UNIT .

VII

Chapter 9
Fourier Series
The reader is familiar with the Maclaurin's expansion of a function
/(x) in a
series of integral powers of x. series of this kind are called power series. rn
the present chapter, we consider expansions of f(x) in series containing sine
and cosine functions. Such series are called Trigonometric Fourier Series.

9.1 Tligonometric Fourier Series

Consider a real-valued function /(.r) which obeys the following conditions, known as the
D irichlet's conditions:

(l) f (x) is defined in an open or closed interval (a, a+21) with rhe property that f (x+2t) = f (x),
so that /(x) is aperiodic function with period 2/.
(2) f (x) is continuous or /(x) has only a finite number of simple (finite) discontinuities in the
interval (a,a + 2l).

(3) f (x) has no or only a finite number of maxima or minima in the interv al (a, a + 2l).

Also, let
a+21

ao = -;lr
t.l I f(x) dx (1)

I*zt
1 f tnft\
on = j tf *;.ot (T/ x dx, for n = 1.2,3.... (2)
.J
T*,,
b, =
+ f ,ur.*(T) xdx, ror n = 1,2,3,... (3)

Then the infinite series

€

? . 8", "", (T)' .

I b,,i^(T). (4)

529
 9. Fourier Series
530

/(x) function in (or

is called the Trigonometric Fourier series or just the Fourier series for the
real numbers al,a|,... ,an,... and b|,bl,... ,b,,,..
over) the interval (a,a +21)' Also, the The
or just the Fourier coefficients of /(x)'
are called the Trig,onometric Fourier cofficients
formulas (l), (2), (3) are referred to as
Euler'sformulas'

Itcanbeproved(-theproofisbeyondthescopeofthistext)thattheseries(4)hasitssum
equal to /(x) if /(x) is continuous at
x' Then we write

r(x) =ry.8,.",(T),.. tr,,'"(T)r expan'

(s)

(5) is usually referred to as the Fourier series

The series on the right hand side of
in (over) the interval (a' a + 2l)'
sion or just the Fourier expansion of /(x)
point xof the interv al (a'a + 2l)' then the sum of
Note: If /(x) is discontinuou s at an interior
the series (4) would be 1

)+ /(x+)l
)tt"-
where /(x-)=lrq,f(x-l'i, h>O and -fG*)=ln'nIf{x+nl ':O and are
that if a
coefficients' it follows
B
Remark: By virtue of ii',e"definition of the Fourier
constants, then, over a specified interval'
Fourier expansion of tal(x) + sO)\ F
/(x)} + lF x Fourier expansion of g(x))'
- { o x Fourier expansion of

Particular Cases
cases'
The following are some important particular

+ 2t)' (0'21)'and formulas (1) to (3) become

Case 1 : Suppose a = o.Then (a, a
2t
(6)
on=L
" LJ'f f<*ta,
0
zl
(7)
o,=+
f rat "'(T) xdx'rorn-- I,2,3,...
0
2I
1,2,3,.'. (8)
rct'*(T) dx' ror n =
b, =+
[
0
x

(8)' the right hand side of

With a6 n = 1,2,' ' ', given by formulas (6) to
and an, bn,

expression (5) is the I'ourier expansion

of f(x) over (in) the intemal (0'21)'
9.1. Trigonometric Fourier Series 531

Case2: Suppose a=0, / = zr. Then (a,a+21)=(0,22). Setting l= ninformulas (6)to(8),

we get

1T
ao= -,IJ | .f(x)dx (e)
0

an = It'iI ./(x)cosr?J dx, for n = 1,2,3,..' (10)

nJ
0
2n
|
bn = | rcsinnxdx, for n = 1,2,3,'.. (l l)
^to
Also, in this case, expression (5) becomes

f(x) f ancosnx+
=T2 * /-,/ " t b,sin
/-) "
nx (12)
n=\ n=\

With as and an, br, n = 1,2,.'., given by formulas (9) to (11), the right hand side of
expression (12) is the Fourier expansion of f(x) over (in) the interval (0r2n).

Case3: Suppose a= -1. Then(a, a+21) - (-l,l), andformulas (1)to(3)become

I

oo=i
I-t ro>0, ( 13)

o, =
+;[/t"i"o, (T).0,. 7,2,3,"'
ror n = (14)

-t
I

b,=+
[-t n.t,in(ff)*a*, ror n = 1,2,3,'.. (15)

With as and ar, bn, n = I,2,. . ., given by formulas (13) to (15), the right hand side
of expression (5) is the Fourier expansion of f (x) over (in) the intemal (-l,l).

Case4: Suppose a= -/r,/=n. Then (a,a+21)=(-n,n). Setting l=rinformulas(13)to

(15), we get

tr
ao=- | f(x)dx (16)
nJ
-7t
532 9. Fourier Series

an=tftJ |
1v
/(x)cosnxdx, for n = 1,2,3,..' (17)

b,=! ,ursinnxctx, for n = 1,2,3,'.. l8)

i (

Also, in this case, expression (5) becomes identical with expression (12); that is,

cto@m
f(*) =+.Dancosnx+Zb,sinnx (19)

With a6 and an, bn, n = 1,2,. .., given by formulas (16) to (18), the right hand side
of expression (19) is the Fourier expansion of f (x) over (in) the intemal (-n,n).

Expansions of Even and Odd functions

A function /(x) defined in the interval (-l,f is said to be (i) an even function if f (-x) =
/(x) and (ii) an oddfunction if f(-x) = -f(x), for all -r in the interval (.-Ll).Forexample,
cos (ntrll)x is an even function and sin (nrlI)x is an odd function in the interval (-1,/). It is
easily verified that (i) the products of two even functions or two odd functions are even, and
(ii) the product of an even function and an odd function is odd.
If f (x) is an even function in the interval (-/, /) then /(x) cos (ntr ll)x is an even function and
/(x) sin (nnll)x is an oddfunction in the interval. In this case, formulas (13) to (15) become*
I

(20)
oo =1
[ ruro,
0
I

o, =l I t,o,o,(ff),a*, for n = 1,2.3,... (2t)

0

br=0,forn=1,2,3,-.. (22)

Thus for anevenfunction /(;r) defined in the interval(-l,l), as and anare given by for-
mulas (20) and (21) and bn are all identically zero. Accordingly, the Fourier expansion of an
even function f (x) over the interval (-l,l) does not contain sine functions. This is true in the
particular case of I = r as well.

, (l
-Recail [ flxl ax if f(-x) = f(x)
thar i .rr*ro* - lz
-, [o it f(-x) = -f(x)
 9.1.1. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-n,n) 533

If /(x) is an odd function in the interv al (-l /), then /(x) cos (nr x is an odd
ll) function and
/(x) sin (nn ll)x is an even function in this interval. In this case, formulas (13) to ( l5) become
ao=0 (23)
a, = 0, for n = 1,2,3,... (24)
I

b, =2j
f rclrt" (T) x ttx, ror n = 1,2,3,.. . (zs)
0

Thus, for an odd function f (x) defined in the interv al (-l,l), as and an are all zero, and bn
are given by formula (25). Accordingly, the Fourier expansion of an oddfunction
f(x) over the
interval (-l,l) does not contain cosine functlozls. This is true in the particular case of I = n as
well.

Important Note: It must be emphasised that formulas (20)-(22) and (23)-(25) are valid (for
even and odd functions respectively) only when the interval over which the Fourier expansion
is desired is of the form (-/, /).

9.1.L Fourier Expansion over the interval (-nrn)

Below we illustrate, through examples, the Fourier expansion of a function
f(x) of period,2n
over the interval (-n,r).In this case, expressions (16)-(19) of Secion 9.I are employed. That
is, in this case, the Fourier expansion of f(i) is given by

^',nm
f(x) = 22 * Lancos nx * Lb,sin zrx, (l)
n=l n=l
n

eo=
tr|
where -ftJ f(x)dx (2)

1r 7T

an = 1
7tJI ftr)cos/4.r dx, for n = 1,2,3,... (3)
-n
1r 7t

bn = |ltJ I f?lsinnx dx, for n = 1,2,3,..' (4)

-n
lf f (x) is an even function in (-n,n), then bn = 0 and expressions (2) and (3) become
n
2r
ao= - I f?)dx (2a')
ft.)
0

,u
s34 9. Fourier Series

an = J2?I fG) cos/?x dx, for n = 1,2,3,". (3a)

nto

If f(x) is an odd function in (-n,r),then a6 = 0, an = 0, and expression (4) becomes

b, = ? rUrsin nx dx, for n = 1,2,3,. " (4a)

[
0

E@ obmin the Fourier expansion of the function .f(x) = x over the interval (-n,n).
Deduce that
r *1-1*...
=r-1
435'1
) Here, f(-x) = -x = -f(x).Hence the given /(,r) is an oddfunction inthe interval (-r,n).
Therefore, aO = 0, an = 0for n = 1,2,"', and the Fourier expansion of f(x) over (-zr,zr) is

f(x) =lbntin r* (D
n=1

-bn=-lzc_Ij)sinnxdx
7l

wlrere (ii)
nJ
0

Taking f(x) = -r in (ii), we get

bn=?[,,,^nxdx=11.(ry)
0
(ffl)], (**) .

=:l-:rncosnn]* o] = 'r{-}r-u"\ =?r-rr*'

Using this in (i), we get

*=rfAyrinrr=2{. I ^ I .n3*-+...}
- ,,,,,

rhis is the Fourier.S;'),*"u'==*""11- -",*'

--using
the method of Integration by parts. ";:;'Ji
The generalized Rule for Integration by Parts reads: uv dx = uit) u1i2) 4 u2y3) ...
I - -
where u\, u2, u3, ; . . are successive derivatives of u, and v(t\ , vQ) ,y(3), . . . are successive ontegrals of v.
This Rule is frequently employed in problems on Fourier Series.
9.1.1, Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-r,n) 535

Deduction
Taking x = n12 in the expansion (iii), we get

ft I I I fr(-l),*'
4
-=l--Ia\-
3 s 7 f,l(zn-t)
Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = * in the interval -n 1 x 1 n.
@@
Deduce the following:

(a)
\-/ d=i,1
6 12Et
ft) t"=i(-l)'*r
12 ,=-t ,f
(c) n'=f
T =
1

k, Q, - IY
> For the given functi on, f (- x) = (- x)2 = f = /(x). Hence the given
/(x) is an even function
in the interval (-n,zr). Therefore, all of bn = 0 and the Fourier series for /(x) over (-zr, zr) is

f(x)=ry.iancosnx
n=l
(i)

Here,

as =?
[ ru, o, = 1
i ro. = :l+]",= + (ii)

and
2fI ft;4 cos n,x dx=itFI xzcosnxdx
ar=iNJ - TJ
00
2l i sinnx 2x(-cosnx) 2(-sinnx)lo 2l^ cosnnf 4(-l)n
-"1 -----7-- n3 lo-;l'" ,,'l- rt \r r r,,

"
Using (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get the Fourier series for f(x) = * over the interval
-n1x</ras
, n2 .Sr-tl'
x'=-=+4),--;acosnr (iv)
3-
Deductions

(a) Putting x = n in (iv), we get

,2 e. 7rZ $
r"^ =
.. COS r?1T t

T +4 ),,(-t)'i
n=ll'
=
t *4 )_ rr
g I @
or /
\
l\
-;) " )
ll-;lnt=4 n2=18;
",
-2
or ;=)
;=8,+.
,

(v)
536 9. Fourier Series

(b) Taking x = 0 in (iv), we get

n2
u=T+ L oit+,
n2, v^ (=_oiq+
or L-l nt or {=icg1 (vi)
3 12 ?_. nz
(c) Adding the results (v) and (vi) we get

n' nn' i1{r r\-rl

7 - n-= {i7l' +r-tr,*r}l

i.e.,
:n22z2fr2*2@,
i=rr*i*"+..=Adrt, or T=I*1 r

fEE Find the Fourier series for the function f(x) = lxl in -n I x( 7r.
***

Hence deduce that

.M

fttl

> Here, f(-x) = | -

'-I#n
xl = lxl = f(x). Hence the given /(x) is an evenfunction inthe interval
(-r,n). Therefore, all of bn = 0 and the Fourier series for f(x) = lxl for
-n ( x ( zr is
aoS
lxl= 2 * Loncos r?x (i)
n=1

Here,

oo=1[ ru,o"=1f ,a* =n (because f(x)=lxl=xforx>0),

and o, =
: [ fl.lcos nx o, ='; f ,"r, n" a,

=1;.(+I{)- (-.H)1,",,= fiu,osrn) -

(cos o, = r]
#[(-r)'-
Using these in (i), we obtain the required Fourier series as

| * |=
;. iE) tt-tt"- 1l cos n.r

..-Anorher
way of specifying this /txl is ftxl = I-r
for- z<x<0
Ix for 0<x<n
9,1.1. Fourier Expansion over the intenal (-n,n) 537

=|*i{ Scosx- $"o,3,- |cos5x }

lt 4g 1
= ,- ; l--O;lcos (2n - l)x'' (ii)

Deduction
Putting x = n in the expansion (ii), we get

:=_!icos(2r-l)zr=_1
z n?t (Zn-172 nL-7 i Gt)2n-t =1S l
1zn_172 n41zn_172
oI
,r2gl\
8 4(2n-Dz'
-=

@@ Expand f(x) siven by

(-r for -zr<x<o

.f(x) = {
|.k for 0< x1ft,
where k > 0 is a constant, in a Fourier series for <x< T.
-7T
Deduce that
.ll1 7T

'-J* s-1*
> First, we note that, for the given /(x),

r(-xt={;r [: ;:;-."i:i,o' ,
j. .1"._'".j;
= -f(x)
Therefore, the given /(;) is an oddfunction ovet (-n,n).Its Fouries series expansion is

f(x) = iu,rrnn*
n=l
(i)

Here,
n7(

lTJI lasinnx dx=? | nrrrnx

bn=2 dx
NJ
00
r cos nxrn zk cosnzr) fo for even n
2k
; l- , lo= nn(l - =
1oo for odd n \nr
538 9. Fourier Series

Using this in (i), we get

f(x)= I- !rin,r=+{rin** jsin:x+ jrin sr+}.inz*+..,} (ii)

n=1,3,5,...

This is the required expansion of the given /(x).

Deduction
For x = nf2,we have /(x) = k and expression (ii) becomes
. 4k.. Tt+ I srn 3n+ I 5r + I srn 7r + ...t
k=
-tsrnt 3 T 5srnT 7 T
or T=t-I
4357 *1-1*... r

@obtaintheFourierexpansionofthefunctionf(x)definedby
{t+exln), -n<x<o
"f(x) = {
lr-(zxln), o<xcn
Deducethat
t-i l
8 - 4(2n-t)2
)' First, we note that, for the given /(-r),

o_=n*==*n=o
f(-*)= ll ill
{i ;
= f(x)
"1i1";::;Jal;2;,0'
Thus,thegiven/(x) isanevenfunction inthegiveninterval (-n,n). Accordingly,allof bn

are zero, and

eo = rzfI fGldx =
zVt 2x\
-zrJI I\ I - -ldx =O (onevaluatingtheintegral)
|TJ 7Tl
00

and on =?
[00f,,tro,nxttx=i t | +)cosnxttx

=;l('';)(ry) e)( #)l;

=?l-4rcosnn)
ft Trn'
|
. 4]I = ]T'n' .1r- cosnzr) = +{r
1Tn" T'n' - (-l),1
9.1,1, Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-n,n) 539

Hence the Fourier expansion of the given /(x) over (-zr, n) is

f(x) = ry
-
.i,ancos,*
n=l
= 3i IljJIl
" n=l
cosnx

Deduction

For x = 0, we have f (x) =

"f(0) = l, and the above expansion becomes

l =/(0)= 4i
tr -(-1)'l
1{1 * 132'*152'*.. }= n, - _ l)2'
n2 =-,r2
gi r..,
n, ?o \12' I- kfZn
or # =
fr _Tp
T *L, en
r

E@! obtain the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = sinax, where a is not an integetl
over the interval (-n,n).

> First we observe that, for .f(x) = sin ax,

f(-x) = sina(-x) = - sincx = -f(x).

Therefore, f (x) = sin ax in as odd function in the interval (-r, n). Therefore, all of a, = Q
and the Fourier series expansion of f (x) = sin ax over (-zr, n') is

sina.r = iu,rrrr*
n=l
(D

Here,

2 ')f
bn=- ,ursinzzx dx = a (sin
f nJ'| ax)(sin nx) dx
0 0

2
)f n^ ," -n)x- cos (a +n)xl dx
0

I fsin (a - r)x nlxln

sin (a + [sin (a - n)r sin(a + n)n"l
| - -1 \-
I o-,
I

7t a+n lo zI a-n a+n )

I
I t ,r'n, I cosn7( - cos aftsin rrr)) - .lf r,n a/r cos + cosalr sin nn ) ttTr
7t l(a-n)'
) la+n)
I 1 _ | \ _, 'l t 2n zn(-r)"
=- [( - | Sln d/r cos nft I - : . -;--- Sln d/r CoS firt = sin an
7t I\o-, a+ nl ) n az-nz n(a2-n2S

-
540 9. Fourier Series

Using this in (i), we get

. 2 S
srncr = -(stnan) t
n(-l),
sinrx.
n=l
r;fr
This is the required expansion.
@Expandf(x)=\tr-*6,i.naFourierseriesovertheinterval(_tr,r).
) For the given f(x), we note that
f(-x) = Vl - cos trr) = V1 -;;sr = f(x)
Therefore, the given /(x) is an even function in the interval (-n,n), and its Fourier expan-
sion over this interval is

eng
J(x)=;+ ).ancosnx
z /-1 (i)
n=l
nft n
1f
where oo=2 | naa*=? | Vl-cos*dr=11 2sin2(xl2) ctx
rJ 7(J 7tJ
00 0

n
2\12 - nl2
r sin(xl2S dx 4!2 r
lrJ I = _
ftJ lGint)dt,wheret=xlL
0 0

4^12
= 7f
(iD
nfi
2f
en=).
1r
ftJI ft*lcos/?,rdx=1If
and Vt -cosx)cosnxdx
r.J
0

2r
=;J
1T

0
n
:lz r
= n-J
_ I {sin (n + ll2)x - sin (n - tl2)xldx
0

_ ,lt I cos (n +I lZ.x cos - I lDxl'T

(r
ft L tr+t12) (n-tlzl lo
(r + ll2)n
cos (n l l2Sn - I
I cos (n - Il})n -
=-^l2l
rr I
I

fn+tl}) (n-r12)
9.1.1. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-n,r) 541

=
n ln+tl2 n-tl2l !t-,.1-
+l-+--+l'.' f=l^fi
n l, tur-tlq]- n@;2-D
= (iii)

Substituting for as and anfrom(ii) and (iii) in (i), we obtain the required Fourier expansion
AS

,,--
vl-cosY=- Z",IZ 4llr A
\ _.orr*
ft ft /_.1
1+nz _ t1.

@Expandf(x)=|cosx|inaFourierseriesovertheinterval(_n,r).
) Here, f(-x) = lcos (-x)l = lcos xl = f (x).
Hence the given /(x) is an evenfunction and the Fourier series for over (-2, n) is
/(x)

f(x) =lcos xl = *2 + io,ro, ,,

,=t
(i)

Here,

t,
f ,uro, = :{^f "",.0. * ! n"",.,) d,},
oo = xtdx=
1
[,cos
= ? llrinrl[l2 - lsin *]Xrr\ =? .zrin; =
:, (iD

21 2i- (nt2 " l

o,, ='i I tr., cos nx d x=
: f cos xl cos nx x =;
I x cosnx
et d x. n* a*)
"r.o,
I /.o' I,-ro,
tl^'f
=;ll{cos(r+ l)x+cos(n- Irx} ,t--
"{cos(n+ r)x+cos (n-I\xldxl I
"ld ^1,
|
]
tiiit

For n f 1, this yields

on=;tt ,.' l)x*sin(r-

^ _ I f/sin1n+ l)x'l l.rlz f sin(r+ I)x sin(r- l)xl"
,-r -1 *-=fl^,rl ll, ,- I

_ | IZsin(n + l)n12 . Zsin(n - l)rl2l I l2cos (nn12\ 2cos(nnl2tf

rl n+l n-l I
r=-r
n+t n_I
- "l I

_ 2 | (n I Xcos nn 12) - (n + t) cos(nn l21l 4 cos (nn 12)

zrf nz-l l r(n2 - 1)
(iv)

-Note
that cos(n t 112)n = (cosnncosr12) + (sinnzrsinnr12) =g
$(cosx) > 0in(0,r12) and (cosx) <0in(nlZ,r).
542 9. Fourier Series

For n = 1, we get from (iii)

tl^F
o,=*L/,."'2x+I) a*-
" I
axf
[<,orzx+D

""Jo_f],,nr"*"1^
= 11l1sin2x+ *]^''
r [12""'-"' I= if+
lz""'-'"''"]^pJ r\z
_t)=o (v)

using (ii)' (v) and (iv) in (i)' we get

4 A cos (ntr 12\
lcosxl = -ft - -n- ) -.-;#(cosnx)
\n--I)
as the required expansion.

@Expandf(x)=xsinxasaFourierseriesintheinterval(_n,n).Hencededuce
the following:
.,7t 2 2 2 n-Z I I I
@)i=t*t:
> First, we observe that, for f(x) = x sin x,
f(-x) = (-x)sin (-.x) = (-xX-sinx) = xsinx = f(x).
f (x) = x sin x is an even function in the interval (-n,n).
Therefore, Therefore, all of bn = 0
and the Fourier Series expasion of /(x) over (-zr, zr) is

f(x\=9*S nx (i)
Z Lancos
n=l
Here,

oo=
zV
-nJl ft*ldx=
2V
1 |
2 2
xsin xdx=:["(-cos x)- l(-sinx)lfi= 1.ft =2
" " nJ r- "v T
(ii)
00

and an =2
nl| ,urcos/rr
"" d* =? f "rinxcosnx dx (iiD
^Jo
This gives

o, =}f "
,inrcos.rr o" =
*f "frin
Zx) rtx
00
=
*['(_ry) w)], =
* (_;.0)= _1 (iv)
9.1.1. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-n,r) 543

For n ) 2, we obtain, from (iii),

lr x{sin (n+ l)x-

en = -7rJ| sin(n - l)xldx
0

llf cos(n+I)x cos(n-l)"'l I sin(n+l),r sin(n-l)x).|"

"L'"[ n+t n-t J t @+t)z (n-172 l]o
l( /r(-l)'*r n(;n-t ^) -,,_,( | . I ) Z1-ty-,
=;t- ,* r - ,-t -oj =(-l)n-'t-r- ,r-tl' = ALX,r+ D (v)

Using (ii), (iv) and (v) in (i), we obtain the Fourier series for f (x) = x sin x as

xsinx= r - lcos.rr+ri r-tr-t cosr?r

2 4@-t)(n+l)---"
2 2 ^ 2
=l-l ,cos.x- l.3cos2x* 2Ucos3x- 3.5cos4x+... (vi)

Deduction
For x = nf 2,the result (vi) yields

7t222
,=t- 1.3-3,5- 5.7-'r"'
From this, we get

r-2 lln \ I I I
4 2\2 -) 1.3 3.s's.7
@E Obtain the Fourier expansion of the function f(x) = ax + pf , where a and p
are non-zero constants, over the interval -n 1 x 3 n.
> In the given interval, the given
/(x) is neither odd nor even. Therefore, the Fourier expansion
of the given /(x) is (See expression (l))

ax+Bx2=T+io,"orr"*i
' 2 bnsinnx (i)
f,=t n=t

We find that (See expressions (2)-(4))

oo =
* [ tu, o" = * f a.+ Bho, = *l,t . ,.l\" = 28n2
^
3,
(ii)
 544 9. Fourier Series

o, = ,u,,,,nxdx dx * B ,. d,]
: i = :{" i.*snx [^^*2
cos

=:{" o+28f r*,,.drl=p:f ,'"o,,*a*

"( )n'n
d
48.
=
#(-l)n, as in Example 2. (iii)

and b,=! ,ursinnxdx- t["

! i
sinnxdx*o
i.rri^,*d*]
.i " ^ \
:n

="ttr-l
n "",' ,'
"sin
r,
nx dx - ^'B'ol =
+
1
-'^nx dx
ItoJ
2a
{
= '-!{-l)"*t , as in Example l. (iv)

With the Fourier coefficients given by (ii)-(iv), the required Fourier expansion (i) reads

*+pi,t{.o, (-t)'n'
ar+Bxi =+JLlnz4n nx +2ui ,in,r, r
n=I n=l

@FindtheFourierSeriesforthefunctionf(x)=x+x2overtheinterval
-n1x1n.
Hence deduce the following:
,-,fr2 I 1 I .-.n2 I I I .,rz I I
y-+"' 6l O = p* zr* y* g = p *;.;.
I
ta)
n zr* tc)
> Proceeding as in Example 10 with a = I andF = 1, we get

21 4 ')
ao = 1nz, an = -7(-l)n , b, =
;G1)r*1.
Therefore, the required Fourier Series is

x + x2 =
+' *
^>,+
n=l "
cos nx. ri-p
n=l
sin nx (D

Deductions
For x = 0, expression (i) reduces to

-4 =4 i
(-l)' t.'I
n. n' _i r-,,' _ $ t-r),*r _ _r I
3 --1
r

,.r, =
i=-*-7-=* ,, = lr-2r*V-+"' (ii)
 9,1.1. Fourier Expansion over the intemal
(_n,n)
545
For _r = n, expression (i) reduces to

n *|n,
- = 4i ,-.,?'
,_rr, = o i + (iii)
n=t frnt
For.r = -zr, expression (i) reduces to

-n *21nr= 4i !I.o. (-ntr1 =

^nV,_r), =
^Zi (iv)

get
tn, = t j'ri,
Adding (iii) and (iv), we

ft2 St I I I
6 = 17= p*7*?+"' (v)

Adding (ii) and (v), we ger

n2 n2_2 z 2 # li1
i* 6=P*3.-*i+"'' or T = F* z,* sr*"' (vi)
All the required results are thus deduced.
I
@qExpandf(x)=e_MasaFourierseriesovertheinterval(-n,n).
Hence deduce the Fourier expansions of
eo*, cosh ax and sinh ax over the interval (-n,n).
Also, prove the foilowing;
(a) -:-=2i9]I (b) nnco^h*-2=(-l)'
/h\
sinhl = t ?=r7i cosech =
" ;,=Z-#
> Here, the given f (x) = e-o' is neither even nor odd in the given interval (-n,n).Its Fourier
coefficients are

=
f u".o* = *l:l^ ^= !
* 1,on -,-onf = z sinh an,

=
tf-""
e-o' nx dx
r
;J cos = l-acos nx + n sin nxllln (.)
@.Afe-*
I
=
o1o, * n1l"-oo(-ocosnTr + nsinnn) - eon(-acosnr - nsinna.))
-Recallthat e^(acosbx+.bsinbx)
Ie",cosbxdx- andIeo*sinbxdx_ eo'(asinbx-.bcosbx)
stttu^ u^ =
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
-
546 9. Fourier Series

a cos tT-
= ft(az *lY: (eon - e-on\ = ?o!-'Y^, sinh an,
' - e-on) = tTla'
-----+ nz) (enn + n') TTla' + n")

and u," = !rJ | u-" sinnx dx=n(az+nz)'

,.;+ ^ fr-o* {-osin nx - ncos nx}fln (-)

1
=
* r7lu-on(-osinnzr -
n1o,
- ncosnn) eon(asinnzr - ncosnn)l

n cosnn , .. Zn(-l)n
= ---;_.- le"" - e "" '1 = --:;----X Slnh 4n.
n(az+nt)' n(at+nz)
Flence, the Fourier series expansion for f(x) = e-o' is

@@

cos ,r
e-n' =
+- .>rax
n=l
+
|n=l bnsin nx

sinh azr Zsinh an S a(-l)'

T- / 9VJra^ I
2sinh a/r S n!l)n
/ ---=--=JLtttLL
ar ft /__1
at+nz r( n1 at+rt
sinh azr 2sinhazr S (-lf -
=-+an n ) *lacos/rx+nsinnxl. - (D
-a"+n'
Deductions
Changing a to -a in the result (i), we get the Fourier series expansion for edr over the
interval (-n, z) as

_sinhan _2sinhon i Ftr'_,_dcos nx+nsinnx) (ii) :

"ax aft ft fia. +n"
From expressions (i) and (ii), we get the following Fourier expansions of cosh ax and
sinlr ax over the interval (-n,n):

coshax =
)r,",
+ e-o,) =
ry .'+t n!#cos,?,r
i q{3
2sinh an
sinh ax = )L k", - e-o,) - 7t A'+n-
sin nx
-
For x = 0 and a = l, expression (i) becomes

_zsinhn $ {-l)"
, _ sinhzr 2sinh" (-l)n
'- n - n 47.1-
$
. forr.t
9,1.1. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-n,n) 547

This yields

+ = 2 i Eg and
4rtu cosech n =?i gll
Lubtrurr"=;kA.r I
sinhzr--'h7+r

@tr (o for -n<x<o

I\x) = I
[sinx for 0<x<n,
provethat f(x)=1n *til*
Z
-?f : ?*:.
7tp-1 4rft'-l
Deduce the following:

{a)
I I 1 I (b) I
{h) _____ 1
' I | n-Z
1.3 35 s.i
-+-+-+...=:
2 * i, ,, 4
> For the given /(x), the Fourier coefficients are

a0=:
" nJ"' ![i
I ,roa, = ftlJ oo-.*Jirin"r,]I = 11-.o,
r' ^
+cos o] =?, (i)
un l-n )
7T

no
on = ! /-/(r).o, nx tlx = 1 f rin xcosnx dx
lTJ NJ

1r
=G {sin (n + l)x - sin (n - l)xl dx ( ii)
.J
0

For n * l, this gives

I [-cos (n + l)x cos (n - l)xl" I cos (n + l)n 1-cos(n-l)n

" 2nl n+l t- f

n-l
I

ln
-
_

2n ll n. r1 n-1
=*{q;# -'-r-'l"l=+l(* *) (;5 ;5)l
=-_
r
| -z z(-t),] tl + (-l)nJ (iii)
2nl1nz - t1 n2 - I | n1n2 - l)
For n = I, expression (ii) gives

o, =
* i "n'* o* = *lj
0
,.",22r - cos ol] = o (iv)
548 9. Fourier Series

Further,
fi
|
" = rJ| "'xrrsin nxd* = !trJfsin xsinnxd"r
bn
-nn o

1r {cos(n- l)x-cos(n+ l)xldx

= /7T
^ I
J
(v)
0

For n f 1, this gives

Lf - sin (n l)x _ sin (n + l):rl"

'n-znl
u. =
n-r nil =o
lo-"
(vi)

For n =. 1, expression (v) gives

. rf (t -cos2x)O*=G.n=,
bt= r I
(vii)
UJ
0

Hence, the Fourier expansion of the given /(x) over (-n, n) is

f (x) = ry . Lan cos,* * ib, sinnx

n=l n=\
r Isu+(-l)nl I
=;_;LfficoS,?-r+,sinx,using(i)'(iv).(iii)'(vii)and(vi)
r r:
+:sin-r-
= -7T
t({-::;-----::cos2,r+
-nl(Zr-
z - z cos4-r+ _-cos6x+... 2 )
2 l)---- (42-- l)---'- 62- l)"""'-'
1

I I 2g cos2mx
= smx - (viii)
;* 2 ; A@-
This is the first of the required results.

Deductions

(a) For r = 0, we have f(x) = 0. In this case, (viii) yields

o=1_?i__1_.
n n4(2m)2-l' .. !=?$
ft r4Qm-l)(2m+l)'
r

nr-=\-I_a_l
lgt111
2 f,t=_,(2m-t)(2m+t) 1.3' 3.5' 5.j' )

as required.
9.1.1. Fourier Expansion over the interval (-tr,n) 549

(b) For x = r12, we have f(x) = sinnl2 = 1. In this case, (viii) yields

, I I 2S cosmft
I I \ _ nr
I I
_ _ _ _ __
2S \ el),
ft 2 n^2(2m72-t'
= -
2 r n4Q^-l)Qm+t)
so that

r-Z ftlt I\ T (-l),*r I I *

4 = -
t\t- ;)= kotn-t)am+ t)= 1.3 3.s O-+"''
I
I
as required.

@q obtain the Fourier expansion of

(-n. -n<x<o
.f(x) = 1

[x, O<x<n
and deduce that
n2Sl
T= 4e;n
> For the given function, the Fourier coefficients are

= ll i,-^,0.. - r,]=
oo =
) i,,nd,
nn "l!^ [ :1,-",,,. ll= -;,
ro ,t

o, =
* i ,,ocos,1x o, = *1,[,-",.", nx +fo ,.o, ,, ,,f rtx
I

-,lf,-,sinn.rlo,;"r1"
- ;U(-^),, l-".1-# -(-T#)]:) = #r(-,r-,r.

and ,, = *
i ,,rsinnx dx=
*
nx a* *
i ,ri",, o-f
[;|,-")sin
sinnxl"'l
= {J.otr*10 * I [_..otnx
=iL-n )-o nl n-+-E-)rj
= 11r (-r),1 * 1[-1"t-,1,1 = 1[r - 2(-r),1
n - ftL n I n'
550 9. Fourier Series

Therefore, the Fourier expansion of the given /(x) is

f(x) = ry
-
.t ancosnx *iu,rrnn,
n=l n=1

= _n
4
_1
r4
i nz
^^^ .^. S tr -
1!:j:f)'tlcos"*)t-sinr; 2(- )'l r
^,- -. .
(i)
n=l n=l

Deduction
From the definition of the given /(-r), we note that /(;r) jumps from -zr to 0 at x = 0. There-
fore, x = 0 is a point of discontinuity of f(x), with /(0-) = -zr ard "f(0*) = 0. Accordingly, at
x = 0, expression (i) becomest

| =
ft rstr
-; - ; LT-(-lrl
,lf(o-)+,r(o*)l n=l

or I n t(2 z 2 )
l{.n) ;t,r*y*rr* ]
r( 7t 23
or -r+ I n2 {i
4=-;!c"-ty' *
I
8=Z-ra;-rp

@obtaintheFourierseriesexpansionofthefunctionf(x)givenbeIowover
(-r,n).
(* in -n<x<o
in o<x<nlz
I

fG)=10
lx-rlz in nlT<x<r
) For the given f (x), the Fourier coefficients over are

.(o^ nt2
r\
ao=iIr,tn*=]l{rr../o o**[,u
_^lz)dr\
)

= I ll,ll' *[tx - ntztzl^ \

zl_"'I z
"\L ]^pl
l, r 3
= +(n*nl2)2 -o) = -r", (i)
2n\o-(-n)2
rSee Note in page 530.
9.1.1. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-r,r) 551

tf ltrlcos/rr o*=;l,'n nxdx+ l

an=
n-n
-J fxcos
lJ
lO-nlztcosnxri.rf
i' )

=
* {1"(;,inn") -,(-i"",,")]-,
* - .,r,(!,,in,*) - , (-# .", ,r]",,]
f,,
| ,rl I t nll\
= rn) + lcos,?.zr -
-r (cos l2)l -- ;F (t - cos 7 (ii)
n,Fl(l -
cos cos nn ,
/

and ,' l rursinnxdx=1Ii' sinnxdx* lr,-nl2)rin,r"ar)

b,=|
j,
"!^"' "lJ" I

=
* {l'(-;'""') -' (+''"'4]"
. ",t (-!,.o,,') -r(-i,'",r];,,)
f,,--
=
* {' - Gr) (-*.",,")* o
- n 12) (-1n.o, nrr) - o * 1 p))
n2'fo -
+(n sin nr
')
\ I
= ! {-:cos,?j( - a.o. nn - !.in 3}
zr[ n 2n n' Z)
2ncosnn- +
-=L irnzsin {2
= (iii.1

Therefore, the required Fourier series expansion is

f(x) = + . t,an cosnx* i r, r,n ,,

n=l n=\
:Strnft\) ....-ll
---n+
16 ,1nrt\ 2Ilcosn,r
SfE I nnl
- ) <-costrn+-ftnz 2 )slnt?,r
HlZn )
552 9, Fourier Series

Exercises

1. Obtain the Fourier expansions of the following functions over the interval (-n,fl:
(l),f(x) =7T+x (2)f(x)=(n-x)12 (3)"f(x) = lsinrl
(x+n12,-n<x<0 (-*,-n<x<0- |,0,-r,.".0
(4)f(x)=\ (s).f(*)=i' (6)/(x)={"-"'---
l-x+n12.0<x<r 10.0<x<n [xr,0<xcn
(-*'.-n<x<o
(7) f(x) = { :- ' (8)/(x) = x3 (9) f(x) = xcos t
lx',0<x<n
( l0) /(x) = cos d-d' d not an integer
2. In each of the following cases, expand the given function /(x) in a Fourier series over the interval
(-n, n) and hence deduce the given results.

(r) r(x)=*_"i: + =l
# i=IiF .

f(x)=l+zr. o<x<n
(n
(2) -n <
"0, 4=i--f----
8 4(2n-l)z'
ln-2x,
.. (n**, -n<x<0. d_i
(3) r\J\'- I
f(x) = { -
l"-", o<x<n 8 4(2n-112'
(4) r\Jtt- (-*+t, -7(<x<0. d_i I
f(x) = i
o<x<n 8-4(2n-l)2
fx+r,
(-t**. -^<:'x<o;1=i-!-u1
(5) f(x)=i 4 L4(2n-l\
ft+x, 0<x<n
(6) /(*)={o' -zr<x<0. {=i=-+
l*, O<x<n 8 4Qn-l\2

Answers

r.(rr 1-riL1Irinn*
2 -4 n """'" e)
\!/ {.i(-l)'rin,*
2'4
(3) 3-1icos2nx
n '""'^ \J/ n rQ4n2-l
(4\ j f cos(2n- l)r (s) I_?i cos(2r- l)x *$ (-lf sinru
14 Qn-t)z 4 nH (2n-ltz # n
9.1.2. Fourier Expansion over the interval (0,27r) 553

(6) !.,i t{.o,n"* 1i,-,1, (1-t\,*,-

O 4 n' nz-1 \,r, nl
(T ? il4,-r)".'
r?lln + 4{r
nJ -(-r),}lsin,x
' I

(8) ,i/d-9j,-')'*rsinnx (e) I :S(-ti'

' Jttt"^ \r) -7 stnx + z )- ,' ,srnnx
n'
?*,\, )' -

oo) 4+te{*.nl+.o,n,}

2. (r) -!t -oi gf cosr?x-rit-'," r,nr" ,r., Ii cos(2n- l)x

H n, # n 14 (2n_D2
aScos(2r-l)x .. r 4$cos(2r-l)x
(J) ":+-)
/ nH ().n-l). " 2 , nz-1 Qn-l1z
(4)-+l--)

(5) 'rLrt -(l +zrX-l;')sinnx ,u, t 2 $ cos(2n - l)x l $ (-lr.'

o-*k-an-1T*;*-Srilnx

9.1..2 Fourier Expansion over the interval (0r2n)

Below we illustrate, through examples, the Fourier expansion of a function f (x) of period,2n
over the interval (O,?rt). In this case, expressions (9)-(12) of Section 9.1 are employed. That
is, in this case, the Fourier expansion of f(x) is given by

f(x) = ? . Lan cos * iu,rrnr*

txx
n=l n=l
where

1-
tr
ao= - | f(x)dx (2)
7(.)
0
2n
1r
an = iftJ I f(x)cos /?x dx, for n = 1,2,3,... (3)
0
2n

and u, = !nJI " frisinnx c!x, for n = 1,2,3,... (4)

0
554 9. Fourier Series

@Expandthefunctionf(x)=xinaFourierseriesovertheinterval(0,2n),
) Here the required expansion is given by

f(x) =ry. i ancosnx*io,rrnr"

' n=l n=l

with

r'f
: r'i
' nJI -ffrldx = !ftJ| xrtx= I7t ;'(2ry2
as=
1
=2v,
r
/
orn o
,n
an=L l.rulcos/rx
|tJ
rtr=!nJ| *rornrd*
00
1{[r('inn") - ,(-cosrx) l'] = 11,, l) = 0.
=
"U n n" lo) nr' -
2n 2n

and b, = ! tursinnx dx =: -sinnx ttx

[00 [

{1"{+.)-' (+.)r} :{-+\

=, = = -"

Thus, the required expansion is

x=r-rilsinnx.
L,t n
n=l

Expand f (x) = x2 in a Fourier series over the interval (0,2r).

EE@l
) Here, the Fouries coefficients are

2n 2n

ftJ lrard*=!
oo=t ftJ f
*'a*=!-!pn1t=1n',
7( J J
00
2n 2n
I r nxdx=!
on =
;.J /(x)cos r J[*'cosnxdx
00

=
; {[r(#) -,.(ry).,( T#)r]
9.1.2. Fourier Expansion over the interval (0,2n) 555

t( .'W)*oj=
l2n\ )
=
; to
2n
i'
4

2n

and u.=!
" rJI "'tulsinnxdx=!rJ| r..sinnxdx
0 .0
r2r\
I Il ..2 / - cos nx1 ^ / - sin nx\
--;\1" \;ir) -"1-#i).'(T#)1. I
=;t- ^ 2. .'l
t( (2n)2+0+n(l-l)J 4n
,
Therefore, the required expansion is

f(x) = ry . >,an cosnx*

i r, r,n r*
- n=l n=l

ie l=!n'*+il"ornx-4tri1r,nnr.
3 4n2 4n
r
n=l n= l

@obtaintheFourierseriesexpansionofthefunctionf(x)=ax+B*,wherea
and B are non-zero constants, over the interval (0,bt).
) Here, the Fourier coefficients are
2n 2n

ft.)f Xr,,t*=!
oo=t ftJ l@*+Br\a*
00
= ! llpny, * fuznf) = !rc, + BFn).
nl2' 3 ) 3
2n
t r fOcosrx dx = tr 2n

o, =
* J00 ; J t"r + Bi)cosnx dx

= I {1,",, + Bx2)(Y) -@ +2p-)?ry)*',l( T#)f}

"lt
= 1l (a+zB.2n)-o]=1,
1f n' n'
2n
tr lrZtr

o, =
i J00 nrtsinnx rlx = ; J @x + Fxz)sinnx dx

= *
* {[t", B]) (-.#t) -@+ *n(-ry).,0(Tfl[]
 556 9. Fourier Series

_ _l(l) -:(2nu+4n"8). 28 _ \
l)f
2
-"\ + +fi
t t'tn,t'13" = _=(a+ZnB).
n ) n

Therefore, the required Fourier series expansion is

ax+B* =| *io,"o, ,**Lbnsinnx

n=l n=l

=
\rso
+ 4pr). opi{.o, nx - 2(a +2nB)fr!,,*,, r

@obtaintheFourierseriesexpansionoff(x)=kx(n_x)intheinterval(0,2n),
where k is a non-zero comtant

) Here,

f(x)=kx(n-x)=krx*k*
Proceeding as in Example 3 with a = kr and B - -k, we find that

ft2"
as=;(6kft-8kn)=-jkn',
JJ
2kn
on = -*, bn = -?1kn
nn - Zkn) = .

Therefore, the requried expansion is

kx(n - *1' = -!t n'- 4k i { nx + zkni 1 r,n'

3 n' "o, u) n"'"''-'-
-
/@Expandthefunctionf(x)=x(2n_x)inFourierseriesovertheinterval(0,2n).
Hence deduce the following:

> ^, +=8,*
Here,
@ i=8,+ ,",+ =E,o*,F

f(x)=x(Zn-x)=2nx-x2.
Proceeding as in Example 3 with a = ?-r and B - - 1, we find that

lt 4.)
as=1(l2n-Bn)=1n',
an= -
42 bn=
il., --(2r -2n)=9.
9.1.2. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (0,2n) 557

Therefore, the required expansion is

2" St
x(Zr-x)=-n" -O ar ,cosnx (i)
n=l

Deductions

(a) For x = 0, expression (i) becomes

z, St 12 gl
or i=LA
ln-=0L7,
n=l n=l
( ii)

(b) For x = 7(, expression (i) becomes

n, =1nr-4i{1.orrrr;,
t or {3 =-oitg.
4
,Z,. nz

or ,rr=i(_l),*r
(iii)
12 /-/ n2

(c) Adding expressions (ii) and (iii), we get

12 St*(-l;,'+t z z 2 € 2
4 4 n2
-=\-_t_l_:-\ 12'32'52' -f1{Zr_t1'

-2rc1 I
T- I
ken:IP
Find the Fourier expansion of the function f(x) = (T - x)2 over the interval
0 < x < 2n. Hence deduce that
rr-4
l-n2- 6'
> TheFourierexpansion of f(x)=(7r- x)2 overtheinterval0 < x < 2n'isgivenby

.1eogg
(n - x)' = ; * ) ronrotnx+ Lbnsinnx (i)
I n=l
Here,
2n
lr 2n

e0=- I fe)d*=! [@-*)2a*=1l-("-*t3f'^

rJ"
00
trJ lTl 3 lo =!/"'*d\
n\3 31=?,,
3"'
558 9. Fourier Series

2n 2n
I r',?.r
on=;J /(x)cos rtr=!nJ fto-rl'cosnxdx
00
I l' /'rri) - FZor- r))l,-'ot='*1* rf-sinlx\l/"
=;lrn-x)'\-,r
'
/ ,- * )*r\- t ,,0
=
* f'
.'^(eY)*,^(#) * of=
#,
2n 2n

!
* [,^ -
b, = dx = x)2 sinnx dx
[00 rursinnr
=
*1^- az (-co_ll)- rr,^-,))(-T#).'(T#)l;
=
* lt-nl' coslntr- ,,2 .or 0) - 0 * ]t.o, 2rur - cosol] = o.
l-t
Substituting for as, an and b" in (1), *" *:,
@
t/t"sr4
(n-x)- =*+ ) -;cost?r (ii)
J 4nt
as the required Fourier expansion.

Deduction
For x = 0 expression (ii) yields

2^ 3 + g I
nr=n' 3 +
n2
i*Ad'or i"-=!a'or Ad=z
@obtaintheFourierseriesforf(x)=e_o,illtheinterval(0,2n),
> The required Fourier series is given by

ao S fr. (i)
IG) = ; + Lancosnx + LDnstnnx
" n=\ n=l

where

2n 2n

on=t I fo)a"=!ltJ lr-"r4r=-11 - =ltt -r-2on),

k-"-11{ (iiy
ftJ TA aft
00
9.1.2. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (0,2r) 5s9

2n 2tr

on -
| d* = ! l
ft.1I 1rocosr,.r
r-"cosn.rr/x
ftJ
00
! [ !-"' =[ - o.o, nx + nsi
=i\F+nrr
=
'2")(*)= n1 1 - n-2na1
n""lo] (iii)
':::\

2n 2r
^tu2+a\'
and tr tr e-o'sinnx dx
bn =
i J ftlsinnxdx = ; J
00
I ( e-n^ r ' n(l - e-2nn)
=;\rr*"r[-ncosnx-asrnnrl.trolt = ,:..\
(rv)
J ^r,,r*re,
Substituting for a6, an and brfrom (ii)-(iv) in (i), we get

| x]
= = -'-2an /f . i ocos',r+nsinT
,/(.r) e-n-,
r( \^'2 n2+a2 I
as the required expansion.

@obtaintheFourierexpansionoff(x)=xsinxintheinterval(0,2n).
Deduce the following:
391
(u);=D?- @;=t-t\ry#
> Here, the Fourier coefficients are given as follows:
2tr 2n
11 1r I,
a0= - I f1Od*= | xsin xdx= [-t.otx+ sin ,f?0" = -2, (i)
1rJ ftJ - 7t
00
2n
(1,
rr
= - Lft*)cos
rr
2n

,1x dx = - | xsin xcos nxdx

7(.) ftJ
2n
1r| ,r[sin(n+ l)x-sin(n- l)x]dx (ii)
--
= 2nJ
0

For n = 1, this gives

1-

at=-zltJ I t xcos 2x+-lsin2xf2n

I T.tsin2xdx=:-l---- I
f '-2nl z- 4lo --- 2 ii)
(i

-See
Foot Note, page 545.
560 9. Fourier Series

For n 2 2, we find, from (ii),

o'= I I f cos(n+l)x, cos(r-l)".| ,Isin(r+l)x_sin(n-ltx\l2n

Gl't--;- +'#j-' t--;'t-+ (,,+ D, llo
I l-2n'cos2(n+l)r 2rcos2(n-l)ttl I t I \ 2
=z^l n+I - n-l r)=rr-. tivr
J=l-r*'-r-
2n 2n

Also, bn=lnJf "trr>sinnxclx=!

nJ lxsinxsinnxclx
00
2n
1r x [cos (r
=
-tnlI - l)x - cos (n + l)x)dx (v)

For n = 1, this gives

2n

u, =
*!0
Y) -,(+. Y)["
-r-cos2xr o* =
*1,(,-
= !{e^f
Znl 2' - l,'
- Ienf ') =,,
4 - r)} (vi)

For n ) 2, we get, from (v),

L _ t l. f sin(r- t)x_- sin(r+ l)x\-'t-

o'=G["1 f cos(n-t)x*
"o:("1.1)*)l'=0
,-t (r.D " i t-u, (n+t)z J]o
(vii)

Using (i), (iii), (iv), (vi) and (vii) in the Fourier expansion

f(x) = ry . L an cosnx * iu, rtnn*

n=l n=l
we obtain the required expansion as

I g cos r?x
.rsinx--l-;coSr+2) --;-----:+zrsinx (viii;
2 4rt-l
Deductions

(a) Setting x = 0 in expression (viii), we obtain

'@l
o=-l -!+z\--i 3Sl
24i..n=2 ,, or o=Zfrr_l
9.1.2. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (0,27i s61

(b) For x = tr12, expression (viii) yields

n=-r,*t)1-7j-+ft,
*rS|j:gTlz),-
n=l
or
7t
--
2
I -,0**,(T)
@obtaintheFourierseriesexpansionoff(x)=IcoSxforo<x<2n.
) Here, the Fourier coefficients are given as follows:
2n
lr
ao=- tr 2n

rJI f!)dx=-nJI xcosxdx

00
=
] {t,,r'n x) - l(- cos "r)1fr") =
*,t - 1) = 0 (i)
2n 2n
7 I /^*.o* xcosnx dx
on - ftJ /^y1";.o,
- nx dx =
NJ
2n
lr
=-/7t JI x{cos(l-n)x+cos(l +n)xldx (i i)
0

For n = 1, this gives

or=*fOt+coslx)dx
0

=
*{1.(..;sinz') -,(i- }"o,,r]:}
=
*{,,",,,", - (+- i) . ( i)} = }tznt, (iii)

For n * I we get, from (ii),

o.=
*{["{**". =#3}- ' {-'T,'l;#'. - '?,'iiu*};"}
=ll--f (r-r)*;l=r,-rl)
z.'r[tl -nlT' (t+n)L 'l-"'=0. (iv)

Also,
2n
|r tr
bn= - I fQ)sinnxdx -: | -rcosxsinnxdx
2n

ftJ trJ
00
 562 9. Fourier Series

2n
1r (l + n)x- sin (l - n)xl dx (v)
= ;-
Lft .)
| x{sin
0

Forn=lthisgives

l'i
b1
,nl| xsin2xd.r
=^

=
* {1"(- L*"')-'(-i''"'4f}
=
* ^(-;)= -i (vi)

For n i l, we get, from (v),

fr +rix cos (t -n)x} (' *f)x, sin rl -nlx\12'\

un=fill'i--
n_ = L1f"{-cos I+n * t-;l-'\- -, {-t'n(l +,,y +-?l-r,)'? ll0 I
t( I I t\) 2n
(vii)
-_{.*l__!-l}--
znl \ r+n t-rl) t-,*
Using expressions (i), (iiD, (iv), (vi) and (vii) in the Fourier expansion
@@

.f(x) = +" . n=l

La cos nx +
\bn
n=l
rin ru

we obtain the required expansion as

l- r
xcosx=./rcosx-;sinx+Zf J-tsinnx
2 4l-nz
Finct the Fourier expansion of the function f(x) defined by
/-tffi
(* for o<x<n
.f(x) = 1

lLn-x for zr< x<2n

Deducethat
s r
-nz
2e"-1F- 8

> Here, the Fourier coefficients are

!;f
oo =
'u'
o' =
:\[ ". *'i ". - " o.\
9.1,2. Fourier Expansion over the interval (0,2r) 563

=
2n
r {[il;. l"'-
tr,':]=
(,
:l+ +{2,112 ry -2n2 ++l
2n
=
^ rir

f l
' J'(.r) cos r?x ,t* = ll [r.o, nr dx + l rr^ - r)cosnx dxl
o'=;.J
o "l/ I )

=
*{l'(+-)-'(-T#)1,.1""-,(ry)-(- ,( Tfll"
}
=
* {}n"
swr -,; - {1"o, zrm - cosr,,r} = 4u-r,* - ,1, (ii)
2n (" 2n
and "nt'
bn=l I .f4lsinnxrtx= 1l fxsinnx a.t+ f en-x)sin rtxdxll
"lJ l- ' -l
i," - r(-ee#)- r-'r( T#)]"
=
* {1"{-T')-'(-Tr)],.'
}
=:{-'_(==)-"(-""'T)} = o (iii)

Using expressions (i), (ii) and (iii) we obtain the required Fourier expansion as

f(x) = ry .iancosnx*Lu,sinnx = I2 *?i r-t):- t

cos,?r
" rzl
n=t n=t n2

Deduction

Taking -r = 0 in this and noting that /(0) = 0 , we get

o=I*:{i + + l=;:nr+
or ft +S t S I
t=;!rrr-ry' * )-,r2r-r1z=T
12
I

@Theintensityofanalternatingcurrentafterpassingthrougharectffierisgiven
by
(
.
t(x)
llssinx for0<x<n
= 1

I O forzr<x<2n
where Is is the maximum current and the period is 2n. Express i(;r) as the sum of a Fourier
series.
564 9. Fourier Series

) For the given function i(x), the Fourier coefficients are

2tt lt
lf lf Ia In
- =-:(l+l)=--:2Io
eo=-ftJ | i(x)dx=:ftJ ll6sinxdx=-[-cosxl'fi
n " ft ft
(i)
0
2n

o,=*
f n cosnxo"='* f sin*cosr*a,

Inf (l + n)x+ sin (l - n)xl dx (ii)

=
; J {sin
0

For n = l, this gives

ot=
* ["rnrror=-*rroshn-coso) = o
0
(iii)

For n * 1, expression (ii) gives

_ to[l cos(l+n)x- cos(l-r){1"\

on=z,-tl- *, '-" l.l
= -*t* {cos (l -t tt)n -rr +
i {cos (l -,i^-'}l

= _*t"# _ (-,1'_'_-,
I
= _*{r_rr-, _,}{* *}
= -*{r-rr-' - 4Fi= #4{t-<-tr-'} riur

A1so,
2n t(
. 1I |f... Iof.
" rJ r(x)sinnxdx= irJ I sin xsinnxdx
bn=
00

= 9 ft.o, (n - l)x- cos (n + t)xldx

Ztr .) '
(v)
0

For n = l, this gives

rnr
*ZnJ'
| ll -cos 2x\ dx= 3.
br' =
21 n ='*2 (vi)
0
9.1.2, Fourier Expansion over the intemal (0,2T) 565

For n * l, expression (v) gives

1o llsin (n - l)x sin (n + I )rl'r)

b,'=zn1t
,., =o (vii)
"-r loi
Using expressions (D, (ii), (iv), (vi) and (vii), we obtain the Fourier expansion of i(x) as

ie) =
ry
* Lo,cos /,rx * i r, r,n
"
n=l n=l

Io* Io S {l-(-l)'-'i cost?x+ t

=
; ; /4-@ ) Tsrnx

This is the expression giving i(x) as the sum of a Fourier series.

Exercises

1. Find the Fourier expansions of the following functions over the interval (o,2tr):

(1) f(x)=Qr-x)/2 (2) f(*)={t'}<x<n

[0, n<x<2n
(o, 0<x<n (sin(x/2). O<x<n
(3) f(x) = I (4) f(i = 1

l-a, n<x<2n [-sintx/2), n<x<2n

(-n, 0<x<n
(5) "/(x) = I (6) /(x) = i{x(n-x\. 0<x<zr
l*-n, n<x<2n l-zr(zr-x), r<x<n
2. In each of the following cases, expand the given function /(x) in a Fourier series over the interval
(0,2n) and hence deduce the given result.

(t) f(x)= i -+ . = 12
Vl=osx, n-14n"-l
({*-n1'.0<x</r
(2)/(x)=i'^ : I=(-tY-r nZ

n<x<2n ,A n2 =-12
["',
s66 9. Fourier Sertes

Answers

iY
r. (r) n=l n
e) :.'r|,r#+
(3) +.
F)t#! G) 9 1,-r,' ';P1
/r 2 S cos(2n+ l)x S 2-(-l)'rinn, sinfZ'- nx
tz"** -lt , I
()) -4*;L (6) 91
n*-, t2n-t)'
2. 6) i n'I
\r/ 'J Ir- 2'f:t+nz-tJ
'o:
" \'
e) + . F,{ .o,,,. -1,
. -
{(; ?*),-,, #},'",'

9.1.3 Fourier Expansion over the interv^l(-lrl)

Below we illustrate, through examples, the Fourier expansion of a function f(x) of period 2/
over the interval (-l,l),where / (> 0) is arbitrary. In this case, expressions (5) and (13)-(15) of
Section 9.1 are employed. That is, in this case, the Fourier expansion is given by

f(x)=ry.8,*,(T)*. ib,'i"(T)" (r)

where
t

oo=1
[ r<*>0,
_t
Q)

r,2,3,"'
i;[/t')"o, (T).0''
o, = ror n = (3)

-,
,

rur't(T) xdx, ror n = t'2'3'" (4)

b, =
+ [
-t
If f(x) is an evenfunction in (-/,1), then b, = 0, and expressions (2) and (3) become

)r
oo=1J
I
(2a)
feta'
0
9.1.3. Fourier Expansion over the interval (-l,l) 567

o, =
1.;[/,*r.o, (T).nr, ror n = 1,2,3,"' (3a)
0

If f (x) is an odd function in (-l,l), then a6 = 0, en = 0, and expression (4) becomes

b, =2j
I frrl'. (T) xdx, ror n = t,2,3,'-. (4a)
0

@FindtheFourierseriesthatrepreSentSf(x)=x2intheinterval(_l,l).
) We readily note that f (x) =./ is an even function in (-1,/). Therefore, we have b, = 0, and
I
2,
ao= -t
I00r,*>0,=1 [ rn,=i =+,
t

and tj;[/,'1.o,
2'
o, =
ff*a, =i "
I r cosffxax
00

='rlu(r|,," T.) -,,n(*) (-.o, T r).,(*)' (-''" T4l.

tl - ''(J-1'(-
= 3 lo cos + ol =
"'l''"]
lLsry
\nnl n2ft2'

Hence, the required Fourier series is

f(x)=ry.t ',""r(T),
n=l

1.e., r'=+.*i$.o,(T).
J ft'-
n=l
I

@obtaintheFourierseriesexpansionoff(x)=x3intheinterval(_2,2),
> We note that f (x) = .t' is an odd function in the given interval (-l,l) = (-2,2). Therefore,
oO=0,an=0,and
t2
b,=1
[00 rur,.(T) xdx--;[*3,rn (T)"o.
568 9' Fourier Series

[,f cos (nr l})x\ _ ..2 ! _sin (nn lz)x\

=
l'' \- r"^tu I- '' \-- Q*lr)' I
- l2)x\ .
cos (nn ( sin lnzrl2)x \
+6x\-|.

(nfttN l-'\-
l2
tu;trq Il,
lz\3
) * rz'\;) (cos rzr)|\
=[-' nn.23(cosntr
I
( qo )
-t6*,,tntit"-""
= )snft = l9tu - r2n211-r7'
f; n3n3'-

Therefore, the required Fourier series expansion is

r = re)=io.'.(T) "=\n"*rt"'^(T)" r

Expand the function f (x) given by

@
(t*z* for -3<x<o
f(x) = i
[t-zx for 0<x<3
as a Fourier series and deduce that

n2Sl
T = hQ;Tf
> We note that

(t-Z*for -3 <(-x)<0, i.e.for 0< x<3

f(-x)=lt *rrfor0<(-x)<3, i.e. for -3 < x<0
= f(x)

Thus, the given /(x) is an even function in the given interval (-L l) = (-3, 3). Its Fourier
coefficients ate bn =- 0, and

t3 cl
z'r 2r 0 -, " ;)=
^1r
-0,
o, =
I J r*to* =
;I
o
-2x)a, = t(,
o,
,
I rro"or!*ar=?
o,=?IJL'^'""" l1t -zxt"or({)'a'
1."*" 3J'' \3/
 9.1.3. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-l,l) 569

l. - tnr l-Tx\)3
= ?1,, - z*t {Ytu"./))*\
cos
-i',',\-
=1V,151-t
5\nft15)' n'ft'
i'T r'
Hence, the required Fourier expansion is

. o0* $ ^ cos x = _1_

^^^(nr\_._ * 12
S {1-(-l)'} _^ lnft\.. (i)
i "or lTJ.r
f(x\ = La, 15/ -z ,, 4-A-
Deduction
Setting x = 0 in expression (i) and noting that /(0) = 1, we get

.F p.--F- or t= t2(2
t=-z.gi{l-(-l)'} 2 2 )
nrttz. 3r* sr. l
or ^ z+3 t
t=,rrporrr-y, o' nz=i t
g=4en-rp

'/@Expandf(x)=e_,aSaFourierseriesintheinterval(_l,t).
> For f (x) = e-*, the Fourier coefficients over (-/, /) are
tt
oo= j tu,o*= j
I
-',
Iu-"a,=]r-"-'+et)=ftrtnn,l
-l
(i)

o^=+ xdx=]
[r,r,."'(T)
-l
f "'*'(T)-0.
-l

-tf e-x I (T).+ sin(T)41-,

- 1 lt;c;n.t-uos ff (.)

= --l-t-n-l.o,
l' + n"ft'
nn + etcosnft) = L']lll!-(sinh
+ (n'ft")
/.1, (ii)

tt
and u, =
| f-t rc,''" (T) tctx = i -l[ .. ,*(T). o,
=
1l#*{-'- (T)' - T'"' (T)41-, (.)

-See
Foot Note, pages 545.
570 9. Fourier Series

I lnft (r-'cos
t t 1 Znn(-l\n
=p*
nryl- ,
r,/r - c' cos ,n)l= lzffiGinn tl (iii)

Hence, the Fourier series for f (x) = e-x in (-1, /) is, using (i)-(iiD,

f(x) = T .
7_,.an
cos (?. *
Zu"''"
(T) "

= (sinh,,[+ .
">,#.",(T) +z,rn##""(T),.] x r

@ Find the Fourier series representing the function

(
l0 in -2<x<0
.f(x) = 1

[a in 0<x<2
> Here, the interval is (-/, l) = (-2,2). Therefore, the Fourier series for the given /(x) over
this interval is

f(x)=ry.i","",(ry)*Lu,""(T)
n=l n=l
(i)

with
I
l '7r r' '
oo =
).
t,
.J
r,,.to* =
-t6" orl=t ".
)l[ (iir

i-, tu,*,(T)'. =: f '"*(ry)a*

a. =
)
o,
= 1l*#Y| =' (iiir

an d ) i rur,^(T)a. i i ",i"(ff)a.
b, = = =
;l-u##l',
-20
=
fttl - (-r)'l (iv)

Using (ii), (iii) and (iv) in (i), we get

.
.r(x) =
"l+.+
l-
L
"
i
n=l"
i { I - (-r,ln}sin
ff))
' ')

as the required series.

9.1.3. Fourier Expansion oyer the intemal (-l,l) 571

@ obninthe Fourier series expansionof

b for -2<x<o
/(*)=1" for o<x<2
> Here, the interval is (-/, l) = (-2,2). Therefore, the Fourier series expansion of the given
/(x) over this interval is

r(x)=ry.n,,"",(ry).fru^' (ry) (i)

with

oo=) jr,-,o*=){j rr-.i.r,.} = =,,

)lo,-t-z)t*}tz,-0,]
-z l-z
2 .(0^ 1 )
o, =
; r,,,,o,(T)r. = )l f ,*'(T)0. * f.."' (T)r,f
f-2(-ii)
(nnxl2)
:= ! ll.
t
sin tnnxlttlj* I
1l' r,rtn l-, ["
sin
-' - ,,,,,,^tzF-ll
cos rrzrxl21l2\

= \L\{rro- 0) + (0 - 0) * {,.o,
n-ft-
ntr - t,\) = }=nosrn
n-ft
- r)

and u-,,=!2Ji ,ur,,"(ff)a,=:{ir,-(T) ,,. j .,,^(ry),.}

-2 l-i
cos1ntxl21l0 I' -cos(nnxl2)' . -sin (nrxlDl2\
=r\l'-
= !!1,
tu^rz, -t
l_r*l* ,*^ @^trf-|oJ
)Z {-!rL cos nny - Zprosnft *rsi -0,} = -3
nft - -o) +
= nnft
\ nT n.1r" ) nft

Thus, the required expansion is

r(x) =i. 3i #n"' n,r - t)*'(ry) 'rZ:"-(T) r

572 9. Fourier Series

@@| Find the Fourier series that represents the function f(x) = I + sinx in the
interval-l <x<1.
> Here, the interval is (-/, /) = (-1, 1). Hence the required Fourier series is

f(r) = ry .ia,cos(nnx) *to,sin(nzrx) (i)

n=l n=1

with
1l
tr
a0=; I f\)a*= rtl +sin x)clx= [x-cos xllr = [2-cos l+cos(-l)] 2, ri)
=
lJ .)f
-l -l

o, = I trokos nnx)ttx =J/^r I * ,in x) (cos nnx)dx

+IJ"
-1 -t

f ,ror rr*1 a* + |
= JJJo Ginx) (cos nnx) ctx = , f' cosnnxdx + 0,
-l -l
because cosnftx is even and sin xcosnTTx is odd in the interval (-1, l)
r rl
= rlttnn | = 0. (iii)
Lnnlo
and b,=+tJ"'
I frnsinnnxclx= *rtn x)sinntrxdx=2
-J/^rin" sinntrxdx,
-l-lo
J'/^1,
because sinnnx is odd and sin x sin nzrx is even in the interval (- 1, 1)
I
l)x sin(nr+ l)xlr
= J/^1"o, (nn- l)x-cos (nn+ t)xlclx=[sin(rr-
0
| (nn-l) - (nn+t) )o
_ f sin (nr - l) sin(nr + l)l [-1cosrn)sin I (cosr.'r)sin II
I nn-l nr+l J L nn-l nn+l I

- (-cosnzr)(sint,{r: . = #n} ##
(2nn)(sinr) (iv)

Using (ii)-(iv) in (i), we get

I + sinx = I + 2n(sin 1) i
4
1( ,l)'.1 sinnnx
(nn)L - I
n=l
as the required series.
 9.1.3. Fourier Expansion over the intemal (-t,t) 5i3
'/ when a sinusoidal voltage E sinut
Wq is passed through a half-wave rectffier which
clips the negative portion of the wave, the resulting periodic function is given by

u\t) = I
[O for -(nlu)<r<0
ff'sinor for 0 <7 < (nlu)
Develop this function in a Fourier series.

) We have to expand the given u(t) in a Fourier series over the interval (-t,l) = (-n lu, r l12).
The corresponding Fourier coefficients are

"i,u(t)
h dt =
:{i,o a, .
I
n,,^,, o,]

=:l-:ror,,,]no'' = -{1.or7t - cos q =+, (D

nl- nlu
o, =
;t^ [ ^r*'(ffi)t dt = 1/r.i"@1cos nurdt
-nlu 0

g. ^ti
= zn {tin (l + nsut + sin (l - n)at} dt (ii)
J 0

For n = 1, this gives

nlu
at' =+
2n J|
sinz.t41 =?l-:.", zr,l^t' = -l[.or2n-cos0] = 0
2" Zu----*')o (iii)
0
| 4n'"

For n # 1, expression (ii) gives

^" _Eu[ *n)ut cos(l-nlutlnl'

cos(l
2n I tt+n)@ (l-n)u ln
_ _E lcos(l +n)n- | , cos(t-r)zr- l)
l-(-l;r-r
--Gl l+, =-T:;-l=Gi E Il-(-l;,*t
''

r., - t_n J

_r{r-r-rf-'} ! t _ I \
2n -it.r"t-rl=---;otz) (iv)
574 9. Fourier Series

Lastly,

^f
L- I a(r)sin (y-\t dr =2^f urrnutsinn,,t dt
"=-nl.J -nla \ftrul nJ
0

n, "li
= ; J t.or (n - l) crrt - cos (n + l) atl dt (v)
0

From this, we find that

nlu
Eu,t r Eu I sin2at)nl' E
br= znlr- =t
^ l,
Zn J(t-cos2ut)dt=
0

and(fornfl)
E,fsin(n - I )r,,rr sinh + l)wr)n''
b_
" = 2nl n-l - n+l = O
Jo

Therefore, the Fourier series for the given function u(l) is

usy = le * io, *'(ffi)' . i u,,i,(#),

E ES{l-(-l;n-r} t
) cos nul + -2 srn crl/
ft n4@-l)(n+l)
I 'l
=E*Erin-,-tu[l
ft 2 n 1.l.3tot2<'tt+rrcos4ut* ]

Exercises

Find the Fourier expansions of the following functions over the indicated intervals:

(l) f(x)=2x+lin(-2,2) (2) f(x)=1-x2in(-l,l)

(3) f(x)=*-zin(-2,2) (4) f(x)=x-xzin(-l,1)
fo. -2<x<oover (-2,2) l-r. -3<x<o
(5) ,f(x) = { : 0<x<2 (6) f(x) = I
0<x<3
over (-3,3)
[t, ll,
9.1.4. Fourier expansion over the interval (0,2,/) 515

lo. -2<x<-l (ttz*r. -l<x<0

(1) f(x)=\k, -l<x<t I

(8) f(x)=1'
I I <x<2 over (-2,2) ltl2-x, -<x<l
|.0,
(9) f(x) = {It*ullr*. -312<x<o over (-312,312).
ll-(413)x.
\
0<x<312
(-o. -/<x<0
( 10.1 ,f(x) = i (11) f (x) = lx I over (-1, l).
la. 0<x<l
(12) f (x) = sin ax, where a is a non-integer over (-1, /)

Answers

!, *
(l) r - g i(-r/.'"(T)" (2)
)
;+-X+cosnn.r
1-1Y+r
J |f' n=l

2 l6 f. (-l)'*r lnnx\ I 4 - nnx 26(ltn+t

(3) -1-* i, * 'o't z / (4) -;3 * -ntu-t
I(-l)'*'cos----i- + X i--j-sin,?/rx
nz -nFt n

(5)
:.iE,d-srn{rz,r -r|l (6) 1i
nFr(2n-l) t'- r)g}
=-l-- sin{tz,- '3J
4 ;i ----:^------=-;--
cos (2n - 7)rx
(7)
i.+fi,#'o'{tz' -rT) (8) L
-1(' n=t \2n - l)'

(e)
4: {l-(-t)'} tot\l2nn\ (10)
: 4a ((zn - tlr\

^."i, ,' , /" lttLx-Dnt'nt , j"

I 21 2 {l -(-l)'l tnn\ F (- | )n+l
(11) ;--L-.--.----;-cos|-;|r
/- fi'n=t \l /
(12) (sind/.) I .-;-.-: ^
n=t\n'r--a't-)
rin/IIl\
\ I /

9,1.4 Fourier expansion over the interyal (0121)

Below we illustrate, through Examples, the Fourier expansion of a function f(x) of period 2/
over the interval (0,21), where / (> 0) is arbitrary. In this case, expressions (5)-(8) of Section
9.1 are employed. That is, in this case, the Fourier expansion of /(x) is given by

f(x) = ? .E",,"'(T),*Lb,'i"(T). (l)

576 9. Fourier Series

2t

where
" tJ"I frr:or,
on=l (z)
0
2L

o, =
+;[/t"l"o, (T)rdr,
for n = 1,2,3,"' - (3)
0
2t

b,=+
[fat'"(T) xdx,rorn=1,2.3,"'
(4)
0

@obtaintheFourierexpansionofthefunctionf(x)=2x_x2overtheintervaI
(0,2t).
Deduce the expansions of this f (x) over the intervals: (i) (0, 2), (ii) (0, 3).

) The Fourier coefficients for the given /(x) over the interval (0,21) are:

21 2t

oo=i
I00ror*=] [t'.-]7a*=i{rro' ry}=ul-i) (i)

21 2l

o,=+ xdx=1f ,r.-"/;"os (T).0.

[rur."'(T)
00

=11,,.-r,{*,,"(T)4 ,^T,}l',,'
{ (*)'
-e-2x) +G2)
{-(*)'"",T4
=+l'-(2-0,,{-Gr\-'{-&r}*o] =
2t 2t
# (iD

j
u,=
I00 tur'*(T) xdx=i f ,:.-l)sn (T),0,
= i1,,.- r,{- (*).",(T)"} - e - 2x)
{ (*)',''(T)4
+ G2)
{(*)'
-,(T)41,'

= il,* - .0 - ,(*")',' - = !# (iii)

",{-*} ',]
Hence, the Fourier expansion of the given /(x) over the interval (0, 2/) is

r(x) = ry .,r-an cos (T).. (T).

F.u,'
9.1.4. Fourier expansion over the intemal (0,21) 577

= zr(r -?')- 5Z{.o, (T),. ryl *,'" ff). (iv)

Deductions
(i) Taking / = 1 in expression (iv), we obtain the following expansion of f (x) over the interval
(0,2):
2 4gl
f(x) = j - cos nnx
^, la
(ii) Taking I = 312 in expression (iv), we obtain the following expansion of f(x) over the
interval (0,3):
9gt l2nn\ r3t ,r+\x
f (x)=-FlA."'l , /.*;A;''nl , /. .
@ obtain the Fourier series expansionfor the function

(n* in o<x<l
f(x) = I
ltr(z-x) in 1<x<2
over the interval (0,2). Deduce that

nZSl
T= 1en-t),
> Here is defined over the interval (0,21) = (0,2) so that /
/(x) =L Hence, the Fourier series
expansion of /(.x) is

f(x) = ry -iancos(nnx) *Lo,sin(nzx) (i)

n=l n=l

where
212
oo=iIroar=f n,ax+[ne-x)dx=]*^(:)=^, (ii)
00t
2t2
o,=
rrr
/(x)cos(nrx)dx =J zrxcos(nrx)dx+ n(Z-x)cos(nnx)dx
J001 J
/ cosnnx\l'* [.^ *)
.sinnnx. I .os,""112\
= n[l*i],nnn*
^
\1"
-,,, \--all|, l(' - nn \--7p- )],1
578 9. Fourier Series

__( | . I (cos2nr - cosnn)ll

= n\ u kosnr- l)-
ln'ft' n'ft'
- )
2){cos nn l)
=f
ftn' - = 1{(-tf
ftr1'
- l}, (iii)
212
and bn = I fr*rsin(nnx)clx = Jf n'"rin (nnx)dx +J| rQ- x)sin (nnx)dx '
'J"
001

=
"{1,(-T"=) ( ;r)],-' l,'
-.)(-2:v!). ( +F)1,}
(
cos nft cos r./l \
=n\-
\nftn7f)
+-l=0 (iv)

Substituting (ii), (iii) and (iv) in (i), we get

- 7t 2ra l. ."
IQ) = ;. ; la {(-l)' - I }cosnzrx (v)

as the required Fourier series expansion.

Deduction
Taking x = 0 in (v) and noting that /(0) = 0, we get

o=t*:{3 +
7t 43) l
3 \=;:n#tr n2 {i --- I
Of Or -== ) I
2 nfitzr-t)2'
-=- s 4en-t)2
Find the Fourier- expansionfor
@ the function

^ (z-*. o<x<4
J@)=1-"-u,
4<x<8
> Here, the interval is (0,2/) = (0, 8) so that I = 4. Accordingly, for the given f(x), the Fourier
coefficients are
8 t4 8 I

oo=if rco*=il{"-x)dx+
0
[,.-6)d.l (i)

=
i[-ry|. . [t#].] =
* ll-<-r>' + z2)+ lz2 - r-2721\ = o,
9.1.4. Fourier expansion over the intemal (0,21) 579

on=
I If(xlco,(T) xdx=Il{r-x)cos (?,0,* ja-o"",(f
4J ),r"1
0

=
i{f,, - r(*),*(?)x-(-1) ffif F":'T4].
. -,,(#),'" (T) r - (#)' (-.o,T,)l)
1,"

=
i {- (*)' ,,.,.^ - ,,. (*)' (cos2nn- .or,^i)
= {g - cos nn1 = }-1r - r-rl}
n.7f.n.ft-
(ii)

o.=) j,u,,,"(T) xdx=Il1r-x)sin (T).0.. ju-6)sin (T),r,)

0

=
i {f" - r{-**,(T)"} -,-,, { t*F'-(T)4].
. -, {-*.", (?)4 -
f," {-t*F,'' {;) "11_}
=
i{,-r,(-#."' ,,)-r( *).r(-*,o,znn).r(-*.o.,")} =o

Hence, the required Fourier expansion is

.
,f(x) =
ry n",",,(T)". I u,,i'(ff) "
- s fr {l -(- t)nlcosl?/r'
= 1nn1

/w "'4---7-n=t

Obtain the Fourier expansion of

(t
- r. o<x</
f(x) = {
[0, l<x<21
over the interval (0,21). Hence deduce the following:
ftlllltz@t
(a) "-l-'+---+ (b)
4 3 5 7 9 '-' --Y
8 ,fl(2n-l\z
 580 9. Foarier Series

) Here, the Fourier coefficients for the given /(x) are

2lt
o0 =
+ Io,t,oo* = j Io u - x)rtx = ]1,. - )r]1,= l,
,

o,=+
[00 na."'(T) o*=i.f u-'r.",(ff)a,,
=
i {f,, - r(*),"(T) . - (*)'.". (T)"],}
tPt
- -.-T-;
t n-7f'
{-cosnn+ll=i;
n'7f' {l-(-l)'}
2tt
and o,=i
I t,o''"(?) o*=] fa-a,i"(ff)a,
=
+
-,{-**,(T)4 . (,1)',,^(T)rl,}
{1,, {-

=
Ir2 r
7' nn= ,n
Therefore, the Fourier expansion of the given /(-r) is

r(,)=i.*nL#v.",(T) -.:Ej,'"(T)x (i)

Deductions

. (a) Taking x = ll2in (i) and noting that f(ll2) = t - (ll2) = ll2, we get

i = I. *n\#Y.", (T) . :Ei -'" (T)

- (:-i)=*n:' (T)
tT St tnn\ I I I
4= 4;'inlt/= t - 3 * S- i* ;
I
-*"'
9,1,4. Foaricr cxpanslon ove? the tnter"val (0,21) 5g1

(b) Taking x = / in (i) and noring that /(/) = 0, we ger

o=i**nLfu (-,)n=f,*inlr?
or 1=l=it-t.tt'=t.[Z'*2*2*...\=2fl
4 nrg nz -rr2
r

ltz'32'52' I-F*ie":V
nf
n?gl\
a
-= 4(zn-112'

Exercises

Find the Fourier expansiotrs for the followirrg funetions over the indieated intervals:

(l) f(x) = nx over (0,2) (2) f(x) = x(2t - x) over (0,2t)

(3) f(x) = (n - x)12 over (0,2) (4) f(x) = I over (0,4)

,' ft, ror o<x<lover(0.2) (6) f(x)=lx fot 0<x<l

(5) f(x)=1
(

over (0,2)
f2, for l<,t<2 [t-" for t<x<2
(7) f(x) = x + xz over (0,3) (8) f(x) = e-' over (0,2)
(o*.0<x<l
(9) ,f(x) = { over (0,21).
|.0, l<x<21

Answers

o) r- ri),^<,,*t ,rt'{ +n**,(T)" G)

+.I*sinrnx
(4)
f ,#E**,(T). #nir^(T)r 6r l**i"{:rr sinn,x

l}
(6) 4 i {(-l)i-
ft'un, nL
coswrx. Ii
14
{l - (-l)')
n
sinnTrx

#E** (+) + X!,,^(T)

nt
,,> *
582 9. Fourier Series

(g) .'^ _l +(e2-l)f cos(n'r{)

*(e2--l)n i___l_sin(nzr.r)
le, e, t=1 I + n2n2 e2 k t * n2o2 ""','"'-',

,r, !!4 -4li ; = cos(2n-r,1{

" *i
(-l)'
^L2n(2n-t\2""""" t 2 "
""'\ t ll
".n1nzrx1l

9.2 Half-Range Fourier Series

In Section 9.1.3, it was noted that the Fourier expansion of a function f(x) over the interval
(-/, /) is given by expression (1) with the coefficients as, an, bn, determined by expressions
(2)-(4) [of that section]. Now, supose we wish to expand /("r) over the half-interval (0,1) in a
Fourier series that contains only cosine terms or only sine terms.

For this purpose, let us define a new function g(x) as follows:

(.ffO 0<x</
for
@(xl = <

[/f-"1 for -/<"r<0

We immediately note tht gG) is an even function in the interv al (-1,/)+. Hence the Fourier
expansion of g@) over (-/, /) is

eQ) = ry .L","o,(T)*, (t)

n=l
I

where ao =1tJ | ,ptx)rtx (2)

0
I

and o, ='j vf*l"or(T)r0., for n = r,2,3,... (3)

f
0

Since (l) is valid for all x in (-/, /), it is automatically valid for all x in (0, /). But, in (0, /)
we have p(x) = /(x). Hence, in the half-interval (0, l), expression (1) becomes

f(x) =ry.|
@

,"o'(ff). s)

Also, (2) and (3) become

I

ao=:2r tJ I f(x)dx
(5)
0

tThe ftrnction g(-r) is referred to as d,? even continuation of

f(x)
9.2. Half-Range Fourier Series 583

o, =1
[ ,ur."'(T) xdx, ror n = 1.2,3,". (6)
0

With a6 and an obtained from (5) and (6), the right hand side of (4) represents the Fourier
series for /(x) over the half-interval (0, /). This series, which contains only cosine terms, is
called the Half-range Fourier Cosine series for /(x) over (0,1).
For / = zr, expressions (4) to (6) becomes
€
A6 \-r
.f(x)= ^) + L-,/) ancosnx (7)
n=1

ao=
2r
-7tJ| f(x)dx (8)
0

and or=?f
ni ffOcos/rrdx,forn=1,2,3... (9)

With as, a, determined from (8) and (9), the right hand side of (7) represents the half-range
Fourier Cosine series for /(x) over (0, n).
Similarly, by defining
(xn
' for o<x</
rlr(x\ = 1"
l-"ft-*), for -l<x<0
which is an odd function over (-/, D$, we can show that, for 0 < x < /,

f(x) = Ia,rin (T).

n=l
(10)

where b, =1
[ ,ur'*(T) xdx,
0
ror n = r,2,3,..' (11)

With bn obtained from (11), the right hand side of (10) represents the Fourier series for
/(x) over the half-interval (0,1). This series, which contains only sine terms, is called the
Half-range Fourier Sine series for f (x) over (0, /).
For / = zr, expressions (10) and (11) become

f(x) = lb,tinn* (12)

n=1

$The function ry'(-r) is refened to as an odd continuation of f(x)

584 9. Fourier Series

af
b," = 1 I ff*lsinnx dx, for n = 1,2,3,"' ( l3)
nJ""
0

With b, determined from ( l3), the right hand side of (12) represents the half-rage Fourier
Sine series for f(x) over (O,n).

Note: If xisintheinteriorof theinterval(0,/)andisa pointof discontinuity, then/(x)isto

I
be replaced bv +,f(x*)] in expressions (4), (7)' (10) and (12).
iltfr-)
Remark: By examining the half-range Fourier cosine series and the half-range Fourier sine
series, we note that: (i) if /(x) is an even function over an interval (-1, D, then the half-range
Fourier cosine series for /(x)over (0, /) is identical with the Fourier series for /(x) over (-l,l),
and (ii) it f(x) is an odd function over an interval (-Ll), then the half-range Fourier sine series
for f(x) over (0,1) is identical with the Fourier series for /(x) over (-l,l)'

9.2.1 Half-range Fourier expansion over the interval (0, zr)

Below we illustrate through examples, the half-range Fourier expansion of a function /(x) of
period 2n over the half-interval (0,2r).
From the Section 9.2letus reall that the half-range Fourier Cosine series (expansion) for
/(x) over (0, zr) is given by
TN

f(x)=**I t4
ancosnx (1)
n=l
ft
1r
where ao=iftJ I fe)ax (2)

2rI ffOcos/?xdx,forn=1,2,3,"'
(rn=- (3)
"t,
and the half-range Fourier Sine series (expansion) fot f(x) over (0,2r) is given by

(4)
Jlx) = /bnsnnx
n=l
ll
1r
where bn = 1 I .f!)sinnx dx, for n = 1,2,3,"' (5)
nJ
0
9,2,1. Half-range Fourier expansion over the intemal (0,n)

@obtain(a\thehalf-rangeFouriercosineseriesand(b)thehalf.rangeFourier
sine series for the function f (x) = x in the intenal (0,n).
Deduce that
11112
P* y* sr* =.8

> (a) For the given /(x), the half-range Fourier cosine series over the interval (0, n) is

f(x) = + .t ancosnx (i)

n=l

o
2V 2
Here, oo=1[rraa*=iJrar=";'r=n 12
(ii)
00

and
2V z zf
ar=1l.f\)cosn-rdx=1=: I xcosnxdx
ftJ 7t ftJ
00
rx\ _ , 1_cos rzx1l"\
= ? !1" /sin
-"\l^\ , / '\ n2 llnJ
21 1
='r.-{cosnTl - l) = # t(-l)'- 1} (iii)

Substituting (ii) and (iii) into (i), we obtain the required half-range Fourier cosine series
AS
Tt 2g I
(iv)
"'-
"-__r-:\ +l(_l),-llcosnx
2' nQzt"
(b) For the same function, the half-range Fourier sine series over the interval (0, zr) is

f(x) =io^rrnr* (v)

n=l

Here, bn=?
.[00,ursinnx
dx =i I xsinnx dx

=i{I.ff#) '( Tr)].]

2 ( l. .'l 2 2(-l)'*r
= - 1--(ncosnzr)'
') - --nCOSWT =
nf n n

-
586 9. Fourier Series

Putting this into (v) we get the required half-range Fourier sine series as

$ 1-11n+l
x=2):sinnx
/1 n
(vi)
n-l

Note: Since /(x) = r is an odd function over (-n, r), the expansion of /(x) given by (vi) is
identical with the Fourier series expansion of this /(x) over (-n,n); see Example 1, Section
9.1.1.

Deduction
For x = 0, expression (iv) becomes

^ *-.,[1
!-!\ -(-l)'11 2(2 2
'- --)-!-r-a...\ 2 )
2-n4 n2 -zr\12'32'52' )J

ft2 ,'n=t , I
or T=1r*lr*F+"'
This is the required deduction. r
@Expandthefunctionf(x)=x(n_x)overtheintervaI(0,r)in(a)half-range
Fourier cosine series and (b) half-range Fourier sine series.
Deduce the following:

(a)
E,#=+ &) E,+=i (c)
E,E+=*
> (a) For the given function, the half-range Fourier cosine series over (0, zr) is

f(x)=+.Lancosnx
' n=l
(i)

Here,

zf
ao=: 2V 2l n2 n3\ 7T2

I f!)dx=rnJI x(n-x)dx= z\
" nJ"" -lr. 2
^ - 31
^ l=; 3 (ii)
00
and
2f
an=-ftJI fQ)cosnxdx=-
27
x(n-x)cosnxdx
NJ|
00
2l ' sin nx-@-z')\-
I cos r,rJ\ sin rzxl"
=;("*-t') n * )*'i),
9.2.1; Half-range Fourier expansion over the intenal (0,r) 587

=11-,"(ry)- "(-#)1= -3rr + (-r)'l (iii)

Substituting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get the required half-range Fourier cosine series as

n26r-
xQt - x)=':- o -2tfr*+ [l +(-l)']cosnx (iv)

(b) For the same function, the half-range Fourier sine series over (0, n') is

f(x) =io,rrnr* (v)

n=l

Here,

[00 fu,sinnxdx =', f o" - x)sinnxdx

b, =?

2 t r
- l-(nx-,rr;ll:-"" r?-[ (n sin nx cos nx lt 4
- 2r)#n. - 2"""n":'^ | =,n"7( [l - (-lll
coS
= TL + (vi)
n lo
Substituting (vi) in (v), we get the required half-range Fourier sine series as

x(n - x)= 1ft L.!

i 1ftL,
t - (-l)'l sin nx (vii)
n=l

Deductions

(a) Putting x = 0 in (iv), we get

-2 € t (2 2 z \
=z}r{r +(-r)nt=2\;. ;. A. }
" I -ir
=oi '
?-t tznl' ,2
"
(b) Puting x = rl2 in (iv), we get

;(;) = + - ri * {r + (-,/}.", (T)

588 9, Fourier Series

n2 ,2 (l ) )
or ;-; =-r\;cos./r+ frcosztr+frcos3zr.
\

I
or $=-o{-+.* *. }=-oiffi=i#
(c) Taking x = n 12 in (vii), we get

oln\-^2 r

t\r)=;L7 {r - (- t)'lsinff
n=l

or * I =
fiu -(-1r] sinff= {i sin}+3,in
+. *,ins}. }
or t=[!_ r* I
:z-\r: F-" I=ken:G
@Expand(a),f(x)=coSJinhatf-rangesineseriesand(b)f(x)=sinxinhatf.
range cosine series, over the interval (0,n).

> (a) For the function f(.x) = cos x, the half-range sine series over (0, zr) is

f(x) = io,rrnn* (D
n=l

Here,

2r
bn=- zT cosxsinnxrCx
" nJI "' rJI
.ft*ssinnxdx=i (ii)
00
For n = l, this yields

b,
z lo = o
' =2rl /^rinr cosxdx= ?nl[ttl"l" (iii)

For n > l, expression (ii) yields

+-l)x cos(r - l)xl"

b, =:.f ,r,"(n + r)x+ sin(n - t)x) d* = ![-cos(n
n[ n+l - n-t lo
o
9.2,1, Half"range Fourier expansion aver the intemal (O,r) 589

= -*
l* {{-rr.' - r} * * {,-'t-' -'}]
= -] 1,-tr*' -,){*. *} =
}r<-,r . r(*)
_ 2n1 + (-l)nl (iv)
n(nz - l)
Substituting (iii) and (iv) in (i), we obtain

r(x)=|Lr$1P,^"- (v)

as the half-range sine series for ,rrr"= (0, zr).

""rxover
(b) The half-range cosine series for f(x) = sin x over (0, zr) is

f(x) = ry .Lancosnx (vi)

n=l
Here,

oo=1[ ruro.=',
I rt *o*=';[-cos 45=?g*D=: (vii)

and o, = /{r) "o, nx dx = ', t^ x cosnx dx (viii)

}f I
0

For n = 1, this yields

2f . 2lsin2x1"
at=iJsrnncos"rdx=;l (ix)
0
Z lo=0
For n > 1, expression (viii) yields

tV r. 1.)x
* cos(n - l)xl"jo
o, =
*Jo t.tn (n + t)x- sin(n - r)x) d* = lf-cos(n
ltl n+l n-l
1l._ I rr._ryn*r _ r]* _ r]]
=
nl n+11' * l,_l),-'
_{(-l)'*'-l}f l I ) ztr+(-l),1
7T - t-,. r - "- tl= --n1,i, - 1', (x/
590 9. Fourier Series

Substituting (vii), (ix) and (x) in (vi), we obtain

l( )
2 2€'n+(-l)'l
= rT ) ---:- cos ,rr
-L
n4 fuz-l)
as the half-range cosine series for f (x) -- sin x over (0, zr).

Obtain (a) the half-range cosine series and (b) the half-range sine series for the
tr@
function f (x) = x sin x, over the interval (0,n).
) For the given /(x), the half-range cosine series over (0, zr) is

. ao S
f(x)=;*Lancosnx
'ra
(i)

Since /(;r) = xsin x is an evenfunction over (-r,n), the above expression is identical with
the Fourier series expansion of this /(-r) over (-zr, n ); see Example 9, Section 9.1. l. As found
in that Example, the required cosine series is

. I ^s
./(x)=l-:cosx+2).-#cosnx
(-l,t'-r
(ii)
z 4(r-l)ln+l)
Next, the half-range sine series for f (x) = x sin J over (0, zr) is

f (x) = iu,rrnr*
n=l
(iii)

Here, b,=? ,ursinnxdx=: xsinxsinnxdx

[ f
tr
- -7tJt x{cos(n - l)x - cos(n + l)xldx (iv)
0

For n = 1, this gives

I f ll* sin2x cos2xl' I n2 /(

br=iJ nt-cos2,u) o,=;l;-- , -ilo=i z=1 (v)
0

For n > 1, (iv) gives

,^ _ I [. f sin(n-l)x sin(n+ l1"r\ f cos(n-l)x, cos(n+ l)x\1"

bn=iL'i ,-' - (,-D l-t-Z:ff*-1,;1y-11.
9.2,1, Half-range Fourier expansion over the interval (O,n) 5gl

lf^ * r 1 I
=
; lo 1, - 1y{cos(n - l)n -1} - (r* t), {cos(r+ t)n- t}l

=sTd{#tr #,r} =-i4:9 (vi)

Using (v) and (vi) in (iii), we get

ftsrn ); +$ n{l+(-l),}
J 6) = t - ; pG" _ tyffi sinr* (vii)

This is the required half-range sine series. I

@Find(a)thehalf-rangecosineseries,anct(b)thehalf.rangesineseriesrepre-
senting the function
(.. 0<x<rl2
IQ)=1
l"-*, nl2<x<n
> (a) For the given /(x), which is defined over (0, zr), the harf-range cosine series is

f(x) =+/.4- i ancosnx (i)

where

.o-. .[,,- ",r,]

='i
"t/ j,
io^oo* = 1[^f
oo

="1;G)'.^(^-;)-;{- -GF}l=" i =; (ii)

and o, =:/r,",.o. nxctx =:l^f .r.rnxdx * i. - xtcosnxdx]

o "l/ nt2 l
_ z (l
=;t['l/sin,nx\/* * +[{'r-.);-i],,,}
l'l' l. nx rx l' 'l
cos nx . sin cos

]o
- ?n I ^ sin(nnl2)* {1.o, (ml2) - t)
\zn
-ffsin(nnl2)- )t.o'x/r - cos {n^lzll}
= -4{l
ftn'
+ (-l), - 2cos tunl2)l ( iii)
592 9, Fourier Series

Using (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get

f(x)=;-';A#{r*t-rr-2cos ff)\cos,?x (iv)

This is the required half-range cosine series.

(b) Next, the half-range sine series for the given /(x) over (0, zr) is

f(x) =
n=l
iu,"rnr, (v)

where

bn =?
[ rursinnxdx = 1{,^f - sinnx dx * f ,rr- "),','d"}
=
i {["(-ry). (#)]',0'' *l' - o(-2#) (T#)1",,]
2( 7T
=
;\- ;
1
sin (nn12) * ffror(nnl2)n ] ,in fntrlzl\
^cos(nnl2)+
= + sin(nrl2) (vi)
nn'
Using this in (v), we get

f(x)=:L:,in(f),i","
ft
(vii)
Eln"
This is the required half-range sine series. I
Representthefunction
@l
(r, for o<x<nlL
"f(x) = {
lnlZ for rl2<x<n
in a half-range Fourier sine series.
> The required representation is

f (x) = lbntinn*
n=l
9.2.1. Half-range Fourier expansion over the intemal (0,n) 593

where

zi (ntz " 'l

b, =1[ rarsinnx dx=ll I -rrnnx dx* f !sinnx dxl

o "|./ 1,, )

=
i{|.ff#) -' (-#)]," . ;( *"t . ry)]
2(
I n nnT I nft n r nn)
=;t-;'7cosT+ ,i'
stnT -
zntotTl
2(I nft n ) ^cosnTr+
=
;\,P stn
7 - *cosnnl
Thus, the required representation is

nft- n 'l
.f(x) =?n i {1r'
\n.
nz 6cosnnlsnnx
.

-
@obtainthehalf-rangeFouriercosineseriesforthefunctiongivenbelow,over
the interval (0,n).

hn
I
for0< x<(nl3)
/(t) = for (nl3) < x < (2n13)
10 for (2n13)<x<n
l-nlZ
Hence deduce that
7r Stl. rn'+ sin Znn)
t= 4, {'ini 5}
> For the given /(-r), the coefficients in the half-range cosine series over (0, n) are

oo=1
[ ,u,n. =?{"i;,.. ,!,,({)-} =:{; ; -;(" - ?)} = ,

and o,=1! ,ur".,nxdx =uJ^f ;cosnxetx. i e)"o,,"r*|

o "t/ 2n/3 )

=:{: i(''" +)-; *("" nn-sing)}= *(''" T.' T)

 9. Fourier Series

Therefore, the required half-range cosine series is

f(x) = ry .Zancos ,* =?I; ("" f + sin

T),o,,. (i)

Deduction
We observe that for the given /(x), the point x = n 13 is a point of discontinuity because the

function jumps fromrl3 to 0 at this point. Therefore, at x = r13, we have

)va->+,r(x*)) =:(:* o) =
;
Accordingly, for -r = n 13, expression (i) reads

r 2glt. 2nn) nn nft

6=1*;1""T+srn , J'o'T
rt, nft 2nn
or ft4= 4;l''n
St(. nft)

';'-
2nn ^
l2nn nn\ lznn nn\)
t^

rl-.T/+'in\;-;/j
\ t^ \\

=Ln
- T 1 . 1/*in 3 *
2t ri,

ft Srl 2nn+ sinf

3ntr nn\ Stf Znn+sin5j
nn)
or ;= L;1""f +sin5] = L;l"n , ' rL-'
This is ttt" r"qull"o deduction. r

Exercises

1. Obtain the half-range cosine series for the following functions over the interval (0, ur):
(1) ,f(x) = t( - x (2) f(x) = xz

lr. o<x<nl2
(3) f(x) = { ''
[.or", o<x<nl2 (5)
(a) /(x) = { f(x) = e^
l-1. rl2<x<r |.0, nl2<x<n
2. Obtain the half-range sine series for the following functions over the interval (0, zr):
(1) .f(x) = nlL- x f(fl = *
(2) (3) f(i f=
fo. o<x<r/2 (6) f (x) = \
l,r. o<x<nl2
(4) f(x) = x(n't - x'2) (5) /(x) = {
lntZ, nl2<x<n |.-1, nll <x<r
9.2.2. Half-range Fourier expansion over the intemal (0,t) s95

Answers

."l(2lr - tx n2+ a S r-tY cos nx

r. .) i* 1; ki ,r=F-
\,, 1+ t2)
1 ),-f-
.^.4S(-l)'*'cos(2r-l).r
{r); . I I
... -+
(4) zS t-t), ,
Arr_t tcosr-;A,fficos2nx
1s; {1.?iIelllJJ.o.n,
jt ft_ n-+l h=I

2. ,', i r(:1)"JJ,1n,* (r, i :{a+! - *,, -r-r),r}sinnx

rry z ir-
ft
rr Ii - tIn) .in n.
ln'
(4) 12 iH (-ll'*' ,in,*
n3

(r, i I\*'T- 1-r)')sin," ", ';Zl {, * "o,,n -zcos}}sinn*

9,2.2 Half-range Fourier expansion over the interval (0, r)

Below we illustrate, through examples, the half-range Fourier expansion of a function /(x) of
period 2l over the half-interval (0, /) where /(> 0) is arbitrary.
From Section 9.2 \et us recall that in the case of the half-interval (0, /), the half-range
Fourier cosine series (expansion) for f(x) is given by

f(x)=ry.tr,r"r(T)" n=l
',,,
I

I'
where ao = |tJ | y6, o* (z)
0

o, =1
f fr"l"or(T)-o-,for n= t,2,3,"' (3)
0

And the half-range Fourier sine series (expansion) is given by

f(x) =ir,r,n (T). (4)

596 9. Fourier Series

b, =
1 [ tUr'* (T) xdx, for n = r,2,3,." (s)
0

@obtain(a)thehalf.rangeFouriercosineseriesand(b)thehalf.rangeFourier
sine series expansions of f(x) = ax*b, where a and b are non-zero constants, ovei'the interval
(0,1).

> (a) The half-range Fourier cosine series expansion of the given /(x) over (0, l) is

f(x)=ry -L",".r(T).x, with/=

1=l
I (D

Here,

ll
dx=r(" i.r)=@+2b)
oo='j
Io,ru, dx=2 {a.+b)
o
,

and an=1
[rur."'(T)' dx=2
[a-+b)cos
nnx dx
00
=,{la..D(ry) .( +#)],}
=z{*f"osnn
\n"ft" -rl}) = ltf-lf
n'n' - l}
Putting these into (i), we get the required cosine series expansion as

' I -',>*'4i{,,-tt-llcosnzrx
ax+b=2@+21 (ii)
7t--n-
n=l

(b) The half-range Fourier sine series expansion of the given /(x) over (0, 1) is

f(x) =i 0,.,n (T)., with / = 1 (iiD

n=l

Here,

t1
b^=1 x dx=, nnx dx
[tur't(T)
00
[r"+b)sin
9.2.2. Half-range Fourier expansion over the interval (0,1) 597

= r{la, + u(-*'^.),( #)].}

= 2l-L11o+
lnlr
b)cos ,n - ul]I
(-l)n+r (a + b)J
nft -
= (a + b)cosnnl =
3ru 3lu+
nft\

Putting this into (iii) we get the required sine series expansion as

a*t
ax+ b =:>',:lU
lfun\
*Gt)n*t(.o+elsinnnx (iv)
n=l

@Expandf(x)=(x_|)2as(a)hatf-rangesineseriesand(b)hatf-rangecosine
series, for 0 < x < l. Hence deduce the following:

e r n2 ifr eD:.' i ) =t
1a) L,rr=i .o) n. =T1 ' Hen-l|-
rz r"l 8

> (a) The half-range sine series for the given function f (x) = (x - l)2 over the interval (0, 1)
is

f(x) = r b, rin (ryr\

4" \1 t with 1 =I (i)
n=l

Here, b,=2j l)2sin nnxdx

Itur""(ff)ar=z
00
It*-
='lu - sz (-2s "rx) - ru - r(-W) ., (S#)].
='{* * ft5rco' ntr - t,\ = *{, . hu-'r -'r}
Substituting this in (i), we get

r(x)=:n:lt. h{(-rr - r}]sinnn, (ii)

as the required half-range sine series.

598 9. Fourier Series

(b) Next, the half-range cosine series for the same function over (0, 1) is

f(x) =ry2 . i ancoswrx

4"
(iii)

l1
Here, ao=z
Ifu, dx=2 f a-Dzdx=? (iv)

and an = 2 l^ /(t).o. nnx dx = Z | 6- 1)2 cos nnx dx

J""
00
J'
t . trl
nn'\ tol,'f"1 *, sin rzrx\
-zl*-,,\^
=zl rr - D, Fin -,,r - l ) (-\ n2i2 /''\ f - ilil)]o
l'
I
=z{zr-n( #)} =# (v)

Substituting (iv) and (v) in (iii), we obtain

I 4gl (vi)
f(x1= a* 7 LAcosnftx
n=L

as the required half-range cosine series.

Deductions
(a) Taking x = 0 in (vi) and noting that /(0) = 1, we get

I 4gt
l=-+,rrLd,or 2 +sr frt n2 (vii)
3
n=,
i=,rrLi,or
n=t
La=i
n=t

(b) Taking x = 1 in (vi) and noting that /(1) = 0, we get

1 4 sr-tl,
-1=nrLY'or s(-l)'*' =n
le (viii)
n=l L
n=t
*
(c) Adding results (vii) and (viii), we get

n2 g{r*(_l;n*rl=p-y-sr-
z z z € ,

7=Z n, =-;en-tP
n=l€,1n=l

or t ---l- = 8'
Lpn_l1z
tt r
n=l
9.2.2, Half-range Fourier expansion over the interval (0,1) 599

@ Expand the function f(x) defined by

.llx) =
{1t1+1-, for o< -r<ll2
1

lx-(3/+) tor ll2<x< I

in a half-range sine series.

> The given /(x) is defined over the interval (0, 1). Its harf-range sine series is

f(x) = io,rrnrnx (i)

where

bn = z j rur sinnxdx = r{'! o..

i(, - ;),in,^*d,}
G- "),in,,,,
=
'{l(1
-
4 t-.x") -'-' '( w)]," . l(" i)t'x) - (-+F)1,,}
= r{*@,7* t) - fi ,,nT .
#(-.o,n,r - cos T) - w,^T\
=r{fir,-cosnzr) h,*T}=*Lr-(-r,\-#sinff (ii)

Putting this into (i), we get the required half-range sine series as

r(x)=Z{*tl-(-rrt h, T}sinnnx r

@$[ For the function f(t) = x(t - x), obtain (a) the half-range cosine series an;
(b) the half-range sine series, over the interval (0,l).

> (a) For the given /(x), the half-range cosine series over the intervar (0, /) is

f(x) = ry
'
.t o,"o,(ff\"
n=1
\ ' /r
(i)

Here, oo=1
fruro,=1
00 fu"-tya,=i(,+-:)=+ (ii)
600 9. Fourier Series

and o, =
1;[ /<"1.o, (T), n, =
1 f u,- ,2; cos (T) . o"
00
r,
{**'* (T)'} -,, -
ro (T)
=
1lu, - {-h."' 4
- ( 13 ," 1,11),\1,
+(-z)\-aA' rrr;10
=11'( h'o'n") .'(-h)]= -#{(-r)' + 1} (iii)

Putting (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get the required cosine series as

=
P zP S [l +(-l)'l tnr\ (iv)
J(x) 6' ^, h--4-.o'1,T/"
(b) Next, for the same /(;r) the half-range sine series over the interval (0, /) is

f(x) =ir,r,n (T). (v)

n=l

Here,

br= ',
f00 tur'*(T) xttx =i f u.- /;,i,' (T).0.

{-*.", (T) 4 -,, -,i

= 1lu. - r, (T)
{-h-. 4
+(-2){h.",(T)4]:
=
1l-#(cos nzr - t'l = ffi n- (-1r) (vi)

Putting (vi) into (v), we get the required sine series as

r(x)=*LI!+#r,'"(T)"
/T"
n=l -
9.2.2. Hulf-range Fourier expansion over the interval (0,1 601

@obtainthehalf-rangeFouriercosineseriesfor.f(x)=sin(mnlt)x,wheremisa
specified positive integer, over the interval (0,1.

) Forthe given f(x),thehalf-range Fourier cosine series over the interval (0,f is

-f(x) =+.n,,*r(T) (i)

Here, oo =1
f00rato* ='jf ,'' ff)o* =1 *l *,7)|,
'fi-cosm7(+ ll
fitt -(-r),,1 = (ii)
lt
and =1
f tur*'(T)o*='il,- ff)*,(T)a.
I

(. . ,rT ,Tlo.
=
+ f
0
lsin
+ sin (z - (iiD

Forn = m,this becomes

I
t f.2nnx tl I 2nnlt
q,,,=7J t'n , o*=7ln.ot I "lo=-*n@os2nn-cos0)=0
I
(iv)
0

For n * rr, we find, from (iii),

an =
ll t r cos (m + n)7}* rrxr I 1 cos .{I\l'
i lr, . ,* {- <* -
1* - ,1o {- ')7l)o
= {-cos Qn + n)n+ l} + r-+ {-cos(z - n)n + t)
-]
\m + n)ft
- Qn - n)n

l-J- { I -
= Inltn+n cos rrzr c os nft +sin zzr sin nny +
m-n - cos zn
-}-[ 1 c os niT -sin,n sin rz'1'l|

_(l-cosmtrcosnn)l I , I \ _2m{l-(-t).+,1
rT -\*.r**-rJ=-(,r1r-;f (v)

Substituting (ii), (iv) and (v) in (i), we get the required cosine series as

f(x)=lr,-(-r)'t
m'f
."L4##.",(T) x.n*m
n=l
r
602 9. Fourier Series

@Findthehalf-rangeFouriercosineandsineseriesforthefunction
(r* ino<x<tl2
f(*)--
itll--"1 in tl2<x<t
where k is a non-integer positive constant.

> The given /(x) is defined over the half-interval (0, f. For this function,

'
{tu' ,l./ ir,^,-,)r,]
=?l"i o.o,. f
oo=1 ,*

=+{[*]'t' _;s -_,f \ =+y:.L\ =2k L

rlL zjo I z 1' l,pJ /18 8J t 4 =lu, (i)

o.=1 xdx=+{i ."",(T), o.* f u-x)cos (?,r.\

{uo.",(T)
_zr yr
- [y.
71r\;,,'ff),\ { h."'(T)'}1l'
.
1,,
-, {*,*(T) .\. \-h.", (T),}],,,}
_2k{t t nft* P l._nft ,\ I I _..nr P t ,nl\
= i \; -sin i ,rv lcosT -t)- -
l'-sin i ap (cosnr-cos,Ji

=#{2.o,ff-r-(-1)'}, (ii)

and b.=27 xdx=+\i ,,*(T) ,0.* 1,,-x)sin

(?.r-\
{ror,'(T)
= + {1. {-
* *"ff).} { h'- (T)
4r'
.
f,,
- r{-*.", (T)4 . {-h,-(T)4];,,
Zt ( I I nft P w( t t nft 12 nn]t
= t\-,
9.2.2. Half-range Fourier expansion over the interval (0,1

4kl nn
(iiil
= __ Slfl __
ntftt 2

Accordingly, for the given /(x), the half-range cosine series is

A0 \-'l nI
llx)= ^24+ ).d2coS-;r
I
n=l

_kl I (- nft t- (-l)")cos

."1 nft
= *,2fr1 S \2cos -
V F A- 2 7x
and the half-range sine series is

r(x) =i r.,* ff * = # n# ('. T),'"7,

Exercises

1. Obtain the half-range cosine series for the following functions over the indicated intervals:

(1) ,f(t) = x, over (0, D. Q) f@) = c - x; over (0, c).

(3)/x) =2x-t.over(0,2). (4)f(*)={l'0<x<l over(O.2).

[x, I < x <2
(5) . ltt14)-x.o<x<tl2
" over (0, 1).
,f(.t) = i
lx-(3/a). (l/2)<x<l
(_ t. o<x<(u2\
(6) /(x) = i over (0, l).
[1. (ll2)<x<1
2. Obtain the half-range sine series for the following functions over the indicated intervals:

(1) ,f(x) = x, over (0,2). (2) f(x) = x - x2, over (0, 1).

(Z) f(x) =e',over(0,1). @) f(x)=(ll2)-x,over(0,f.

(.. 0<x<(1/4)
-"
(5) ,f(x)=i over(0.I).
[(t /3Xt - x), (t 14\ < x < |

(t. o<x<(u2\
(6) /(x) = i over (0, f .

[0. 1ll2)<x<t
604 9. Fourier Series

Answers

r. (r) / 4/S I r- ,r.Yr Q\

.^ c 2c${l-(-l)'i cos(:Jx.
tnn\
;- j),r,._t)rcos{(2n-')7}
- " r=1 r-" 1+F)t-
- ,, i.1
I
,3, 1 -, il?
i{r-tl-
It.",(T)' t,
i*[r-,,'-.". T].",(T)
,0, 4 * n2/-.tn2l'
nt \21
-
(5\
2Sl r 2cos nft+cos nnlcosnnx.
r +fft nr nn
FL; {l - t @ -;),,;sin 7 cos 7x.
n=l n=l

4g(-lY''r iln (l) I Ssin(2n- lrnx

2. (l) -n4) rt sin
- ) Qn - l)'
2
-.r. n'3
(l) i, 2"1 , {t-(-r)'e}sinrin.r. (4)' lill+(-l)"lrinl,T)".
' /-1l+ntnz n4 tr \II
8 S I lnft\
(t\ wAasinlTJsinrr.r. (u,
4Sl .lnn\ lnnx\
;!";sin'fi,}sin(7j.
10-34 s Mathematical Methods

I n.
{
o<*<1 Proof Let the Fourier series for/(x) in (-/, /) be
s. ft')=l l: *
lnt-rt" !<r<t .f (x) = *"ff +\r, sinff (10.41)
t' " 2 i.oo 7.-o,

Deduce the value

"rl1"* I3'* 1*
5" 17"
*... Multiplying both sides of (10.41) by f(x) and
integrating term by term from -/ to / we obtain
IJNTU 200s S(3)

a* *i,,
cos2nr{,
.
Ans: l".
(x)
kl 2kl ;. J'_,tf tif a, =
?l'_/ al f (x) cosff dx
4 o"fro n'
J'_,

l-3
I 1, 0<x<-2
*iu,!'_,ra)sinffax 00.42)
10. f(x\= )
lt- i. .r.
l2 '. 3
Also (ag, a* bn)

Ans:
I 3l (zr+2)cosr-cos-
l(x)=--+ I|
I tr'L'
^ 7a 2ta
3 2
= J'-,
i
t, *, (,' *'T''^ +)*
2-3n 3nx
+-cos__...l. I
e3l = I';al(t, "o,7, "^ry)6,s - (tas, ta,, tb,)
(10.43)

10.11 Roor Substituting (10.42) we have

MnaN Seuann (RMS)
Vertru oF a Fr.lNcrroN
In many engineering applications, one has to deal
with the concept of root mean square (RMS) value
J'-,t f{it' a* =,l:'A.t vi.u:tf .'0.44)

or effective value of a function. which is known as Parseval's formula.

The RMS value of a function y = f(x) over a
given interval (a, b) is defined by
Related Formulae

t=(fi1!r'0,)''' (10.38) l. If f(x) is an even function in (-1, /), (10.43)

becomes

2rt " =-"6 1. : "

rftheintervalis (-/, /) then I =(jf-,trollre) ;Jolf G)l'dx +Lai. bn=0
(10.45)
,'= jl-;r@)tzdx (10.3e)
2. It f(x) is an odd tunction in (-/, D, (10.43)
becomes
10.11.1 Parseval's Formula
Ttreorem 10.1
1I'r"o'' n- =;,4' Qo = an -0
If the Fourier series for/(x) converges uniformly in n=l
(10.46)
(-/, /; then
3. If the half-range cosine series for /(x) in
"t l- I
)'_,1.f t,)l'a, =
tl;"| *lt"l, * 4ll (r0.40) (0,l) is .f (x)=)"r*fi",cos@ then
LL'tl
 Fourier Series r 10-35

i,li,e+d+d .d.
By RMS value in series
J'olf t,\'a* =
)
(10.47)
l' t.r ral' o, = r,l +(,T)' 4t
4. If the half-range sine series for/(x) in (0, l) is
._11 t
L* [#)' ]
.f(x)=|u,'^ry then
= 4=t>4=I*4*)*...=!
45 -n* 1o 2o 3* 90
(5)

[';rotf a*=),rq +$ +S +"1 Example ro.3z

(10.48) Find (a) the half-range cosine series and (b) sine
series for/(x) =x in 0 <x < /.
Example ro.3r
Also. deduce the value
Find the Fourier expansion of f(i = * in -n < x < x.
Using the series find the RMS value of/(x) in the
"ti.+.+
IJNTU 20011.
interval. Deduce l+ I *l* ... ='o Solution
l* 2+ 34 90 (a) The half-range cosine series is given by

Solution Since /(x) = i is even in (-n, n) the l:n1u

Fourier series is given by JG)=*=too*Ao^cosi (l)
where
f(x)=r' =?*ion"o"nr,
2
bn=0 (l)

where
n =ll',ro) d- =11:.d. =i(t),=' (2)

2rl ^( nlEx - 2al nnx

oo=zy',,d*=;(+); =1 o, (2) o" = x) cos- dx = x cos-dx
7 oJ
J
7Jo

o, - ?f!
It
'!
,z cos nx d* =il.(*","ry)-'(-h"."7))),
=ilr(*f)-*?ry).,( ry )1, =
ilhlrcos nz - cos o t=
fit {t-tt' - r)

=?7t2v"olT =0,-!' [o if n is even

n' n-
(3) r
=l --/.1
(3)
t1 = t3 =0 at x= n,0 t2 =Q af y=Q l--+
ln'r'
if n is odd
mx
RMS value of t 4l- cos/
'';u___-i)_ (1)
')
zilnoddn
-2Lt 2

f(x) =l*!:,vr"))' o,f' = *- r,r * (4) (b) The half-range sine series is given by

.f(x)=r=Ib,sinff (1)
*,(+);,=# where
n=o I
10-36 s Mathematical Methods

a 3. Using the Fourier cosine series for f(x) = x(lt - x) in

.L
,tl=-
fi,,
fi f('x)
qTIX
-'dx
II
2
I l'
*"i"ff *' (2) 0<x< zshowthat
1llna
f'24'34'
-! -I -r 90
I \l-1.
nlTxt
2
I (- nx cos
n1
-I ) (h)?"^ry a. If f(x) =\U,sinffin 0< r < / where

=0 at r=0 =0 at r=/,0
b" = f @ "inff tnenshow that
1 !:
=?,(
/ -l-\"osn/t
nft) \
= -Letr
nE
el 1

(-l)'-1 lo{f {*D'a*

"
=;'24'
2/
r _ ii
n? n "in"(li F
(3)
n=l
Numerical Series Arising From Certain
Fourier Series
Deduction
(-t)'-t
1<r.11.2 By Parseval's Related r. ft =1-1*1-1*...
4 3 5 7 = f7tn-l
(Gregory series)
Formulas
n2rrlSl
2. '- = l+-:+-_*-:+.''= ) --
=,lt.i'* #l
rrl !'Jrr"n, 6, = !' *, d*
8 31 5t '7t *=r12n -l1'

^J. 7t-2 I I I 1

4 1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9

l=,'l+.:r+l
3 + (=r:,+
12 - (-l)"-' (-t)'-'
2,fi.tn*n*
l4 I -if,.t+n' =f
- t1 ?^<zn - t)(2n + l\
^^i^,
l1lna -'n2 I I I I :l)
4- =-:*-t.-+--+"'=
"6(22324t|un' -
f' 34' 54'
-r-r-! 96
.-t- ft2 l l I 1 I I S(-l)'-'
= t
12 l' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6"
1

=,1:r#) = T =2i
-T
(2) -=:--":T.:---T-- 7, n'
!',,,a*
6. 1=l- I * I 'l* =i=
-'21.3
(s) -l
3.s s.7 7.9 fi(2n-r)(2n+t)
EXERCISE 1o.5 =
'. ;[(+
-;). (;- :). (i -+).
1. n f(x) =
I^ *|',"orff (0 <
"
< 1) show that *r
- [2, '{ -in+tt )l ))

=!(r- t )-lur'--
!'ocr,>l'a* =i,GA + al
+ o?, *
'?
* ") 2\ Zn+r) 2

(Except the first and the last terms all other terms get
I nEx l-.
If 1(x)=-oo+ --
nIU
ln
/a,cos , + Lbnsn I cancelled)

(0<x<2I)provethat From (3) and (6) we obtain

I I I
fi' {r{il'a* = ztlI"?, .l>a:. *tf " 8 .3' 5.7' 9.l l *..=iLut+n -l){+n - t)
i.n= 1