Colligative properties Osmotic Pressure

 Dependent on the quantity of the solute  Pressure to stop Osmosis

 Can be classified as Electrolyte and Non- o Osmosis
Electrolyte  Movement of solvent
molecules form a low
Types of Colligative Properties
concentration to a high
1. Vapor Pressure Depression concentration solute
2. Boiling Point Elevation  If the concentration of solute is high then the
3. Freezing Point Depression osmotic pressure will go up
4. Osmotic Pressure
Formula
Electrolyte Solutions
𝜋 = 𝑀𝑅𝑡
 Turns into ions 𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑅 = 0.0821
Non-Electrolyte Solutions 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
 Does not dissociate to ions Van Hoff Factor

Vapor Pressure Depression  Number of particles in a one-unit formula

 If Solute is high, then Vapor Pressure is

Low Formulas
Formula ∆𝑡𝑓 = −𝑖(𝑚)(𝐾𝑓)
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = (𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣) (𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣) ∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑖 (𝑚)(𝐾𝑏)
𝜋 = 𝑖 𝑀𝑅𝑡
Freezing Point Thermochemistry
 A point where liquid turns to solid
 Involvement of heat in chemical reactions
 Break bonds

Freezing Point Depression Constant System

 1 mol of solute depresses the freezing point  An entity in the universe that we want to
at a constant value observe
 Focus of observation
Formulas
Surroundings
∆𝑡𝑓 = (𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛) + (𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣)
 Energy from surroundings that are
∆𝑡𝑓 = −(𝑚)(𝐾𝑓) transferred to the system and vice versa
Boiling point Elevation −∆𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
 The increased value of the BP when solute is −𝑄𝑠𝑦𝑠 + 𝑊𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑄𝑠𝑢𝑟 − 𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
added
Formulas
∆𝑡𝑏 = (𝑡𝑏 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛) − (𝑡𝑏 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣)
∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠 = −𝑞 + 𝑤
∆𝑡𝑏 = 𝑚 (𝐾𝑏)
∆𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑟 = 𝑞 − 𝑤
 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑡 Chemical Kinetics
Where: m = mass  Movement among chemical reactions
 Rate of Chemical Reactions
c = specific heat
Rate
∆𝑡 = Calorimetry
 Concentration of reactants
Calorimetry
 Concerned with the heat changes in the
surroundings and systems Rate of reactants that are expected to deplete
Calorimeter 1 ∆[𝐴] 1 ∆[𝐵]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − ( )=− ( )
 Device used to measure calorimetry 𝑎 ∆𝑡 2 ∆𝑡
 Filled with water Rate of Products that are expected to gain
e.g. Water 1 ∆[𝐶] 1 ∆[𝐷]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ( )= ( )
Container will be the surrounding 𝑎 ∆𝑡 2 ∆𝑡

𝑞𝑠𝑦𝑠 = −(𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 𝑞𝐻20) Collision Theory

Where qcal = 0  There must be collision among chemical

reactions
𝑞𝑠𝑦𝑠 = −𝐻20
To make a chemical reaction happen successfully
Final Formula
1.) Orientation of the collision must be correct
𝑞𝑠𝑦𝑠 = −(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝐻20)(𝑐𝐻20)∆𝑡𝐻20 2.) Must have enough energy during collision
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
 Reactions in standard conditions 3 factors that contribute to chemical reaction
Standard Condition 1.) Concentration of reactants
25℃, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 2.) Temperature
3.) Catalyses
Standard Molar Enthalpy of Formation
Rate = k [A]x [B]y
∆𝐻°𝑟𝑥𝑛 = (∑ ∆𝐻 °𝑓𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑐𝑑𝑡𝑠) Zero Order of reaction
− ∑ ∆𝐻 °𝑓𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑛𝑠) X is 0
𝑀
∆𝐻°𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑠 Unit rate= k
𝑆
= 𝑞∆𝐻°𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 + 𝑏∆𝐻°𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝐵
First Order of reaction
Hess’ Law
Rate = k [A]1
 Enthalpies of a sum of a series of reactions
is equal to the sum of enthalpies of those 1
𝑘=
two reactions 𝑠

2𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2 Second Order of reactions

1.) 𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 Rate = k[A]2

2.) 2𝐶𝑂 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2
 1 Practice Questions
𝑘=
𝑀𝑆
1.) What is the vapor pressure of the solution of
Third Order of reaction sodium chloride; if we dissolve 48g of NaCl
in 60g of H2O, given that the vapor pressure
Rate = k [A]1 [B]2
of H2O is 960 torr
1
𝑘=
(𝑀^2)𝑆
2.) Calculate the freezing point of a solution
Rate Law expression
containing 4.22g of C12H22O11 and 50.0g of
 Supports that concentration will increase the H2O
rate of Chemical Reactions
Rate = k [A]x [B]y
3.) Calculate the boiling point of a solution with
4.27g C12H22O11 and 50g H2O

4.) What is the osmotic pressure of a 2.5M

C12H22O11 solution at 298 K

5.) What is the vapor pressure of a solution with

a 46g NaCl and 60g H2O

6.) What are the freezing point and boiling point

of a solution containing 5g C3H8O3 and 20g
H2O

℃ 𝑘𝑔
𝐾𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 = 1.86
𝑚𝑜𝑙
℃ 𝑘𝑔
𝐾𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 = 0.52
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑡𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 = 0℃
𝑡𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 = 100 ℃
7.) What is the osmotic pressure of a solution
with 40g NaCl and 60g of H2O at 418 K

8.) A gas releases 35 J of heat as 84 J of work

was done to compress it

9.) How much heat is absorbed by liquid H2O

weighs 550g as it is heated from 25 ℃ to
40 ℃

10.) The heat of a solution of a solid

sample was determined using a coffee
calorimeter that contains 250mL of H2O
initially at 24℃ , as the sample dissolves,
 the temperature of H2O dropped to 11℃.
What is the heat of the solution?

11.) C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

𝐾𝐽
a.) 𝐶3𝐻8 = −104 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐾𝐽
b.) 02 = 0 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐾𝐽
c.) 𝐶𝑂2 = −393.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐾𝐽
d.) 𝐻2𝑂 = −241.8 𝑚𝑜𝑙

12.) Hess’ law

a. N2 + O2 → NO2

13.) Write the rate law expression:

Calculate the rate constant
a. CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 +HCl
Experiment [CHCl3] [Cl2] R (M/s)
1 0.0011 0.014 2.60x10-4
2 0.0011 0.028 5.70x10-4
3 0.0022 0.028 2.08x10-3
4 0.0022 0.014 1.04x10-3