
corn culture 310 activities 75, 330, 565
corvids and apes 535 f irst and last meals of day 75
court 527–528 resting / nap 75
courtship calls 51, 52, 53 size 49, 72, 218
culture 49, 540 feather
cytochrome b gene 232 bacteria 509
dawn song 73, 180–182 degredation 509
death 201, 567–568 downy 120–121
density 446, 450, 456, 459, fault bars 502, 503
464, 548, 549 fungi 509
diploid number 56 growth bars 490, 502
disease 200 molt 185–192, 508
dispersal 157–158 parts 505
displacement activity 518 tail 507
distress call 330 tracts 121
divorce 56 wing 506
bander wearing a mask 535 dominance 46, 50 feeding
bathing 516–518, 565, 607 drinking 393 communal 75
behavior to people 535 dunking bread in water 393 control 330
bill 192 dusting 516 density 548, 549
billing 521 ear 510 garbage 78, 456
length 197 education about crows 615 group size 416
picture 393 egg 96–97 habitat 448, 587
wiping 518 calcium 106–107 insects 556
blood 130, 211 clutch method 135, 349, 416, 417
bloodmeal analysis 231–232, initiation 98 rate 112, 416
235 size 83, 97, 100–102, 149 techniques 417, 436, 535
bones 487 color 105–108 time 75, 564
bouts of calling per day 74–75 content 103 urban 448

The American Crow 696 tom4crows.com

 Index

AMCR cont’d AMCR cont’d AMCR cont’d

feeding cont’d hearing 510 juvenile cont’d
vigilance 417 heart 513 toe pads 131
female picture 225, 514 killing another crow 527
body fat 98 rate 514 language 163
calcium stores 98 weight 196, 510 assembly / mobbing calls 164
nutrient reserves 97–99 helper 158 bouts 74–75
f ighting with ref lection 74, 75 absence 49, 145 caws 164
f ishing 389–390 benef its 45, 138, 144–145 sequences 164
f i tness benef its 42 chores 50, 51, 89, 90, 135 structured / unstructured 164
f ledging defined 44 life expectancy 309
dates 152 inexperienced 49, 145 living with crows 74–77
f ledgling per nest 46, 47 longevity 315
acti v i t y 153–155 sentinels 146
age 153 sex 45, 47, 49
billing 521 sources 45, 49
def ined 44 hippocampus 426
per nest 47, 141, 148 history and culture 534
picture 154, 218, 226, 233 home range size 142
survival 48 hops 529
f loaters 78 human
f locks 556 food 613
f lying 297, 525, 529 recognition 535
aspect ratio 297 hunting 398, 452, 614
distance 298, 300 seasons survived 313, 315
energy cost 298 hybrids 147, 615
free-falls 523 incest 57
speed 298, 531 incubation
wing area per gram 297 activities 111–113
food patch 110
amount eaten 351 injuries 49, 130, 146, 248–253,
f ish 418, 428 527
items listed 430 intelligence 479
junk 74, 531 jump 524
mice 99 juvenile
peanuts 426, 428 ageing 183–184 male breeders
spider 536 aggression 533 dominance 46
storage 424, 427, 436 babbling / practice calls 174, managers 310
walnuts 431 176 marked 138
f un 516 begging 135, 174, 534 mature
genetic parentage 131 caching food 434 defined 44
gizzard 513 color and wear 188, 192 measurements 21, 24, 196–199
contents 325 def ined 44 migration
gland dispersal 47, 49, 71, 455–456 autumn 302
adrenal 56, 509–510 electrocution 143 spring 299, 302
anal 510 feathers 151, 152, 183–185 mobbing 242, 244, 245
uropygial (preen) 503–504, feeding 135, 157 molt 185
509 lesson 536 monthly index 444, 449
habitat mortality 313 mortality 48, 144, 194, 202,
saturation 42–43 personality 434 249, 254, 527
use 142 photograph 134, 155, 157, beheaded 611
hailstorm 517 246, 274, 324, 325, 342 breeder 48
hanging upside down 522 plumage 119, 184, 188 helper 51
hawk confrontation 363 radio-tagged 456 predation 143–144
head roosting 77 rates by years 256
length 130 song 176 window strikes 255
movements 52, 112, 529, 530 storing food 434 mouth color 192
scratching in flight 532 survival 157–158

The American Crow 697 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

AMCR cont’d AMCR cont’d AMCR cont’d

muscle 487 nesting cont’d nestling cont’d
abbreviations 492 144, 146–148 feathers
f ibers 490 territory 68, 73, 83 color, wear, ageing 183
f light 298, 490 urban 67, 83 downy 114, 117, 119–121,
humerus 492 nestling 113 124, 185
leg 489, 497–500 activity 131–136, 152, 155 growth 116, 120, 127
origins on bones 491, 492 added to nest 149 growth bars 502
pectoral girdle 496 aggression towards 134 nostril bristles 120, 122
pectoralis major / minor 490 begging 157 pin 122
voice box 160–161 belly area 117, 126, 188 preening 516, 519
wing 487–496 blood test 130–131 primaries 122, 123, 125,
names 20 body 127
naps 74, 75 condition 58 replacement 185–192
nasal bristles 21–22 development 126–130 secondaries 123
natal area 157–158 breathing rate 136 semiplumes 122, 123
nest 59 brooded 116 tracts 119, 120–121, 124
abandonment 129, 144 color 117 fecal sac 131, 140
architecture 86–87 crouching reaction 134 eaten or car ried away 140–
building 79, 84–86, 88–91, dates 117, 141
93–94, 151 death 147, 155–156 feeding 114, 135, 524
cleaning 140 defined 44 rate 135, 137, 138
defence 108–109, 248 development, early 117–119 trips to nest 137
density 98 ear 119, 510 visits 133, 137–140
disappear 85 enzymes 124–125 f lee reaction 116, 135
disturbance by researcher 141 experiments 115 food 114–115, 135, 136, 138
failure 144 extermination 29 garbage 79
false 86, 92–93 eyes 116, 126 growth 108, 141
f light from 136 fear reaction 126 inbreeding depression 58
ground 79 leaving nest 155
location 59, 62–64, 77, 82,
143
loss 142
material 73, 82, 85, 86, 87,
89, 100
open-cup 105
predators 143
protection 130
record cards 64
renest 92, 148
reuse 85
reused by other birds 94–96
roof top 67–68
size and weight 86–87
trees 61–68, 73
visits 58–59, 93–94, 111, 135
nesting
cities 67, 83, 141
colonial 61, 148
early 145
elevation 60, 79
f irst attempt 48, 158
habitat 60–65, 80
location 61–64, 67
population 151, 453
rural 67
seasonal duration 151
success 46–47, 138, 142,

The American Crow 698 tom4crows.com

 Index

AMCR cont’d AMCR cont’d AMCR cont’d

nestling cont’d reverse mounting 55 skeleton cont’d
malate dehydrogenase 124 roost / nest tree 73 metacarpus 479
measurements 126–130 roosting 542–615 pectoral girdle 475–476
mortality 147, 155–156, 313 abundance 449, 453 pelvic girdle 480–481, 499
mouth color 134 beheaded 611 pygostyle 499
neossoptiles 122, 124 summer 72 radius 479, 480
parasites 115 urban problems 555 ribs 483
period 153 why 569 scapula 475–476, 496
picture 114–119, 139, 286 sclerotic ring 510–511 skull 466–467, 469
plumage 187 sentinel 72, 146, 179, 376, 414 trabeculae 473–474
predation 144 sex sternum 474–475, 491, 496
recogni t ion 137 determination 194, 198, tarsus 481, 482, 499, 500
researcher impact 109, 129 ratio 200 tibiotarsus 481, 482, 499,
sex 130 sexual dimorphism 21, 196–198 500
shaded from sun 75 shit 36, 287 toes 482–485, 499, 500
size 119, 145 shooting contests 614 hallux 482–483, 486
skin 116 nails 483
sleep 135–136 papillae 482, 484
tarsal length 129 scales 482, 485
temperature 115 ulna 479, 480
toe pads 131 vertebrae 483, 486, 499
transfer 149 wing bones 477–480
voice 116, 126, 135 sleep 112
weight 113–116, 126–127, snow bathing 517
130, 145, 502 spacial memory 429
wing chord 129 sper m 56
yolk sac 116, status 41, 51, 533
numbers per month 444, 445, steps 528
449 subspecies 18–21
ovarian growth in spring 97 survey
pair-bonding 41, 53 problems 444
parasites 256 redone 457
parent as sentinel 415 rural 448
patagial wing tag 138 urban 448
pecking 349 survival
perched 448, 529 annual 256
persecution 109 syrinx 160–162
personality traits 46 tagged 300
pipping 113 tail
play 479, 516, 521, 522–524, feathers 184
539 length 196–197
plumage 185–192, 516 shuf f le 529 tarsal length 128, 130, 196–
population change 148, 255, skeleton 465, 488 197
449, 457, 462 archaeological 486–487 taste good 613,
predators 143, 144, 238–248, brain volume 468 taxonomy 15, 18, 20
375 caudal vertebrae 499 teamwork with man 367
preening 516, 519 coracoid 475–476, 496 temperature 34, 115, 123
problem solving 540–541 clavicle 496 territor y
radio-tracked 84, 217, 299, femur 481, 499, 500 activity 69, 70, 75–76
range fibula 499 concept 69
Ber muda 29 foramen 499 defense 69–72
Mexico 29 furcula 475–476, 491 dispute 68, 70
Yukon 18 humerus 477–478, 492, 493 establishment 70
raptors 238 key 477 size 76, 82, 136, 360, 564
reactions to calls 415 parts 478 urban 360
recognizing people 535 leg bones 481–482 vacancy 47, 71, 218,
reproductive partitioning 57 lower jaw 468, 471 year round 49, 70

The American Crow 699 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

AMCR cont’d ■ CROW, CARRION FICR cont’d

testes 56 albino 38 predation 382, 454
testicular growth in spring 97 anting 520 roosting 609
throat pouch 429 avoidance 394 seroprevalence 235
toe pads 131, 192 benef icial 338 voice 168, 180
tongue 160, 163 bill size 418 weight 194
tool blood 275 wind tunnel 532
def ined 534 brain 535, 537, 539 West Nile Virus 213, 215, 235
use and creation 536, 539 calls 167 Crow, Hawaiian 288–289
toxic chemical 424 color 38
tracks in snow 528 cooperative breeding 59 ■ CROW, HOODED
tuberculosis 201 egg bathing 517
vagrants 565 cannibalism 146, 149 clutch size 102
vigilance 416 recognition 149 egg
vision 530 feeding 338, 376 hatching rate 150
voice 159–182, 454 experiment 127, 578 size 102–103
walking 323, 528–529, 582 method 356, 394, 405, 412, volume 105
waterfowl 311 418, 419 fault bars 502–503
weight differences 194–198 helpers 42–43 f ledglings 142, 149
West Nile Virus 43 hybridization 147 food 143, 381, 400, 414, 577
wing live-trapped 78 hybridization 147
beat 531 local enhancement theory 578 nestling
chord length 197–199 molt 191–192 losses 150
muscles 487–496 mortality 270, 315, 377 measurements 113
yearling 97 nesting 38, 96 starvation 143
def ined 44 synchronicity 146 nest success 142, 149
interfere with sex 55 nestling picture 503
mimic adults 55 food intake 127–128 play 525
mortality 255 rearing environment 42 predator 381, 414
picture 185 recognition 149 radio-tagged 577, 588
plumage 185, 189 relatedness 59 roosting 577, 589
Crow transplanted 42 sperm 56
Black with can 531 weight gain 127–128 starvation 143
busters 37, 615 population control 78 territory 83
cam 114, 131–134 roosting information 578 voice 182
time-related task 541 Crow, House 610
upside down 523 Crow hunters 614–615
Crow Crow, Jungle 161, 512–513, 524,
Chicken 19 607
Common 19 Crow, Large-billed 42
Easter n 19 CROW, NEW CALEDONIAN 537,
538
■ CROW, FISH
aging 184 ■ CROW, NORTHWESTERN 15
auxiliary 46 anting 518
bones 349 bill deformity 253
egg 103, 104 body
energy consumption 532 temperature 123
feeding 348, 367, 370, 371, weight 196
372, 382, 394, 454 brooding 123
Blue Jay fledgling 117 caching food 434–439
f lying 297, 532–533 calls 175
genes 232 clams 435
heat dissipation 533 clutch size 149
helper 46 color 33
molt 192 conf idence 435
nesting habitat 65–66 conspecif ic 22–23
parasites 280, 281 copulation 55

The American Crow 700 tom4crows.com

 Index

NOCR cont’d Dove cont’d

court 528 Rock 504
dominance 388 drawing list 6
eggs 103, 104, 113, 144, 149, DRC-1339 424
387 Dropping nuts 391, 431
endothermy 123–124 Drug against parasites 289
eyes 126 Dubinin VB 518
feather Duck
downy 119, 122 American Black 94
growth 127, 130, 188 Gadwall 401
tracts 119, 122 nests 403
feeding 157, 342, 376, 387– Wood 391
389, 419–420 Ducks Unlimited 399, 402
rates 138, 389 Du Maurier, Daphne 13
rhythms 438 Dunking bread in water 393
f ledgling Dust bowl 314
movements 155
rate 148
food 342, 387–389, 419–420,
435, 437, 439
E agles 238, 243–245, 366,
390, 459
Ear 510
genetics 23 Ear thworm 115, 269, 353–354
hatching success 149 Cryptic egg colors 105 Eastern Chipmunk 362, 363
heart weight 196 Curlew as predator 375 Economics 348
helpers 49–50, 51, 111 Cytochrome b DNA 232 Ectoparasites 54, 260–262
human activity 387 Edge species 59
incubation 111
injuries 251 D awn song 73, 180–182

Death at roost 249

EEEV 211
Egg
juveniles 157 bait 382
longevity 315 Death Valley 27 broken by predators 408–409
marked 388 Decoy nest 404 capping 144
memory 437 Deer 363–364, 366, 380, 421, clutch size 100–102
nest 62 439 color 105–108, 386
colonial 81–82 Density of crows 446 contents 103
density 81 Department of Conservation 314 destroyed 408–409
ground 155 Diploid number 56 eaten 356, 368, 385, 387
success 142, 148 Diplotriaena spp 271–272 ejection 110
nestling tricuspis 272–273 hatching rate 509
eyes 126 Discarded food 382, 393–395, how it hatches 113
feeding 138, 387 401 incubation 110
mortality 147, 528 Diseases 200–206 Landrin coating 386
success 148 Dispersal 158 last 105
tarsal growth 129 distance 157 laying
thermoregulation 123, 124 females 80, 157 dates 85, 99–100
weight 113, 124, 127 young 51, 157, 455, 456 rate 100
pellets, regurgitated 342 Disturbance by researchers 141 moving into a nest 149
predation 104, 142, 243 Divorce 56 plasticine 381, 383
as prey 243, 244 DNA quail 382, 385
producers / scroungers 388 barcode 22 recognition 110
roosting 588 base pairs 234 rejection 110
shell dropping 419 blood test for sex 130 removal 407
storage / recovery of food 435 genetic parentage 131 returned 149
taxonomic history 20, 22 over lapping 23 shell
territory 72 Dogwood, Red-osier 325, 406 thickness 103
tides and feeding 438 Domestic cat 288, 289, 395–396 removal 111
tool use and creation 536, 538 Dominance 42 size predated 385–386
voice 175 Double-observer method 441 treated 386
yearling 420 Dove unpalatable 386
CRP f ields 383, 455 Mourning 403 volume 104

The American Crow 701 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

Egg cont’d Feather Feeding cont’d

warning coloration 386 ageing a bird 184 road kill 416
weight 103 bacteria and fungi 509 selective 420
Egrets 370 fault bars 502 shit 355
Ejecting eggs 110 growth bars 490, 502 sightings 332
Elderberry 205, 355 lice 291, 520 snakes 354
Electrocution of juveniles 143 magni f ied 505 stomachs / gizzards 317, 320,
Elm 453, 464, 478 marks 490 323, 324, 325, 332, 343, 348,
Embryo development 113 mites 509 350, 351, 361
Endoparasites 262 molt 185–192, 505, 508 storage sites 431
Endother my 123 parts 505 studies 317–321, 336, 373, 399
Energy gain 419 tail pictures 507 style and techniques 419, 431
Er mine, as predator 414 tracts 122, 124 survey 318, 320, 326, 332,
Erythrocytes 275, 279 wing pictures 506 333–336,
Essex County 31, 558–562 Feeder watch 459 trials 389
Eurasian Black-grouse 412 Feeding vigilance 416
European Corn Borer 353, 556 annual intake 317 waste grain 317, 319, 320,
Corvids 468–470 beneficial 319, 320 323, 327, 332, 334
Hoopoe 503 captive crows 351 waterfowl 397
Evolution eggs 407 yearling 420
cultural 536 experiment 351 Feet 192
mental 536 first of day 75, 181–182 Feral
Exclosure cages 380 fish 337, 355, 389–391 cats 288–289
Experience of birders 441 grasshopper 318, 326, 350 pigs 364, 365
Experiments grassy areas 332–335, 368, 416 Filarioid nematodes 265
aviary 382 gravel / grit 343–348 First feeding of day 75, 181
banding, wearing a mask 535 group size 332, 416 First Nations’ village 486–487
corn growing 322 habitats 333 Fish 337, 355, 387, 389–390,
f ield 373, 377, 438 habits 316–317, 320, 470 418, 437
food 351, 382, 425, 431–434, hay fields 333, 335 Fisher 412
438, 578, 579 hearing 419 Fitness benefits 42
inside 114–115, 162, 541 human activity 317, 369, 387 Flatworms / trematodes 274–
intelligence 541 inf luence of age and sex 332 275, 294
Isospora brachyrhynchi 286 key peck 541 Flav i v i r i dae 206
migration 298 method 252, 364, 416–420, Flea 260, 291
nestlings inside 114 observations 349–356 Fledglings
problem solving 540–541 on birds 319, 373, 379 per nest 141–144
roosting 578, 579, 604 on corn 322, 323, 326, 327, 333 Fleming S 618
time-related tasks 541 on crops 318, 327, 328, 336, Flicker-fusion frequency 352
transplanted nestlings 42 411 Flightless 250
voice 178–180 on garbage 79, 347, 360, 374, Flight speed 298
wind tunnel 532–533 381, 394, 456 Floaters 78
Exterminate 29, 367, 372 on insects 317, 319, 320, 323 Floodplain 454
External parasites 260–262 325–328, 330, 331, 350, 352, Flukes 205, 274–277, 294
Extrapair 361, 387, 556 Flying 297
copulation 56–57 on lawns 86, 394 cost 532
Extrapair cont’d on livestock 318 speed 531
of fspring 57 on mice 318, 323, 344, 361 Flyways 580, 584–585
Eye 192, 470, 510–513, 525, 530 on plants 319, 323, 325, 326, Folklore 14
355, 356 Food

F alcon, Peregrine 144, 242,

368
False nest 92
optimal foraging strategy 540
orchards 329–330
pecks per minute 416–417
aggression over 389
amount 350, 351
analysis
Family pellets, regurgitated 323, 341, numerical 324
def ined 44 343–344 volumetric 324, 325
picture 334 questionaire 318 breakdown 319, 327
Farmers’ viewpoint 411 rate 112 caching 424–439
rhythms 438 call 135

The American Crow 702 tom4crows.com

 Index

H
Food cont’d Gizzard 343, 351, 352, 361, 513 abitat 404, 443
carrying 135, 433 Glands 503–504, 509
cor n 326, 430 Global warming 125–126 CRP f ields 455
crayfish 355 Globe and Mail 175 improvement 400
discarded by people 393–395 Goldeneye loss 451, 455
dog 438 Barrow’s 94 patches 399
dropped 391–392, 419–420, Common 392 reclaimed mines 455
431 Golden Mouse 384 saturation theory 42–43
earthworms 353 Goldf inch 539 saving 399
eggs 356, 368, 372, 407 Good EE 617 types 443
European Gould, Stephen J 34, 618 use by sex 84
Chafers 352 Grackles 271, 331, 355, 356, Haemoproteus 278, 280, 285
Corn Borer 353 357–359, 360, 569, 595, 610 Harvest
f ish 418 food 358 of crow heads 611
Hornworms 350 misidentif ied as crows 357 moon 303
mice 417 Hatchery, f ish 418
miscellaneous foods 354 Hatred 398, 458
nestlings 379 Haupt L 618
quality 389, 428 Hawks 238–243
regurgitated 341 Broad-winged 95
retrieval times 425 Cooper’s 95, 109, 143, 144,
road kills 420 238–240, 247, 385
salamanders 355 Goshawk, Northern 34, 131,
shrews 361 240–241, 385
snakes 354 Harrier, Northern 240
spiders 350 Lesser Sparrow 144
storage / retrieval 424–439 Osprey 241
surplus 428 Red-shouldered 144, 238, 240,
survey 327 246, 418, 526
toads 355 Red-tailed 95, 143, 239, 241,
unrecovered 437, 439 243, 344, 363, 424, 588
walnuts 431 Rough-legged 423
Foraging opportunities 79 Sharp-shinned 241, 385
Foramen magnum 468 Short-tailed 243
Forest Swainson’s 95, 239
bur ned 451 Hazelnut, American 301
edge nester 59 Head
patch size 383 to bill length 197–199
Fossa 478 movements 112
Four nier, Paul 11 scratching in flight 532
Fox, Red 410 Hear 169, 419
French corvids 179–180 Grand Canyon 27–28 Heart 225, 513–514, 531
Frog 327, 346, 347, 417, 418, Graph list 6 Helminths 262
424, 526 Grasshoppers 318, 320, 329 Helpers 43
Fruit 388 Great Basin 19, 24–29, 360 absent or present 42
Fun 516, 527 Great Blue Heron 422 benefits 45, 175
Greater Prairie-chicken 534 chores 50

G adwall 401, 402

Game birds 411

Grit 344
Group size 416
Grouse 414
def ined 44
ef fect 145
f ledglings 144
Garbage as food 78, 381, 394, Eurasian Black, as prey 412, nest building 90
456 414 percentage 43
Garter Snake, Red-sided 354 Ruf fed 240, 269 routed 431
Geese 409 Growth bars 490 sex 45, 47
Canada 400, 540 Guelph nesting study 81 sources 45
Genetics 23 Gulls 366, 371, 372, 373, 375, system evolution 45
Genome size in birds 24 380, 402, 409, 418, 432, 532, Hematozoa 278, 282
GIS 450 601 Heron, Great Blue 422, 423

The American Crow 703 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

Heronries 367, 370, 371, 610 Incubation cont’d Jays cont’d

Herpetofaunal road kills 424 positions 112–113 Blue cont’d
Highway inf luence on road kills recess 111 longevity 315
421 rocking 112 migration 302
Hippocampus 426–427 Information center theory 574 molt 187
Hoary Puccoon 397 Injury 146, 201–202, 248–253 parasites 266, 277
Holding a crow in hands 249 legs and toes 251–254 predator 109, 385, 412
Honesty by researcher 405 repaired by vet. 250–251 scolding predators 377
Host competence 211 wing 248–249, 250–252 skeleton 486
Hughes, Ted 205, 319, 393 Insects sperm 56
Human beneficial 352 West Nile Virus 225, 230
activity 371, 390, 410, 452, control 345 Florida Scrub- 41, 46, 187,
457 energy content 318 349, 365
blood smear 211 grasshoppers 318, 320 Gray 15, 373, 425, 454, 540
helping crows 362 injurious 320, 330, 350, 352 Mexican 126
Humphrey and Parkes 187 vectors of parasites 284 Pinon 178, 378, 601
Siberian 51
Steller’s 15, 373, 374, 454
Western Scrub- 220, 329,
341, 381, 511, 530
Joshua tree 27, 577
Junco, Dark-eyed 300, 449
Juvenile
behavior 434
bill commisure color 192
body molt 191
bones 472
caching food 434
deaths 544
def ined 44
dispersal 49, 80
eye color 121, 192
feather color 188
f irst caws 177
molting 185–188
mortality 544
mouth color 192
Hunting Intelligence 534 personality 434
band recoveries 307–315 Intermediate hosts 266, 275 plumage 185, 188
inf luence on birds 487 Internal parasites 262 practice sounds 176–177
pressure 312 Interspecific distance 23 ratio to adult 456
regulated 397 Invertebrates 456 song 176
seasons 615 Island survey 447 toe pads 192
survived 313– 315 Isotopes 336
survey 615
Hybrids 147
ITIS 19
K estrel, American 243, 246,
502

I bis, White 370 J

Jaw
ackdaw 179–180, 245, 478,
493, 570, 591
Killdeer 375, 376
Kingbird, Eastern 94, 148, 247
Kinglet, Ruby-crowned 358
Inbreeding 57–59, 204 kinetics 471 Kirpluk B 618
Incest 57 trajectories 472 Kites
Incubation Jays Mississippi 94
feeding 109 Blue 15 Snail 348
female 109 feeding 366, 385, 420 Swallow-tailed 95
length of time 97, 109–110 f ledgling fed by Fish Crow Kitten and crow as friends 366
male 110 117 K m value 125
patch 110–111 injury 253 Kroetsch, Robert 159
period 109–110 intelligence 541

The American Crow 704 tom4crows.com

 Index

L aboratory mice 361

Lady’s Slippers, Yellow 580

Landf ill 394, 415, 567
Landmarks for food caching 426
Land practices 402
Landrin 386
Land use policies 451
Language 163
Lansdowne, James 10, 618
Lapwing 376
Large-billed Crow 42
Lark, Horned 375
Lawns by nests 416
Least Terns 368–369
Leg bands 368
Leucocytozoon 275–278, 280 Magpie cont’d Merlins
experimental infection 277 Black-billed cont’d nesting 95, 96
Leydig cells 56, 57 nestlings 88 Methiocarb, as repellent 331
Library of DNA barcodes 23 parasite 258, 266 Methodology
Lice 258, 260, 504, 520, 521 predator 404, 409 assumption 441
Life roosting 346, 571, 584, 588 blood smears 278–280
expectancy 309 trapping 306 double-observer 441
table 141 Eurasian 34, 337, 347, 365, ef ficiency 441
Lif ting capacity in f light 239 381, 393, 417 point-count 442
Lipid substance 518 Yellow-billed 237, 350, 571 roadside census 440, 442–443
Literature 13–14 Male, smallest recorded 198 surveys 440
Liver 514 Mallard 62, 356, 377, 397, 400, unreconciled double-observer
Livingston JA 617 401, 404, 601 441
Living with crows 74 Mammals 248, 361, 385, 403, Mexico 29
Longevity 315 406 Mice
Lorenz, Konrad 54, 179, 191, Management of vegetation 401 bones in pellets 343, 344, 347
245, 247 Mange 260 buf fer prey 411
Luther Marsh 405 Manitoba CBC 463 eaten 99, 318, 361
Maple 300, 450, 496, 549 Michaelis constant 125

M agpie Maps Microfilaria 266–267, 269

BBS for AMCR 43 Midges 258, 292
Azure-winged 67, 144 Great Basin 24 Migration 297
Black-backed 419 Guelph nest study sites 81 altitude 302, 304
Black-billed 15 list 6 autumn 302–305
activity 77 nest building trips 91 dates 301, 302, 305
breeder death 88 range of AMCR 16 daytime 299, 301
breeding 97 roadside census 442, 443 distance 299, 300
capturing for banding 306 roosts 548, 550 environmental guides 297
ceremonial gatherings 40 Marked experiment 303–304
cryptic color 34 crows 299, 368, 388 f lock size 301, 303, 304–305
egg nests 407 forage 300
moving 149 Martin, Purple 246 inf lux 450
predation 409 Maximum weight gain 127 noctur nal 301, 305
rejection 110 Meadowlark 382 over water 299, 303, 304
energy to build a nest 87 Measurements, taxonomic 21, 24 radio tracked 299
food 347, 365, 428 Melanin pigments 38 reproductive organs 304
grit 346 Member recognition 42 speed 298, 300
length 15 Memorial University of New- spring 299–302
m ice 347 foundland international deposi- weather 300–301
nest 258 tory for blood parasites 289 Migratory Bird Treaty Act 453
building 87–88 Memory 405, 424, 437 Milkweed, Silky flower 481
nesting 87–88 Merganser 389, 400, 418 Miner, Jack 617

The American Crow 705 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

Mines 455 Muscles cont’d Nest cont’d

Mites 260–263, 291, 518 pectoralis major / minor 490 street light 85
Mobbing wing 487–496 study sites 403, 411, 456
calls 164–165, 245 Mussels 391 success 105, 383, 402
predators 244–248, 377 Mythology, crows and ravens 39 trees 63–64, 67
Model annual population growth twig size 86
148
Mol t
captivity ef fect 186
N ames, common 19, 305
vernacular 19
Nannyberry 500
used by other birds 94–96
visitors 385
Nesting
complete 190, 191 Nasal Canada 15
difinitive 191 bristles 21–22, 35 cities 67, 83
feather mites 261, 263 colony 61, 82, 367
degradation 509 National Park, Poland 399 conclusions 410
found 191 Nematode 115, 269–273, 293 core area 432
f irst 185, 190 filarioid 265–269 cover 404
incubation patch 111 Nest 59 dates 98
length 187, 190 architecture 86–87 early 145
names 185, 187 artificial 373, 402, 407–409, elevation 60
prealternate 191 411 f irst time 48, 150
prebasic 187 building 84–86, 88–91 inexperience 150
reason 509 camera 383, 407 parks 456
sequence 187 cavity 248 population size 453
systems 186 cleaning 140 renesting 401
Monochromatic 32 close to roads 409 rooftop 67–68
Moose, Martin 307 decoy 404 rural 67
Mortality defense 108–109, 248, 378 season
age 144 density 80, 81, 98, 403 Guelph’s population 151
causes 244, 313, 377 destruction 398, 408–409 for one nest 151
TV towers 254–255 disturbances 410 survey 369, 406, 410, 453
wind turbines 254–255 elevation 60–62 territory 68, 74–84
Mosquito failure 384, 385 trees 64
bloodmeal 234 false 92 Nestling
intermediate host 266 ground 62 activities 131
traps 233 habitat near 86 added to a nest 149
Moss 532 height in trees 61, 62 anatomy 113
Moth 259 lining in cup 82, 90, 97 body
Mot ion detector camera 384 markers 407 condition 58
Mounting, reverse 55 materials 85–87, 89 development 126
Mouth color 192–193 outcome 406 brooded 107
Movies 12–13 predation factors 402 collared 387
Mullein, Common 239 predators 81, 374, 375, 380, dates 117
Multiple blood infections 282 385, 410 def ined 44
Murrelets 373 pre-owned 95 eye opens 116
Muscles renests 92 fear reaction 116, 134
abbreviations 492 researcher’s activity 387, 406 feather
dark fibers 490 reuse of old nests 85 growth 114, 127
f light 298, 490 on roof 67–68 tracts 122, 124
leg 489 size and weight 86–87 feeding rates and visits 131,
135
food 387
growth 141
measurements 130, 145
mortality 379–380
portrait 118, 139
recognition by adults 149
survival 145
temperature 115, 123
transplanted 42

The American Crow 706 tom4crows.com

 Index

Nestling cont’d
weight 113
Nevada 26–27
P aintings 10–12, 210

Pair bond 41, 53

Parasites cont’d
Splendidof i laria
caperata 266, 268
New Caledonian Crow 537–538 Panting 35, 183 f lexivaginalis 270, 290
New Mexico 26 Parasites 54, 205, 256–296 Syngamus spp 270
New York City 29, 448, 451 birds Toxoplasma gondii 287–288
Niagara Escarpment roost 551, immature 284 Trematode 274–277, 294
552, 561 migratory 284 Trypanosoma
Nictitating membrane 365 resident 284 avium 278, 286
Nighthawks, Common 96 blood 275–286 ontarioensis 283
Night-herons 369, 370–372 marrow 281, 285 paddae 283
Noddy, Black 520–521 peripheral 282 vectors 265, 277, 284
NO HUNTING 340 smears 281 Parental reaction to researchers
Non-breeding f lock 49, 71, 158 Brachylecithum americanum 135
Non-West Nile Virus 276–277 Parkland 80
diseases 201–205, 221 cestodes 273–274 Parks 456
injuries 201–205, 221 comparisons by region 263, 264 Parks & Wildlife Department,
Noodles 434 Diplotriaena tricuspis 272–273 Texas 340
North American Waterfowl Man- ectoparasites 260, 291 Paruterina reynoldsi 273–274
agement Plan 400 endoparasites 257, 262, 292 Patagial wing tag 47, 306–307,
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research excystation 286 368
Center 407–409 experimental infection 277
Northwestern Crow 15, 20–23 f ilarioid nematodes 265, 267–
Nutcracker, Clark’s 15, 193, 365, 270
428 f lagellation 285
Nuthatch 594 f leas, lice, mites, ticks 260–
Nuts and cars 391–392 262
Haemoproteus 266, 278, 285

O ak Hammock Marsh 73, 287

Of fspring relatedness 57
helminths 262
host
difinitive 288
O’Kee f fe, Georgia 10 intermediate 266, 269, 274,
Oldest crow 313 275
Old ideas 401 identif ication 277
Olfaction, in locating food 428 Institute of Parasitology 271
Ontario intensity 257
Breeding Bird Atlas 464 international depository 289
CBC 463 Isospora brachyrhynchi 286
climate & crops 31 Leucocytozoon 275 Peanuts 325, 426, 427, 434,
map of roosts 559 list 291–296 437, 438
Opossum, Virginia 362, 424 methodology problems 278–280 Pecans 425
Optimal foraging strategy 540 microscope 279 Pecks per minute 416–417
Orchard damage 329–320 mortality 270 Pecten oculi 512
Orioles 381 nematodes 269–273 Pelican 364, 371, 404
Osprey 378 nest 258 Pellets, regurgitated 323, 327,
Ot ter, River 355, 525 new record 264 341–348
Ovenbird 358 Paruter ina reynoldsi 273 People helping birds 359, 367
Owl periodicity 266 Perching 530
Barn 260, 396 Plasmodium 278 Peregr ine Falcon 368
B ar red 242, 247 Porrocaecum ensicaudatum 271 Persecution
G reat Horned 95, 106, 143, prevalence 257 rural 108
144, 2 39–242, 244, 245, Protocalliphora 258–259 urban 108
246, 337, 396, 575, 593 Protozoa 275, 287 Peterson, Roger Tory 32
L ong-eared 95, 96, 260, 592 Ptilonyssus cor v i 263 Phalarope, Wilson’s 159
S creech 109, 245, 423 RBC 275, 279 Pheasant 241, 243, 396, 413, 422,
S hort-eared 62, 240 software 279 455
Snowy 242 Phragmites 284
Oystercatcher, American 384 Phyletic tree 536

The American Crow 707 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

Poems cont’d Puccoon, Hoary 397

Tu, Fu 166, 416, 543, 558, Purple Martins 246, 558
590, 619
Woods, Christopher 598
Point Pelee 302, 568
Poison 329
R abbit, Cottontail 241, 362,
423
Rabies 203
Poison-ivy 325, 326, 345 Raccoon 143, 216, 244, 248, 362,
Political stupidity 353 364, 383, 384, 404,
Population 421, 424
abundance 442–444, 455, 457, Radio transmitters 84, 299,
458 305, 360, 368, 374, 412, 456,
BBS 440 565–567
changes 455, 457, 458, 462 age and sex differences 84
characteristics 183 during migration 299
dynamics 227 Raiders of caches 429
sample size 440 Rain 112
spacial synchrony 440 Range 15–20
survey Ranking 128
assumptions 441 RAPD 204
Carex pennsylvanica ef ficiency 441 Raptors 254
methods 440, 442–443, 449 Rare crow 288
Pig, feral 364 Porrocaecum ensicaudatum Rats 396
Pipits, Meadow 346 271 Rattle calls 174, 175
Plasma calcium 130 Post arrival of WNV map 43 Raven 15
Plasmodium 278 Pothole destruction 398 Chichuanhuan 22
Plastic f lag nest marker 407 Poxvirus 201 Common 15, 22–23, 54, 192,
Play 516, 522–524, 539 Practice calls 176 490
Plovers Prairie-chicken, Greater 534 ageing 193
Piping 380 Prairie allopreening eyelashes 54
Snowy 380 Cord Grass 35 behavior 244, 415, 429, 430,
Plumage 183 Pothole Region 397, 402, 407, 523, 541
adult 190 410 calls at roost 577
breeding 190 Predation 143 CBC Manitoba 464
dif ini t ive 191 ef f iciency 412 clade 22
juvenile 188 eggs by color and size 385 double brood 150
nestling 187 endangered birds 380 drinking water 393
yearling 189 exaggerated 404 fault bars 502
Poems index 412 feeding 364, 381, 393, 414,
Anonymous 14 mammals 79, 373, 379, 380, 418, 577
Ch’ing-chao, Li 253 402, 406 foot pad length 199
Chu His 514 nestlings 244, 379, 385 genetics 22
Chu Shu Chen 475, 569 nests 385, 399, 402, 408–409 Grand Canyon 28, 523
Du Mu 302 waterfowl 399, 406, 408–409, growth bars 502
Giguere, Roland 32 410 humeral key 477
Hughes, Ted 319, 393 Predator 33–34, 79, 238, 379, measurements 199
Li Ch’ing-chao 158, 253 380, 381, 382, 383, 385, 396, mobbed 244
Longfellow 316, 331 399, 403, 408, 412, 413 mortality 254
Lu Yu 12, 533 Preening 112, 509, 516, 519 mouth color 193
MacDonald, Wilson 37, 176, Pre-roosting assembly 580 nesting 150
200, 256, 340, 516, 522 Principal components of skull nestling feeding 135
McIndoo, WO 340 469–470 perching 530
Mei Yao Ch’en 593 Protein levels 130 picture 18, 23, 175, 192
Meng Haoran 302 Protocalliphora 258–259 490, 523
Moose, Martin 307 Protoporphyrins 106–107 play 523
Ou-yang, Hsiu 41, 360, 462 Protozoa 275, 282, 287, 295 as prey 244
Scott, David 30, 86, 183, 297, Ptarmigan, Willow 414 removal 414
363, 419, 530, 536, 598, 614 Pterylography 119–124 roosting 577
Su Tung P’o 571, 692 Ptilonyssus cor v i 263 sex measurements 199

The American Crow 708 tom4crows.com

 Index

Raven cont’d Road traf fic 409 Roost cont’d

Common cont’d Robin, American 37, 106, 203,
size 15 204, 212, 216, 224, 230, 231,
store food 425, 429, 541 232, 234, 300, 305, 372, 377,
survey 447, 451, 454 379, 390, 404, 509, 544, 569,
time-related tasks 541 570, 610
upside down 523 Rodent density 406
voice 168, 175, 177–178, ROOK 57
180, 454 anal gland 510
walking on cars 530 beneficial to farmers 337
wing tag problems 306 court 527
White-necked 326, 539, 609 feeding 337
Recognizing molt 188, 192
each other 41–42 mortality 527
people 535 nesting 149, 150
Red-berried Elder 205 reproductive organs 56–58
Red blood cells 275 roost 572, 595, 603
Red eggs 107 scratching head in f light 532
Red-osier Dogwood 406 sleep 603
Red River Valley 235 tool use 538–539
Redstart, American 385 voice 175, 179
water 539
Roosevelt, Theodore 34
Roost
age ratios 193, 552
aggression 596
airports 598
ambient light 573, 584, 588
assembly 585, 587, 588, 592,
597
autumnal 568
banding 563
beheaded 611
calls at 577, 595
catching crows 592
CBCs 567–569, 571
century long 545
characteristics 548–549, 553,
556, 573, 610
Refractory period 56 Chatham, Ontario 559–560,
Regurgitated pellets 323, 327, 563, 564, 608
341–348, 598 cit ies 80, 555, 558, 561, 563–
Relics, archeological digs 486 565, 571, 573
Renesting 92 communal 542, 568
Reproductive complaints 555
pairing 57 control 555, 557, 558, 560,
partit ioning 57 603, 605, 607
ratios 193, 456 corn production 548–549
Rept iles, road kills 423, 424 counting crows 556
Research 398, 442 crops 548–549
Researcher’s disturbance 141, crow density 549, 596, 607
147, 148, 149, 368–369, 387, danger 611
400, 403, 404, 405, 410 dawn chorus 595
Rhetoric on the crow 404 dead crow 194–196, 544, 556,
Rice 359 567–568, 603
Roadkill 392, 416, 420–425 departure 578, 588
Roadside census destruction 314, 458, 611
methodology 442, 449 disease, rabies 609
dispersal from 573, 588
distance traveled to feed 580,
581
dynamite 314, 329, 401, 609,
611, 614
early reports 450, 543, 544,
547, 575, 581–582, 591, 593,
611–613
Essex, Ontario 31, 558–560,
561 562, 576, 583–586, 590,
594, 595, 596, 599, 602
exploratory behavior 576
family units 543, 579, 580
farming 550, 553
flyways 578, 580, 582, 583–586,
587, 590, 592, 597
food 548, 574, 577, 583, 591
formation 543
Fort Cobb, Oklahoma 550,
574, 580, 583, 600
fragmentation 550
french 179
garbage 607
genetics 580
GIS 573
gravel 589
ground 560, 572, 595, 596, 597
habitat 458
Hamilton, Ontario 551, 552,
561, 578, 579, 591, 592, 600
historical reports 450, 543,
544, 547, 575, 581–582, 591,
593, 611–613
human behavior 558, 571, 592,
605, 608, 609, 611
hunting 613
impact on observer 569
information centers 574, 576,
579
innnovation 608–609
inside 546, 597–600
islands 544, 545, 547, 549,
563, 564, 566, 567, 576, 613
Japan 607
Journal of Psychology 544
landf ill 565, 567
land use 555
largest 550, 558, 568, 569
light 181, 584, 585, 588, 594,
605, 607
locations 548, 549, 553, 554,
557, 558, 559, 597
longevity of roosts 545, 547
map 548, 550, 551–552, 557,
559, 561–565, 584–585
media 604, 605, 611, 612
modern 550

The American Crow 709 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

Roost cont’d Roost cont’d Shade 35

mood 577 Woodstock, Ontario 561, 565 Shad, Gizzard 390
morning madness 593–594 Rose hips 357 Sheep farmers 364
mortality 249, 556, 567–568, Roundworms 269–273, 293 Shell
607, 612 Roup 201 dropping 419
pellets 598 Row crops 455 heaps 486
perching status 579 Ruddy Duck wing tags 306 Shelter belts 402, 454
pictures 549, 554, 555, 560, Ruf fed Grouse 412 Shit 601–603
606, 608 Rural crows 80 Shooting 329
politicians 547, 609 habits 313, 613

S
population 547, 552 aguaro 26, 30 Shrews 361, 362, 406
post-roosting assembly 608 Shrubs 409
predation 574, 588, 592, 595, Salamanders 355 Signposts for storage 429
595
pre-roosting assembly 545, 565,
566, 585, 587, 588, 589
radar 558
radio tagged 569, 588
ratio
age 193–194, 552, 580
sex 612
reasons for 569–580, 587
rural 553, 555, 557
shit 572, 601
sizes 548, 549, 550, 556, 560,
564, 568, 573, 610
sleep 601, 603, 606 Salmon 390 Singing
soil samples 600–601, 602 Sample 440 adjustments 441
State populations 547, 549, roadside 442 variables 441, 449
550, 552, 555 Sand Cherry 356 Size
status 572 Sandpiper, Spotted 377 adults 21
St Catharines, Ontario 562 Saskatoon, pictures 532, 546 geographical variation 198
storing food 429 Scarecrow 320 nestlings 113
study 563–567, 577, 583, 607 Scavengers 362, 364, 366, 421, Skeleton
summer 77, 542, 549, 553–554, 424 archaeological digs 486–487
566, 573, 606 Sclerotic ring 510–511 brain volume 468
surveys 547, 555, 557 Scolding predators 377 clavicle 496
switching 569 Scott, David (poems) coracoid 475–476, 496
tendency to f lock 542 30, 86, 183, 297, 363, 419, femur 481, 499, 500
thermal 570 530, 536, 598, 614 fibula 499
time of departures 578, 588, Scrounging food 427 foramen 499
593 Sculpture 11, 12 furcula / wishbone 475–476,
time of entry 590, 591 Secondary f light feathers 480 491, 496
traditional 545, 548, 549 Second brood 150 humerus 477–478, 487, 492,
tree 546 Selective pressure 503 493
density 599 Sentinels 146, 376, 384, 414–415 key 477
sizes 550, 551, 555, 566 Sentry 179 parts 478
species 458, 553, 555, 556, Seven crow-days 74 jaws 471
557, 591, 599, 600, 606 Sex leg bones 481–482
573, 599, 600 act 54–55 lower jaw 468, 471
urban 80, 550, 553, 555, 556, chromosomes 194 metacarpus 479
557, 558, 568, 573, 580, 591, determination cost 199 nasal-frontal hinge 471
604, 605, 606, 610 interference with 55 pectoral girdle 475–476, 496
violence 611, 612 ratio 200 pelvic girdle 480–481, 499
watching 609 Sexing crows 194 pictures 488
weather 581, 584–586, 611 Sexual pneumatic fossa 478
Wildlife Act 615 behavior 57 pygostyle 499
winter 558, 566, 573 coloration 32 radius 479, 480

The American Crow 710 tom4crows.com

 Index

Skeleton cont’d Software to count RBC 279 Stinkweed pods 496

ribs 483 Soil samples 600–602 Stomach contents 319, 320,
scapula 475–476, 496 Song 323, 324, 325, 332, 337
second digit 479 def ined 160 Storage
skull 466–467, 469 Sonogram 165 food 424–439
trabeculae 473–474 Sound retrieval 429
ster num 474–475, 491, 496 experiment 162–163 site 429, 430, 431, 433
stress 474 production 161–162 Study sites
synsacrum 486 Soybeans 339 rural 390, 403, 410, 444
tarsus 251, 481, 482, 499, 500 Spacial synchrony 440 urban 66, 80, 374, 375, 455
tibiotarsus 201, 481, 482, 487, Sparrow Subspecies 18–22
499, 500 American Tree 455, 570 Suet 349
toes 482–485, 499–500 Chipping 179, 367 Sumac 289, 323, 346, 347, 349,
bones 482, 499 English / House 37, 95, 205, 523
hallux 482–486 212, 216, 225, 233, 324, 326, Superstars 480
nails 483–485, 499–500 358, 359, 376, 422, 423, 450, Superstition 14
pads 482–484 509, 537 Survey 322, 369, 396, 440–464
papillae 482–484 Savannah 373 American 449
scales 482, 485 Song 175, 259 Canadian 446
tongue 24, 163 White-crowned 365 crows per day 445
trabeculae 473, 474 White-throated 358, 454 habitat types 443, 454, 461
ulna 479, 480 Species monthly index 444, 449
uncinate process 486 separation 22–23 redone 457
upper bill 472, 473 Spectographs of voice 165 species total 450
vertebrae 307, 483, 486, 499 Spider 325 starting time 449
wing bones 477–480 Spleen 224 types 459
Skin graf t 250 Splendidof ilaria Survival rate 200
Skull size and shape 469–470, caperata 266, 268 Swallow
471 f lexivaginalis 270, 290 Clif f 79, 239
Skunk 382, 403, 406, 410, 413, Sporozoan infections 296 as prey 376
422 Spor tsmen’s magazine 398 Symbiotic bacteria 504
Slaughter Spring gatherings 40 Syngamus spp 270
crows 367 Spring-tails 259 Syringeal
house 454 Squirrel 109, 248, 365, 382, 404, bones and cartilage 161–162
Sleep 112 409, 427 muscles 160–161
Smell 428 Staghorn Sumac 523 Syrinx 160–163
Smooth Aster 314 Starlicide 424
Snake 354, 371, 383, 387, 417,
421, 423, 430
Snow bathing 517
Starling, European 109, 233,
248, 328, 335, 353, 357, 376,
394, 450, 458, 569, 570, 572,
T apeworm 273–274, 292

Tarsus (a crow) 202, 253, 254,

Snow covers food 426 576, 595, 610 257, 509
Social Intelligent Hypothesis 41 Status 41, 128, 533 Taxonomy 15, 18–21, 478
Sof t cooing notes 172 Stealing food 388 Techniques of predators 408

The American Crow 711 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

Television 480 Transplanted nestlings 42 Video

Temperature 521 Transverse sections of bill 473– intelligence 479
range 35 474 nest 384
Ter ns 247, 368–369 Trap-lined nests 384 Vireo, Red-eyed 60
Territory Trapping 306, 78 Virginia Opossum, dead 424
acquisition 47, 80 Trap-tube paradigm 537 Vision 530
core area 432 Trees 27, 61–68 Vocabulary, song, defined 160
defence 41, 71 Trematode 205, 274–275, 294 Voice
dispute 68, 76, 175 Trypanosoma assembly call 164
establishment 70 avium 278, 281, 286 bouts of caws 164, 167–168
quality 42, 69, 71 ontarioensis 283 structured 164
size 79–84, 564, 566 paddae 283 unstructured 164
urban 68, 360 Tug-of-war 522 box 160
vacant 71, 78 Turbines, wind 253–255 anatomy 160–161
year round 69 Turkey, Wild 526 caws 164
Testes 56 Turtle 592 comparison 167
Thayer, Abbott 34 Television towers 254–255 family context 173
Theor ies Tympaniform membrane 161 lengths 169–170
anting 518 Type specimen 20–21 location on territory 170
cooperative breeding 41, 44 numerical aspects 166–168
dawn song and feeding 182
expectancy violation 42
f ly-and-social foraging 299–
U nites States

Department of Agriculture 317,
types 167–172
dialects 177
dispersal / alarm call 166,
300 319, 326, 367 179
habitat saturation 42, 43 Unprof itable prey theory 33 experiments 162–163, 168,
rational choice 540 Upland game birds, as prey 411 178–180
roosting 570–580, 587 Upside down 522, 523 frequency 168
social intelligent 41 incubation 112
sound production 161–162 interpretation 169
Thermoregulation 123–125 intimate notes 172
Thoreau, Henry David 10, 159, mimicry 175–176
616 pitch 168
Throat pouch 426, 427 recognition 178
Thrush 105, 256, 382, 385 sequence 164, 165
Ticks 260, 291 sexes 73, 171
Tides 438 sof t notes 159, 170
Tinea car nariella (moth) 259 song defined 160
Tit, Great 595 traf f ic noise interference 416
Toads 355 tympanum 161
Tomography 470 vocabulary def ined 160
Tongue, naturally split 160, 163 Vole, Meadow 347, 406
Tool Urban Volunteers checking nests 369
def init ion 534 families 80 Vulture 365, 366, 526, 527
properties 537 nesting 83
use 535
Torque analysis of bill 474
Tourist attraction 609
parks 456
territory 81, 82
Uropygial gland 233, 234, 503–
W alking 528, 582

Walnuts and cars 391–392, 431

Towers, TV 254–255 504, 518 War against crows 398
Towhee Urquhart J 466 Warbler
California 381 Utah 25 mortality 255
Rufous-sided 453 Prothonotary 379
Toxic chemicals 424
Toxoplasma gond ii 287–289
Tracks 528
V ectors 265

Vegetation at nests 408

Yellow-rumped 361
War ning coloration of eggs 386
Waterfowl
Traf f ic 416 Vernacular names 19 conservation 146
Transmitters 456 Vertebrae 307 crows 150, 311, 397, 403
collar 84 Vert ical sightings of birds 454
tail 84, 299

The American Crow 712 tom4crows.com

 Index

West Nile Virus cont’d

VecTest 225, 226
vectors 207
birds 209, 212, 215, 228
mosquitoes 209, 212, 219,
221, 228–236
viremia 220, 225
virulence 214
year-round transmission 220,
221
Wetlands 399
Wheat diet 336
Whelks 419, 420
White Admiral Butterfly 220
White-tailed Deer 439
Wildlife
Waterfowl cont’d West Nile Virus cont’d Act 615
damage Culex Conference 401
to crops 411 pipiens 209, 217, 219, 233 control specialists 560
to nests 311, 408–409 tarsalis 230–231 Departments 340
eggs 106 detection in crows 224 Experimental Station 396
Management Plan 400 diversity 211 Willet 410
nest environmental factors 218, 228, Wind
close to roads 409 229, 235, 237 tunnel 532
habitat 402, 404, 406 family disruption 218 turbines 253–254
success 402, 403, 406 feathers 226–227 Window strikes 255–256
predation 397, 402, 403 fever 206 Wing
renesting 401 genetics 211 area 297
Weather GIS 219 beat 72
roosting 583–586 host competence 211 chord 198
Web pictures 33 human cases 207, 210, 212, muscles 487–496
Weight 194–197 213 Winnipeg
West Nile fever 156, 205, 206– initial signs in birds 214 Art Gallery roof nest 67–68
237 magpie 237 nesting study 66
human cases 207, 208, 213 mammals 234
West Nile Virus 206–237 map 43
American Crow 156, 208–237 monitor dead birds 216
ampli fying host 217, 237 months of occurrence 207
antibodies 208, 213, 215, 216, mosquito control 210
235 mutations 211
arrival 206–207 organs in crows 223–224
biocontainment level 207 overwinters 207, 237
biodiversity 228 photographs 206, 207, 208
birds 208, 210, 216, 222 raptors 210
blood rare birds 214, 216
meal 231, 232, 234, 236 roosts 219, 220, 236
smears 211 sentinel species 215
Breeding Bird Survey 220, 236, seroprevalence 235
237, 460 SLEV 222
cause of death in birds 215, spread 207, 230, 235–236, Wire bent into a hook 537, 538–
220–221 303 539
CCWHC 228 strains 212, 214 Woodchuck 415, 525
Center for Disease Control structure described 206 Wood Duck 391
211, 228 super spreader 230 Woodpecker
Christmas Bird Count 209, survival rate 217 Acorn 425
236, 237, 460 tests for 222–223, 225, 226 Downy 586, 591
consequences 222 ticks 236 Lewis’s 429
Corvidae 208 vaccine 213–214 Red-cockaded 45

The American Crow 713 Tom Reaume 2013

 Index

World’s Fair 316 Yearling cont’d

Wrens 379, 382, 413 interfere with sex 55
Writers 12–14 mimic adults 55
Wyeth A 10 mortality 255
mouth color 192

Y awning 112

Yearling
picture, in first spring 185
pumage 185, 189
return to natal area 158
def ined 44 Yolk
feeding methods 420 content 103
sac 113, 114
YouTube 525
Yukon 18

The American Crow 714 tom4crows.com