Health Beliefs Chapter 1-2-3-4-5 Main

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Filipinos are known for its rich culture and abundant traditions, but people
nowadays are influenced by several foreign cultures due to global changes and
biodiversity. Changes happening presently are rapidly occurring to metropolitan
areas but those changes are gradual in far flung areas of the Philippines, thus old
culture are still evident in community areas. Despite the effort of Philippine
government to improve the health care delivery system of the country health
traditions are still evident in the community area thus the presence of increasing
percentage of both communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Many variables influence a person’s health status, beliefs and behaviors
or practices. These factors may or may not be under conscious control. People
can usually control their health behaviors and can choose to be healthy or
unhealthy, thus several theories or models of health beliefs and behaviors have
been developed to help determine whether an individual is likely to participate in
disease prevention and health promotion activities. Health beliefs ( Kozier,2012 )
are defined as the concepts about health that an individual believes are true.
These beliefs may or may not be founded on fact.

Health Beliefs Among Residents of Selected Barangays of Unisan, Quezon…
It is in this context that the researcher decided to undergo this study
because as a registered nurse for almost 9 years she have seen a lot of cases
which are mild to severe cases in forms such as a simple fever leading to benign
febrile seizure, a simple cough leading to moderate to high risk pneumonia and a
punctured wound leading to tetanus infection. Those simple diseases led to
chronic one because parents and significant others first consultation happened to
be in an “albolaryo” and most of the time diseases are treated in a wrong way. An
example of health belief practices that the researcher have seen are in the
course of high grade fever there are patches of an unknown leaf put at the
forehead of the patient and in other body parts with pain, as well as patient is not
allowed to take some bath because as far as their belief is concern it may only
make the fever more severe. In lined with this the researcher has gained interest
in studying about health beliefs and practices of selected residents in Unisan,
Quezon for us healthcare provider to help the community correct those beliefs
that are not helpful in the course of treatment to a certain illness.
Meleja Z. Alpuerto, RN 2
Theoretical Framework
Figure 1. The Health Belief Model
Individual Perceptions Modifying Factors Likelihood of Action
Demographic
variables Perceived benefits of
Sociopsychologic preventive action minus
variables perceived barriers to
Structural variables preventive action
Perceived
Susceptibility Perceived threat Likelihood of taking
and Perceived recommended
Seriousness preventive health
action
Cue to action
The Health Belief Model by Rosentock (1974) will be utilized as framework of
the study. The model had the assumption that good health is an objective
common to anybody. The model predicts the people who would or would not use
measures to predict disease. The model was modified by Becker (1974) and
included the components such as individual perceptions, modifying factors and
variables likely to affect initiating action.
The relationships among the HBM concepts are easy to understand and easy to
relate to practice. The first component is individual perceptions, this phase
includes three aspects; perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness and
perceived threat. The second component of health belief model is modifying
factors this aspects includes the following:, demographic variables,
sociopsychologic variables and structural variables. The last component of health
belief model is the likelihood of action under this component is perceived benefits
of the action and perceived barriers to action.
The researcher was guided with these models and concepts presented in
conducting this study. This also serves as a guide for the researcher in
formulating the theoretical paradigm
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Demographic profile of
the respondents:
 Sex
 Age
 Educational
Attainment  Data Collection
 Monthly Income thru
 Religion Questionnaire Proposed
 Data community action
Perception on Health Interpretation plan.
Beliefs in terms of the and Analysis
following: using
 Statistical
 susceptibility Technique
 seriousness
 benefits
 barriers
Figure 2. Research Paradigm on the “Health Beliefs among Residents of Selected
Barangays in Unisan, Quezon: Basis for a Proposed Community Action Plan”
The framework shows variable being studied in this research paper. The
first box covers the input which includes the demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of age, sex, highest educational attainment, monthly
income and religion. The second box is the process phase which explains the
research variable and it includes the analysis on the significant difference on the
health belief practices among residents of Unisan, Quezon, when respondents
are grouped according to their demographic profile. Lastly, the output of the
study was to a proposed community action plan based on the findings of the
study.
Statement of the Problem
This proposed study in health beliefs among residents of Unisan, Quezon
seeks to answer the following problems:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 sex;
1.2 age
1.3 highest educational attainment;
1.4 monthly Income;
1.5 religion?
2. What are the health beliefs of the respondents in terms of:
2.1 perceived susceptibility;
2.2 perceived seriousness;
2.3 perceived benefits of preventive action;
2.4 perceived barrier to preventive action?
3. What are the differences in the health beliefs of the respondents?
4. What is the relationship between the health beliefs of the respondents
demographic profile?
5. What possible community action plan can be developed?
Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference in the health beliefs to the demograpic profile
of the respondents.
Significance of the Study
The findings of the study upon proper treatment of data, and
conceptualization will be helpful and can give extensive display of worth to the
following group of people:
Local Government Unit and Non-Governmental Organization, findings
of the study can be used to purpose other action plan needed by the community
especially in terms of health and living.
Members of the healthcare team, nurses, midwives, physicians, and
barangay health worker the findings of this study will help them know those
health beliefs essential and not essential. More so, it will also help them towards
assessing further other factors that halt the community, family, and individual in a
certain group to access healthcare services.
Rural Health Unit Team, the findings of this study can be a basis for
making health teaching guide to increase the level of awareness among
communities in terms of prevention of diseases and rehabilitation after a disease.
Community, residence of Unisan, Quezon the findings of this study will
provide proper knowledge to them to correct false health belief and maintain
those health beliefs that are acceptable in managing common diseases through
this initial actions. Furthermore the community action plan as an output of this
study will also provide significant framework in solving those improper health
beliefs that the community are still practicing despite risk and harm towards once
health.
Hospital Staff, this study can find them to adopt the community action
plan as a program to further enhance hospital services and other management
tactics for the improvement of dissemination of information.
Future Researcher, this study can be a source of related literature and
studies for further study about health beliefs in the community, furthermore the
output of this study can also be used as a guide to develop or enhance
community action plan based on what the community will need.
Scope and Limitation
The study will focus on the health belief among residents of selected
barangays of Unisan Quezon in terms of perceived susceptibility, perceived
seriousness, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. The health belief will be
correlated to the respondents’ demographic profile in terms of age, sex,
educational attainment, monthly income and religion. The study will be conducted
the first quarter of 2019. The study will be used as basis for a proposed
community action plan.
Definition of Terms
Community Action Plan. This is a systematic, organize and problem based lay-
out of a plan specifically aimed to solve a certain community health problem. This
is written based from the findings of the study and focuses on how to avoid false
health beliefs present in the community that sometimes trigger the occurrence of
a fatal disorder.
Demographic profile. This is the term used to describe the specific and
baseline data that will be coming from the respondents in order to anticipate and
know if the existing problem can be caused by the life status of the respondents.
This is composed of sex, age, highest educational attainment, monthly income
and religion.
Perceived Seriousness. This is the term used to describe how the respondents
see the intensity and the degree of a certain illness and how this thinking affects
their beliefs and practices.
Perceived Susceptibility. This is used as how the respondents thinks of an
illness and how high the chances of alleviating the course of illness when the
respondents first follows their health beliefs and practices.
Perceived Benefits. This is used in the research to elaborate how the
respondents will get something in return if their health beliefs and practices will
be performed first before the right medical way of treatment.
Perceived Barriers. These are hindrances that halt the respondents to obey
follow first their health beliefs and practices because some of them thinks of any
other way or some has other illness and the respondents are aware that following
first those health belief and practices might brought up a more serious damage.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a discussion of some relevant studies as well as
some review of related literature that includes foreign and local concepts that are
review of significant input to the context of this study. They give direction to the
study and substantially support the major thrust of this research.
Related Literature
The public health nurse does not function in a vacuum, she is working
within a system with teamwork and as a member in order for the nurse to
function efficiently and effectively understanding of the health care delivery
system must the first thing to do. In relation with this public health nurse must
properly relate with the dynamics of the political, organizational structure
surrounding the individuals’ position in the health care system. More so public
health care is an essential health care made universally accessible to individuals
and families in the community by means of acceptable to them through their full
participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford at every
stage of development.
The concept of Primary Health Care ( PHC ) is characterized by
partnership and empowerment of the people that shall permeate as the core
strategy in the effective provision of essential health services that are community
based, accessible, acceptable and sustainable at a cost which the community
and the government can afford.
The World Health Organization (2008) defined health as the state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the presence or
absence of a disease. The health of individuals and communities are to a large
extent, affected by a combination of many factors. A person’s health is
determined by his circumstances and environment. It is inappropriate therefore to
blame or credit the person’s state of health to himself alone because he is
unlikely able to directly control many of these factors however, knowledge of
these factors is important in order to effectively promote health and prevent
illness.
Similarly, Nightingale (1860), as cited in Kozier and Erb’s (2012), defined
health as a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to
the fullest extent.
According to Kozier and Erb’s (2012), health is not complete without
defining wellness. They defined wellness in different basic aspects namely self-
responsibility an ultimate goal, a dynamic, growing process, daily decision
making in the areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive
health care and emotional health and most importantly the whole being of an
individual.
Anspaugh et.al (2008), proposed seven components of wellness. In order
to realize optimal health and wellness, people must deal with the factors within
each component; physical, social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, occupational
and environmental.
According to Cuevas, F. et al. (2008), primary health care was declared
during the First International Conference on Primary Health Care held in Alma
Ata USSR with the goal of “Health for all by the year 2000”, and this was adopted
during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, on 1979 with the goal of “Health in
the Hands of the People by 2020”, in connection with this the current mission and
vision of the Department of Health was inspired through this stating that DOH
vision is “Filipinos are among the healthiest people in Southeast Asia by 2022,
and Asia by 2040”, while its mission is “To lead the country in the development of
a people – centered, resilient and equitable health system.
In lined with this Kozier and Erbs (2012), stated that countless conflicts in the
health care delivery arenas are predicted on cultural misunderstandings.
Although many of these understandings are related to universal situations, such
as verbal and non-verbal language misunderstandings, the conventions of
courtesy, sequencing of interaction, phasing of interaction, objectivity, and so
forth, many cultural misunderstandings are unique to the delivery of nursing care.
Spector, (2004), as cited in Kozier and Erbs (2012), explained further that
the aspects of mind, body and spirit are in constant flux and change over time,
yet each is completely related to the others and also related to the context of a
person. The context includes the person’s family, culture, work, community,
history and environment.
According to Hadyn Luke (2013), the health belief model (HBM) is a
psychological formulation developed to explain health -related at the level of
individual decision making.
Furthermore, Vicki Simpson’s Journal (March 2015 ) entitled “Models and
Theorist to Support Health Behaviour Intervention and Program Planning”
explained that health belief model is one of the oldest models of health behaviour
but is very relevant when discussing health behaviour change. This model
addresses the readiness to act upon several individual beliefs.
In connection to the statement above Elizabeth Boskey, Phd as reviewed
by Susan Olender, MD (October 26, 2016) explained that health belief moodel is
based on the theory that a person’s willingness to change their health behaviours
is primarily due to the following factors:
Perceived Susceptibility – this explained that people will not change their
health behaviours unless they believe that they are at risk if acquiring a disease.
An example of this is those individuals who do not think that they are at risk of
acquiring HIV from unprotected intercourse are unlikely to use a condom.
Perceived Severity - the probability that a person will change his/her
health behaviours to avoid a consequence depends on how serious he or she
considerate the consequence to be. An example of it is if a person is young and
in love he is unlikely to avoid kissing his sweetheart on the mouth just because
he has the sniffles, and he might get his cold. On the other hand, he probably
would stop kissing if it might give you Ebola. Similarly people are less likely to
consider condoms when they think STDs are a minor inconvenience. That’s why
talk about sex increased during the AIDS epidemic. The perceived severity
increased enormously.
Perceived Benefits – it is difficult to convince people to change behaviour
if there isn’t something in it for them. Example: Your father probably won’t stop
smoking if he doesn’t think that doing so will improving his life in some way. A
couple might not choose to practice safe sex if they don’t see now it could make
their sex life better.
Perceived Barriers – it is one of the major reasons why people don’t
change their health behaviours it is primarily because people think that doing so
is going to be hard. Sometimes it’s not just a matter of physical difficulty but
social difficulty as well changing your health behaviours can cost effort money
and time. An example of this scenario explained that if everyone from office goes
out drinking to cut down on their alcohol intake still presence of alcohol intake
intention still exists second, if someone thinks that condoms are sign of distrust in
a relationship that someone may be hesitant to bring them up, thus perceived
susceptibility is lacking leading to high risk of having infected by the disease.
As explained by Rosenstock and Becker, “Health Belief Models” includes
three major factors those are individual perceptions, modifying factors and
likelihood of action. The first component is individual perceptions, this phase
incudes three aspects; first is perceived susceptibility, this explained that in an
individual’s mind setting if the presence or occurrence of a certain phenomenon
runs as a familial course such as a family history of past disease like
hypertension, diabetes mellitus and many other genetically inherited diseases
was perceived as a health alarming condition an person might feel the need to
further take good care of his or her own personal health because he consider
himself at high risk situation because inherited diseases can be owned.
Perceived seriousness is the second component of individual perception under
health belief model, which tends to explains the perception of an individual
towards the degree of illness that he might acquire, does the illness can cause
death or does it have serious consequences? A good example of this is the
spread of a measles outbreak which was presently alarming lately specially in the
Mindanao area where according to the latest news excerpt from www.abs-
cbnnews.com last December 4, 2018 there are reported cases of death from
measles outbreak in the mentioned area, having said so, further spread of
measles in other neighbour town can be viewed as the general public’s
perception on how serious measles is. The last component is the perceived
threat according to Becker the perceived susceptibility and perceived
seriousness combined to determine the total perceived threat of an illness to a
certain individual.
The second component of health belief model is the modifying factors this
aspects includes the following; first is the demographic variables these are; age,
gender, race, and ethnicity. Second, sociopsychologic variables it is the social
pressure or influence from peers or other reference groups’ example having self-
help or vocational groups may encourage preventive health behaviours even
when an individual motivation is low, expectations from other may motivate
people. Third component is structural variables, according to Becker, the
knowledge about the target disease and prior contact with it is considered as
structural variables that are presumed to influence preventive behaviour. Lastly,
cues to action can either be internal or external. Feelings of fatigue,
uncomfortable symptoms or thoughts about a condition of an ill person whom an
individual knew were considered as internal cues while external once are those
advertisements or news heard or saw which has something to do about the
degree of an illness.
Furthermore, the last component of health belief model is the likelihood of
action under this component is, perceived benefits of the action and perceived
barriers to action. Perceived benefits of the action explained that when an
individual has gain awareness over a serious occurrence of a thing he will take
actions in order not to acquire a certain disease. An example of perceived benefit
to action is when a middle-aged man maintains regular exercise and maintains
balanced food consumption in order to avoid acquiring hypertension, and other
chronically ill diseases. On the other hand perceived barrier to action was
explained by Becker as stated in Kozier and Erb’s (2012), as those actions
conducted by an individual to halt achievement of health promotion behaviour.
An example of this is when a post stroke patient does not feel the need of
compliance to regular rehabilitation treatment because he feels that it is costly
that he rather spends money in buying other things than in spending it to
rehabilitation sessions.
More so, Philippine Journal of Nursing ( December 2014 ) entitled “
Filipino-American Nurses Knowledge Perceptions, Beliefs and Practice of
Genetics and Genomics” study findings describe the knowledge, perceptions,
beliefs, practices and genomic education of Filipino-American Nurses. The
findings provide empirical evidence that Filipino-American Nurses are in need of
educational opportunities to improve their knowledge on genetics and genomics,
which should improve their clinical practice. This paper identifies a number of
resources that can assist learners at every level to improve their knowledge
about genetics and genomics. Additionally, findings from this study will assist
PNAA in planning future educational programs that will incorporate topics on
genetics and genomics.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the method of research, population sample and
sampling technique, description of respondents, research instrumentation, data
gathering procedure and statistical treatment.of data.
Research Design Used
The descriptive correlational study design will be utilize to determine the
health belief of the respondents and its relationship to their demographic profile.
According to Polit & Beck (2008) descriptive correlational is an interrelationship
or association between two variables, that is, a tendency for variation in another.
Researchers often focus on understanding the causes of behaviours,
conditionsand situations; sometimes they are better able to simply describe
relationship than to comprehend causal pathways. The aim of descriptive
correlational research is to describe relationships among variables rather than to
infer cause and affect relationships.
The comparative research design will be utilize to compare the health
belief in terms of perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived
benefits and perceived barriers.
Population Frame and Sampling Scheme
The data gathered by the researcher is based from the total number of
population from selected 6 barangays of Unisan Quezon which is 7,277 out of
this total monthly report there are 120 numbers of patients consulting at the
health center regularly. The researcher will only utilize the 100 patients from
selected barangays of Unisan, Quezon. This is computed using Slovin’s formula,
more so, the respondents were chosen using convenience random sampling
method wherein the respondents are drawn from that part of the population
Research Instrument
The researcher used a questionnaire in a form of a checklist. The
questionnaire was developed based from related literature cited in journals,
books, and some health belief practices of the community excerpt trough actual
experience of the respondents.
In order for every respondent to fully understand the questions being ask
the researcher instrument was translated into Filipino. The questionnaire was
divided into two parts. The first part was primarily written to gather information on
the respondent’s demographic profile as to age, sex, and highest educational
attainment, monthly income and religion.
More so, the second part of the questionnaire tends to identify the
respondents health belief perceptions in four determinants which are perceived
susceptibility, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and perceived seriousness.
The questionnaire survey contained items from which the respondents selected
choices using a scale of 1-4, 1 being the lowest with strongly disagree to 4 being
identified as strongly agree.
The researcher sought the approval of the research adviser for the drafting
of the research paper and questionnaire. After editing of the instrument revisions
were made to correct some errors. The revised draft of questionnaire was
presented to an authority for validation. The questionnaire was validated by at
least three experts. The research instrument undergo a pilot study which will be
distributed to selected residents of neighbour town 10 respondents from
Agdangan, Quezon and 10 respondents from Padre Burgos, Quezon who were
not part of the actual sample. After the pilot testing and verification, of the
research instrument the formulated research instrument will be checked by the
members of the panel and they will approve it. After doing so, the questionnaire
will be ready for distribution with the respondents.
Data Gathering Procedure
The study will be conducted from January to February 2019. Following the
final revision of the research instrument, a letter addressed to the Municipal
Health Officer of Unisan, Quezon, and a courtesy call from the Municipal Mayor
of Unisan, Quezon and a letter from selected barangay captains of each selected
barangay in Unisan, Quezon will be addressed also to let them know that their
residents will be subject to a research study.
First process includes formulation, validation and administration of the
constructed questionnaires. The researcher then, assessed the respondents’
health belief perceptions in four determinants which are perceived susceptibility,
perceived barriers, perceived benefits and perceived seriousness doing so the
researcher went on several methods of gathering information through browsing
the internet, reading related studies and literature, journals and magazines and
different books. The researcher will conduct a pilot testing administration of
questioners in selected respondents in order to gather additional information that
might possibly help in final formulation of the final questionnaire. After the
formulation of the final research material it will be validated by the researcher’s
adviser. On the second process it will involve gathering of questionnaires, tallying
results, application of statistical treatment to be use and the interpretation of the
calculated results. Lastly the main output is the creation of a community action
plan. After the distribution of questionnaires retrieval will follow, data will be
collected, interpreted and analysed and application of statistical tool will be use.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data that will be gather will undergo tabulation, categorization, analysis and
interpretation using several statistical tools which are:
First, in order to identify the total number of sample the researcher used
the Quota sampling is based on the researcher’s judgement and is considered a
non-probability sampling technique.
The total number of monthly outpatient consultation in selected health
centers on Unisan, Quezon is 120 clients using the formula set above the
number of sample computed was 90, so this study will use a total sample of 90
as the respondents of this study.
Second frequency distribution method was used to answer problem
number one (1) which was employed to identify the demographic profile of the
residents of Unisan,Quezon in terms of age, sex, highest educational
attainment, income, and religion. The number obtained was converted to
percentage which is computed according to the following formula:
𝑓
𝑃= x 100
𝑛
Where:
P is the sample percentage of the respondents
f is the frequency or total of respondents per group
n is the total number of respondents
On the other hand, to answer problem number two (2) which seeks to
weighted arithmetic mean was utilized, whether the respondents are strongly
agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree in practices of the health beliefs in
Unisan, Quezon. The WAM is a mean where there is some variation in the
relative contribution of individual data values to the mean.
Furthermore, the scores obtained in the weighted mean were properly
interpreted based on the scale set by the researcher. Continuous scale was used
to describe the computed assessment.
∑ 𝒇𝒘
WAM = 𝒏
Where:
WAM is the weighted arithmetic mean
∑ 𝑓𝑤 is the sum of the product of the frequency and weight
n is the total number of responses per item
The obtained weighted mean was interpreted through the use of the following
scales:
Weighted Point Range of Weighted Point Description
4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree
2 1.76 – 2.50 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree
To determine the significant difference in the health beliefs of the respondents
when grouped according to demographic profile in terms of age, sex, highest
educational attainment, monthly income, and religion the F- test for three or more
group comparison in ANOVA or analysis of variance.
F – Test Formula in Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛−𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
F=
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛−𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Where F is the ratio, between - group variance is the group mean and within –
group variance is the sum of squared distances divided by the error DF.
This was used to test if two or more groups of research instruments differ from
each other significantly in one or more characteristics. In this treatments, we
compare the P value to the significance level assess the null hypothesis.
Significance level; denotes as ɑ or alpha, of 0.05 works well. The significance
level of 0.05 indicates a 5% risk of concluding that a difference exist
CHAPTER IV
Data Analysis and Interpretation
This chapter shows analysis of all gathered data and information that has been
tallied by the researcher. It will also provide understanding and interpretation of
results that are statistically treated and checked.
Table 1. Health Beliefs among Selected Residents of Unisan, Quezon as to
Perceived Susceptibility.
Questions: Descriptive
4 3 2 1 WAM
Analysis
1. I know that heart disease is

38 31 12 9 3.09 Agree
hereditary
2. I know that too much alcohol

65 20 3 1 3.67 Strongly Agree
intake is action builds hepatitis
3. I know that currently HIV or AIDS
during pregnancy has a harmful 68 16 5 1 3.68 Strongly Agree
effect on the fetus
4. I know that Tuberculosis is 71 16 2 1 3.74 Strongly Agree
contagious especially if left untreated
5. I know that having high blood
pressure is dangerous and will 56 29 4 1 3.56 Strongly Agree
produce different disease
6. I know that currently Hepatitis B
during pregnancy is dangerous for 60 26 3 1 3.61 Strongly Agree
the baby
7. I know that vaccination is deal to
prevent various diseases a person 68 19 2 1 3.71 Strongly Agree
Total Weighted Average Mean = 3.50 Strongly Agree
The health beliefs among selected residents of Unisan, Quezon are first
measured through finding out how do respondents answered questions about
perceived susceptibility. This table shows that when it comes to perceived
susceptibility in about health beliefs of residents in Unisan,Quezon the lowest
weighted mean is 3.09 which means that in Likert Scale interpretation
respondents “strongly agreed” that the knowing that heart disease is hereditary.
In contrast, the highest weighted mean is the agreed upon is the question “I know
that Tuberculosis is contagious especially if left untreated” having a score of
3.74.
Table 1 also shows the result of other questions which are 3.68 weighted
average mean the second to the highest perceived susceptibility the harmful
effect of the fetus during pregnancy if you have HIV or AIDS. Second to the
lowest weighted average mean falls on the dangerous for the baby during
pregnancy whose mother having Hepatitis B with the score of 3.61.Moreover, the
total weighted average mean for this first determinants of health beliefs among
residents in Unisan, Quezon is 3.50 which means that residents in
Unisan,Quezon “strongly agree” that perceived susceptibility affects their health
beliefs and practices.
The analysis above is supported by the statement of Rosenstock and
Becker, about “Health Belief Models” , this explained that in an individual’s mind
setting if the presence or occurrence of a certain phenomenon runs as a familial
course such as a family history of past disease like hypertension, diabetes
mellitus and many other genetically inherited diseases was perceived as a health
alarming condition an person might feel the need to further take good care of his
or her own personal health because he consider himself at high risk situation
because inherited diseases can be owned.
Moreso, Elizabeth Boskey, Phd(2016) defined perceived susceptibility by
stating that people will not change their behavior unless they are aware of how
will it affects them.
Perceived Seriousness.
4 3 2 1 WAM
Analysis
1. I know the risk of first aid treatment at

home
2. I know the risk of go to quack-quack
doctors first before going to hospital when 35 44 10 1 3.26 Strongly Agree
I am sick
3. I know the risk of always drinking
herbal meds rather than prescribed 30 34 24 2 3.02 Agree
medicine
4. I know the risk of still using bigkis to tie

30 33 25 2 3.01 Agree
around an infant umbilical area
5. I know the risk of allowing my child to

21 38 27 4 2.84 Agree
take a bath everytime she/he is sick
6. I know the risk of applying garlic on a

bitten wound cause by a rapid animal
7. I know the risk of tying above a rope
on a bitten area caused by a rabbid 33 23 27 7 2.91 Agree
animal.
Total Weighted Average Mean = 3.06 Agree
In the data gathered in table 2, the highest weighted average mean is 3.38, the
respondents know the risk of first aid treatment at home this indicates that the
respondents strongly agree on the question. In contrast respondents only agreed
that it is risky allowing a sick child to take a bath because it gets 2.84 weighted
average mean which is the lowest in this determinant question. The total average
mean shows 3.06 results interpreted as agreed. This explains that the
respondents agreed how perceived seriousness of an action may affect their
health belief status and practices. This result is related to the definition of Susan
Olender, in 2016 about the probability that a person will change his/her health
behaviours to avoid a consequence depends on how serious he or she
considerate the consequence to be. An example of it is if a person is young and
in love he is unlikely to avoid kissing his sweetheart on the mouth just because
he has the sniffles, and he might get his cold. On the other hand, he probably
would stop kissing if it might give you Ebola. Similarly people are less likely to
consider condoms when they think STDs are a minor inconvenience. That’s why
talk about sex increased during the AIDS epidemic. The perceived severity
increased enormously.
Moreover, the result of this second identifier is in line with the study of
Rosenstock and Becker, about “Health Belief Models” which tends to elaborate
perceived seriousness as the second component of individual perception under
health belief model, which tends to explains the perception of an individual
towards the degree of illness that he might acquire, does the illness can cause
death or does it have serious consequences? A good example of this is the
spread of a measles outbreak which was presently alarming lately specially in the
Mindanao area where according to the latest news excerpt from www.abs-
cbnnews.com last December 4, 2018 there are reported cases of death from
measles outbreak in the mentioned area, having said so, further spread of
measles in other neighbour town can be viewed as the general public’s
perception on how serious measles is.
Perceived Benefits.
4 3 2 1 WAM
Analysis
1. I eat salty and fatty foods 54 31 32 22 2.21 Disagree
2. I drink alcohol beverages 7 23 33 27 2.11 Disagree
3. I do regular exercise routine 25 47 16 2 3.06 Agree
4. I always consult a doctor whenever I Strongly

38 43 8 1 3.31
am sick Disagree
5. I know the importance of safe sex Strongly

53 33 3 1 3.53
practice Agree
6. I take maintenance medications Agree

41 31 13 5 3.20
properly
7. I avoid stressful habits Strongly

47 37 4 2 3.43
agree
Perceived Benefits is the third determinants to know the health beliefs practices
among selected residents of Unisan, Quezon as excerpt from different health
belief models. In connection with this, Table 3 shows a 2.98 total weighted
average mean which can be interpreted based on the Likert Scale as agree,
which means that most of the respondents considered perceived benefits in
terms of their health beliefs. The highest weighted average mean is 3.53, among
all the seven questions in this table the respondents always practiced safe sex
habit. More so, the lowest score from this row is 2.11 which implicates that this is
the least practiced perceived benefits of the respondents, most of them seldom
drink alcoholic beverages which is very good result. Other than that, second most
practiced health beliefs is avoiding stressful habits which got 3.43 weighted
average mean, followed by always practiced consulting a doctor whenever they
are sick with 3.31 weighted average mean and among second to the lowest
weighted average mean is eating fatty and salty food with 2.21 result which is
somehow not good because respondents still perceived that doing so is
beneficial act.
The study of Elizabeth Boskey, Phd as reviewed by Susan Olender, MD (October
26, 2016) which is the Health Belief Model explanation, defined perceived
benefits – it is difficult to convince people to change behavior if there isn’t
something in it for them. Example: Your father probably won’t stop smoking if he
doesn’t think that doing so will improving his life in some way. A couple might not
choose to practice safe sex if they don’t see now it could make their sex life
better. Thus this explanation supported the result of this study determinants in
table 3.
Furthermore, perceived benefits of the action explained that when an individual
has gain awareness over a serious occurrence of a thing he will take actions in
order not to acquire a certain disease. An example of perceived benefit to action
is when a middle-aged man maintains regular exercise and maintains balanced
food consumption in order to avoid acquiring hypertension, and other chronically
ill diseases.
Perceived Barriers.
4 3 2 1 WAM
Analysis
1. I do first aid treatment at home 29 35 19 7 2.96 Agree
2. I go to quack-quack first before

8 28 37 17 2.30 Disagree
going to hospital when I am sick
3. I always drink herbal meds rather

7 30 37 16 2.31 Disagree
than prescribed medicine
4. I still use “bigkis” to tie around an

15 23 31 4 2.67 Agree
infant umbilical area
5. I don’t allow my child to take a

19 29 27 15 2.58 Agree
bath everytime she/he is sick
6. I apply garlic on a bitten wound

14 29 22 25 2.36 Disagree
cause by a rabid animal
7. I tie a rope on the bitten area

17 30 26 17 2.52 Agree
above caused by a rabid animal
This table 4 explains the last determinants on identifying the result of the last
variable which is the perceived barriers. It can be seen from the table above that
based from the respondents answers they are aware that going to the quack-
quack doctor first before going to a hospital whenever they are sick got the least
weighted average mean having a score of 2.30, this means that they agreed on it
and they perceived the action as a barrier in practicing health beliefs. On the
other hand, the highest weighted average mean is 2.96 respondents viewed that
doing first aid treatment at home was a perceived barriers in their health belief
practiced. The total general weighted average mean is 2.52 which means that
the respondents agreed that all 7 perceived barriers questions affects their health
belief practices.
The results above were supported by the last component the perceived threat
according to Becker the perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness
combined to determine the total perceived threat of an illness to a certain
individual. On the other hand perceived barrier to action was explained by Becker
as stated in Kozier and Erb’s (2012), as those actions conducted by an individual
to halt achievement of health promotion behaviour. An example of this is when a
post stroke patient does not feel the need of compliance to regular rehabilitation
treatment because he feels that it is costly that he rather spends money in buying
other things than in spending it to rehabilitation sessions.
CHAPTER V
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
Summary
The study conducted by the researcher entitled Health Belief Among
Selected Residents of Unisan, Quezon that has been conducted between the
months of December to February 2019 was conducted in order to come up to a
community action plan to help provide raise awareness among residents to
change or somehow correct some false health beliefs that exist and evident in
the community that can cause harm and endanger someone else’s life.
The study used a descriptive type of research through the application of
checklist questionnaire with descriptive analysis scale using Likert Scale as the
main tool in collecting and obtaining data from the chosen respondents, there are
total number of 90 respondents consists of male and female, results of this study
will be used as a basis in developing a community action plan.
Conclusion
After several periods of study and analysis the researcher therefore
concluded that those selected residents of Unisan, Quezon chosen to be the
subject of this study are aware on the impact of practiced health belief in terms of
the four determinants of health belief model which are perceived susceptibility,
perceived seriousness, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. The
researcher further concluded that the community action plan must focused
mostly on health teaching implementation that will enhance the community’s
awareness on factors that affects those perceived barriers that may not or may
create confusions to them. More so, the last conclusion is that health belief
model created great impact and develop big help to community people in terms
of changing the things on how they perceived an action in terms of its degree of
seriousness and how beneficial it is to their individual health.
Recommendations
Based from the findings and conclusions, the following are hereby
recommended by the researcher:
1. The respondents which is the residents of Unisan, Quezon must be familiarize
with the simplest explanation of health belief model, for them to gain full
understanding on the four aspects of this model the perceived susceptibility,
perceived, seriousness, perceived benefits and perceived barriers.
2. In order to raise understanding on what health belief practices should be
maintain and what should be eliminated the residents of Unisan,Quezon must
practice and utilize the community action plan developed by the researcher.
3. Community Health Workers including barangay health workers, midwives,
community health nurse, and community physician must take full implementation
on their policies, programs, and other health related activities, that may help
monitoring health education practices in the community.
4. For the future researchers this graduate school thesis can be used as source
of other literature for further study, as well as improvement and enhancement of
the developed community action plan can be done.

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

biodiversity. Changes happening presently are rapidly occurring to metropolitan

percentage of both communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Many variables influence a person’s health status, beliefs and behaviors

been developed to help determine whether an individual is likely to participate in

disease prevention and health promotion activities. Health beliefs ( Kozier,2012 )

These beliefs may or may not be founded on fact.

It is in this context that the researcher decided to undergo this study

punctured wound leading to tetanus infection. Those simple diseases led to

in studying about health beliefs and practices of selected residents in Unisan,

that are not helpful in the course of treatment to a certain illness.

Figure 1. The Health Belief Model

Individual Perceptions Modifying Factors Likelihood of Action

The Health Belief Model by Rosentock (1974) will be utilized as framework of

included the components such as individual perceptions, modifying factors and

variables likely to affect initiating action.

relate to practice. The first component is individual perceptions, this phase

includes three aspects; perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness and

perceived threat. The second component of health belief model is modifying

factors this aspects includes the following:, demographic variables,

sociopsychologic variables and structural variables. The last component of health

of the action and perceived barriers to action.

formulating the theoretical paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 2. Research Paradigm on the “Health Beliefs among Residents of Selected

Barangays in Unisan, Quezon: Basis for a Proposed Community Action Plan”

respondents in terms of age, sex, highest educational attainment, monthly

health belief practices among residents of Unisan, Quezon, when respondents

Statement of the Problem

This proposed study in health beliefs among residents of Unisan, Quezon

seeks to answer the following problems:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.3 highest educational attainment;

1.4 monthly Income;

2. What are the health beliefs of the respondents in terms of:

2.1 perceived susceptibility;

2.2 perceived seriousness;

2.3 perceived benefits of preventive action;

2.4 perceived barrier to preventive action?

3. What are the differences in the health beliefs of the respondents?

4. What is the relationship between the health beliefs of the respondents

5. What possible community action plan can be developed?

1. There is no significant difference in the health beliefs to the demograpic profile

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study upon proper treatment of data, and

following group of people:

Local Government Unit and Non-Governmental Organization, findings

especially in terms of health and living.

Members of the healthcare team, nurses, midwives, physicians, and

certain group to access healthcare services.

making health teaching guide to increase the level of awareness among

communities in terms of prevention of diseases and rehabilitation after a disease.

Community, residence of Unisan, Quezon the findings of this study will

plan as a program to further enhance hospital services and other management

tactics for the improvement of dissemination of information.

Future Researcher, this study can be a source of related literature and

output of this study can also be used as a guide to develop or enhance

community action plan based on what the community will need.

Scope and Limitation

barangays of Unisan Quezon in terms of perceived susceptibility, perceived

correlated to the respondents’ demographic profile in terms of age, sex,

community action plan.