Origin of Universe = Big Bang model (Hubble, 1929) - The universe began with an explosive expansion of matter, which later became what we know as stars, planets, moons, etc. This eventis thought to have occurred 10 - 15 billion yrs ago. = Nebular Hypothesis (Kant, Laplace 1796) - Earth and the other bodies of our solar system (Sun, moons, etc.) formed from a “vast cloud of dust and gases’ called a nebula.Big bang theory There was a big bang some 15 billion years ago, when the size of the universe was zero and the temperature was infinite. The universe then started expanding at near light speed. *At about 10,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature had fallen to such an extent that the energy density of the Universe began to be dominated by massive particles, rather than the light and other radiation which had predominated earlier. This explains the formation of galaxies and other large-scale structures observed in universe today.Nebular Hypothesis *According to this hypothesis, the nebular cloud consisted of Hand He, and a small percentage of the heavier OO MAMom TIMMONS) 1g Sil (oee) *Within the rotating disk, the rocky material and gases began to nucleate and accrete into protoplanetsAs Earth was formed, it was extremely hot from the bombardment of space debris, radioactive decay, and high internal pressures. These processes caused Earth’s interior to melt, and then to differentiate into regions of onsen M-TOm ON SCeAI MONIC RNIB LE cooled.Continental drift = Theory that continents and plates move on the surface of the Earth proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. iMaps by Wegener (1915), showing continental driftTheory of continental drift CeCe ies [Dl gee ee ey eee ee rae P| SR ee re= Matching coastlines = Matching mountains = Matching rock types and rock ages = Matching glacier deposits = Matching fossilsEvidence for continental drift EeEvidence for continental drift ee Ne? Sh, ‘Cape Fold BeltEvidence for continental drift Matching rock types and ages Oy Lolo es [PD Permian [5 bevonianEvidence for continental drift Matching glacier deposits 300 FoNVO Ub COyaMA Merete agoEvidence for continental drift Fossils of of Mesosaurus (aquatic reptile) found on both sides of AtlanticTheory of Plate tectonics = The theory of Plate tectonics was proposed in 1960s based on the theory of continental drift. = This is the Unifying theory that explains the formation and deformation of the Earth’s surface. = According to this theory, continents are carried along on huge slabs (plates) on the Earth’s outermost layer (Lithosphere). = Earth’s outermost layer is divided into 12 major Tectonic Plates (~80 km deep). These plates move relative to each other a few centimeters felt =yolEarth’s magnetic fieldTectonic eS oF slau TAUSTRAUIAN PLATE ANTARCTIC PLATEs Divergent plate boundaries: where plates move apart = Convergent Plate boundaries: where plates come together = Transform plate boundaries: where plates slide past each otherTypes of plate boundariesTypes of plate boundaries= Ultimately: heat transported from core and mantle to surface = Heat transported by convection = Core is ~5,000°C and surface is ~0°C = Where mantle rises: rifting = Where mantle dives: subduction zonesWhat are Seismic Waves? http:/Avww.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeisiwaves.html= Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs. CMake Keene el CHK caKAO ON Ne SO) SIIB OT ee waves, and they all move in different ways. The two main types of waves are = = =——s and surface wayes.= The Earth's mass is about 5.98 x 1074 kg. rl at ota le enenenN ©) I-\ni=s la ONU myo (- le System (mass/volume). = Earth is made of several layers with different compositions and physical properties, like temperature, density, and inalewrele)I ina comni leaCrust less than 19 of Earth's mass, 5-100 km thick of the Mantle 67% of Earth's mass, 2,900 km thick Core 33% of Earth's mass, 6,856 km in diameter(Cita «Thinnest layer (5-100 km) a oka Rome ats *Like Nae tee *Oceanic (GSrMM MeN MUIE TREATYGUM eK most) eM Mate Lees) Mantle «Extremely Thick! (2,900 km) «It is too far down to drill Stab sammie ee is a AS Hade OF? *Scientists infer based on: *Pushed up rock *Ocean floor/molten rock SUA Lea «Like the mineral olivine «Large amounts of iron and Ptekea Ctra i ‘\ RANAN ac elenore econGUM eK most) eM Mate Lees) (ety «Pretty darn big. (6,856 km) «(Slightly bigger than Mars!) +33% mass of the Earth Ca Tee OU ane *Made mostly of iron *Some nickel, sulfur, oxygen OA ie aa Lai eoe SAU Recvanotl cree Maso sae (e AMF eal *Earth’s Magnetic fieldAsthenosphere Neco erin Lithosphere Solid Outer Core rere ‘Mesosphere brett Mesosphere SolidLithosphere = ‘rock sphere’ Asthenosphere = ‘weak sphere’ —=-— One td TdLayers from Crust to Core EP rocky crust] orc 2 [Upper Mantle 870°C z 5 Mantle Mohorovicic Discontinuity Inner Mantle Semi-rigid ; Sle 3,700°C Gutenberg Molten Outer Discontinuit: Core Iron/nickel 4,300°C Inner Core Ironénickel 7,200°CRidge Push At mid-ocean ridges, the oceanic lithosphere is higher than it is where it sinks beneath continental lithosphere. Ridge push is the process by which an oceanic plate slides down the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary Mid-occan ridge Ss Cor ceed Convection In the process of convection, hot material from deep within the Earth rises while cooler material near the surface sinks. When the warmer material cools, it Slab Pull Because oceanic becomes denser and begins to sink back down, The motion of lithosphere is denser than the convecting mantle material drags tectonic plates sideways asthenosphere, the edge of the oceanic plate sinks and pulls the rest ofthe tectonic plate with it i 2 process called slab pull= Dowe know for sure