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DETERMINATION OF DOMINANT MODES FREQUENCY OF DOUBLE LAYER

GRIDS USING OPTIMIZED STARTING ITERATION VECTOR

Article · June 2015

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DETERMINATION OF DOMINANT MODE FREQUENCY OF DOUBLE LAYER
GRIDS USING OPTIMIZED STARTING ITERATION VECTOR

Mohamad Hadi Bagherinejad1, Leila Shahryari2

ABSTRACT

The vector iteration methods are one of the fundamental equation solving methods among eigenproblem
solving methods; however, convergence to a specific mode is difficult in such methods. In this paper,
a method is presented for double layer grid structures in which the vector iteration methods converge
to the dominant modes. For obtaining the dominant modes, the starting iteration vector is optimized
using genetic algorithm based on the mass participation ratio. Subsequently, (in order to obtain
the upper dominant modes) the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization method is used. The numerical
results demonstrate the computational advantages of the proposed methodology.

Keywords: modes; frequency; behaviour; vector; iteration; mass participation; orthogonalization.

1. INTRODUCTION
The modal analysis has been used as one of the strong methods of dynamic analysis in structure
engineering over the last two centuries [1]. In this analysis, modes and frequencies are useful
characteristics for identification of structures dynamic behaviour. The percentage of mass participation
of modes shows their importance in the seismic responses of structures. The dominant modes have
the most participation in structural seismic responses because their mass participation ratios are
more than the other modes.

The dominant modes in space-framed structures appear in primary modes, but in space structures,
the dominant modes are dispersed and the existence of dominant modes in the higher modes is
possible. Therefore, developing a method to solve eigenproblems of space structures and to determine
the dominant modes without calculation all modes can be useful which can also be improved for
other types of structures.

All eigenvalue solving methods have iterative nature because solving eigenvalue problems are
equivalent to determine the polynomial roots [2]. The inverse iteration method is one of the
fundamental and useful methods to solve eigenproblems. Selecting a complete unit vector as the
starting iteration vector is the most important point in this method. In solving eigenproblems, it is
difficult to ensure convergence to a specific eigenvalue; in fact, theory has shown it is impossible [2].
1
Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran, Ph. +989386016432,
Fax: +987132274426, Email: mhb.civil@gmail.com.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran, Ph. +987136191626,
Fax: +987136191626, Email: lshahryari@just.ac.ir.

Manuscript received on 30th August 2013 reviewed and accepted on 24th November 2014 as per publication
policies of NED University Journal of Research. Pertinent discussion including authors’ closure will be
published in January 2016 issue of the Journal if the discussion is received by 30th June 2015.

NED UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, VOL XII, NO. 1, 2015 13
 M. H. Bagherinejad and L. Shahryari

Mohamad Hadi Bagherinejad is a Lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering of the

Zarghan branch at Islamic Azad University, Iran and Pishtazan University of Shiraz, Iran. He
is a PhD student in Structural Engineering at Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University,
Tehran, Iran. He received his Masters in Structural Engineering in 2011 from Shahid Bahonar
University of Kerman.
Leila Shahryari is an Assistant Professor in Civil and Environmental Engineering of the Shiraz
Branch at Islamic Azad University, Iran where she received her Masters in Structural Engineering
in 2006. She received her PhD in Structural Engineering from the Iran University of Science
and Technology, Iran in 2009.
Several studies have been reported related to determining frequencies and modes of structures; few
of them are mentioned here. Lanczos [3] presented a systematic method for finding the latent roots
and the principal axes of a matrix, without reducing the order of the matrix. Wasfy and Noor [4]
approximated the frequencies, modes and dynamical responses of space trusses using fuzzy logic.
Steven et al. [5] presented a fully-vectorial, three-dimensional algorithm to compute the definite-
frequency eigenstates of Maxwell's equations in arbitrary periodic dielectric structures (including
systems with anisotropy (birefringence) or magnetic materials) using preconditioned block-iterative
eigensolvers in a planewave basis. Gao [6] evaluated the frequencies and modes of truss structures
using the interval factor method (IFM) with the interval parameters. Chrysanthakopoulos et al. [7]
proposed a formula in order to approximate the three natural frequencies of two-dimensional steel
frames. Gao [8] approximated the frequencies and modes of truss structures by combining the
random factor method (RFM) and IFM with uncertain parameters. Liao et al. [9] studied nonlinear
Rayleigh-Ritz iterative (NRRIT) method for solving nonlinear eigenvalue problems. These authors
demonstrated the efficiency of the NRRIT method by comparing with the inverse iteration method
to solve a highly nonlinear eigenvalue problem arising from finite element electromagnetic simulation
in accelerator modelling. Kaveh and Nikbakht [10] presented an algorithm based upon a combination
of group-theoretical ideas and graph-methods. This algorithm identified the cases where the structure
has the potential of being further decomposed, and also found the symmetry group, and subsequently
the transformation which can further decompose the system. Kaveh and Fazeli [11] obtained the
natural frequencies and mode shapes of the modified regular systems using a numerical method
based on single iteration methods. Chen and Feng [12] presented a simplified technique for analysing
dynamic characteristics of symmetric prestressed structures using group theory. These authors also
proposed a simplified technique to analyse initial prestress distribution and natural vibration of
tensegrity structures based on group theory [13]. However, there is no study on developing a method
to obtain the dominant modes directly.

In this paper, the convergence moves toward the dominant modes using the optimized starting
iteration vector in order to solve the eigenvalue problem of double layer grids. In addition, it is
shown that the presented optimized iteration vector can be used for all kinds of double layer grids.
Therefore, the starting iteration vector is optimized based on the mass participation ratio. Note that
since each node in the space structures has three degrees of freedom, the obtained optimized starting
iteration vector can be used for similar structures. Further, it is shown that other dominant modes
can be obtained by the orthogonalization method. Consequently, only the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
of the dominant modes are obtained without calculating these for all modes.

2. METHODOLOGY OF WORK
A general method is proposed to optimize the starting iteration vector. Genetic algorithm is used
for optimization. The starting iteration vector is optimized based on the mass participation ratio.
Therefore, this vector is selected as a variable and the mass participation ratio is selected as the
objective function of optimization problem. For optimization by genetic algorithm, three variables
are defined. The connections in space structures are assumed as pin or simple connection (three-
degrees of freedom); the algorithm genetic variables are the elements of a three-part vector (V) as
given in Eq. (1)
V = [v1;v2;v3] (1)
The starting iteration vector (x1) is defined as Eq. (2)
x1 = [v1;v2;v3,v1;v2;v3,...,v1;v2;v3]T (2)
The starting iteration vector [Eq. (2)] includes the three-part vectors based on the number of structure
nodes. The modes and frequencies of structures are obtained using the inverse iteration method as
y1 = Mx1 (3)

14 NED UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, VOL XII, NO. 1, 2015
 K xk+1 = yk, ( k=1,2,...) (4)
y k +1 = M x k +1 (5)
x Tk +1 yk
x k +1)= (6)
x Tk +1 y Tk +1

y k +1
y k +1 = (7)
(x T T
k +1 y k +1)0.5

If y T1  1 K 0, then
y k+1 iM  i and  (x k +1) ii as k ih (8)
the participation factor (fn) for every mode is obtained by Eq. (9)
fn = Tn Mi (9)
where  is the matrix of nth mode and i is the support efficacy matrix to show the effect of support
displacements on the structure displacements which is defined by x, y and z. The vertical mass
participations ratio (rzn) is obtained by Eq. (10)
f zn2
rzn = (10)
mz
where mz is the sum of mass of structure along z-axis. As mentioned before, the target is maximization
of the mass participation ratio. Therefore, the objective function for the genetic algorithm is defined as
Objective Function = 1 - rzn (11)
and constraint function is defined as
Constraint Function = Cv1 C+Cv2C+ Cv3C> 0 (12)
Once the objective function is calculated from Eq. (11), the entry variables are reformed based on
the objective function and the steps are repeated again. The iteration continues until the objective
function becomes minimum (zero). The only condition is avoidance of selecting zero for each of
the three variables simultaneously as it leads to vagueness of the relationships. Therefore, the
optimized starting iteration vector is produced.

In order to obtain the higher modes, the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization method is used. In this
method, Rx1 is calculated using Eq. (13)
m
R (13)
x1 = x1-aii
i=1

where coefficients ai are obtained using the conditions that Ti Mx1 =0 i =1...m and Ti M j =ij as
ai = Ti Mx1 (14)
T
xR1
is selected as the starting iteration vector, which is used instead of x1 and provided that x M  m+1
K 0 and convergence is occurred to  m+1 and m+1

3. DETERMINING OPTIMIZED STARTING ITERATION VECTOR

The elements of the optimized starting iteration vector are determined based on the aforementioned
method and its performance is scrutinized. Primarily, the inverse iteration method is used for
determining the first frequency and mode of a double layer grid structure. Then, the genetic algorithm
determines the elements of the starting iteration vector. The higher frequencies and modes are also
determined using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization method. The Rayleigh quotient iteration
method is used to improve the rate of convergence. In order to simplify the investigation of the
presented method, a small space structure is selected.

The geometrical characteristics of the space structure are illustrated in Figure 1. The height between
two layers is 180 cm (6 ft) and the imposed load on the upper nodes is 10 ton. The module of
elasticity is E = 2x106 kg/cm2 (28x106 psi), density of steel is  = 7250 kg/m3 (450 psf) and distance
between supports is taken as 3 m (9.8 ft). The structure had 13 nodes and 32 members. The
connections are assumed as pin. The profile entitled TUBE-D 386×6.3 (Table 1) is used for all
elements. The eigenvalues, frequencies and mass participations ratios are provided in Table 2.

NED UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, VOL XII, NO. 1, 2015 15
 M. H. Bagherinejad and L. Shahryari

Note: 1 ft = 30.5 cm

Figure 1. Plan of space structure.

Table 1. Properties of TUBE-D386*63

d t Area J I
cm (ft) cm (ft) cm2 (ft2) cm4 (ft4) cm4 (ft4)
36.8 0.63 71.59 23410 11710
(1.2) (0.02) (0.08) (0.027) (0.014)

Table 2. Eigenvalues, frequency and mass participation

Modes number Eigenvalues (rad2/sec2) (rad/sec) Mass participation ratio
1 3644.71 60.37 1.71 x10-31
2 4716.53 68.68 6.87 x10-30
3 4716.53 68.68 1.80 x10-34
4 8279.61 90.99 1.54 x10-30
5 8333.82 91.29 8.05 x10-31
6 8333.82 91.29 1.63 x10-32
7 11254.91 106.09 0.38
8 19331.87 139.04 0.05
9 19331.87 139.04 0.27
10 22687.03 150.62 9.30 x10-33
11 22687.03 150.62 8.87 x10-31
12 44050.95 209.88 8.34 x10-32
13 45676.68 213.72 1.29 x10-33
14 66252.43 257.40 8.93 x10-31
15 66252.431 257.40 1.19 x10-32
16 70439.75 265.40 2.87 x10-31
17 70439.75 265.40 9.61 x10-33
18 79350.73 281.69 0.11
19 83676.21 289.27 0.06
20 94413.79 307.27 0.06
21 94413.79 307.27 0.06
22 155513.84 394.35 5.63x10-32
23 160881.27 401.10 1.41 x10-32
24 160881.27 401.10 1.09 x10-32
25 165352.22 406.64 1.02 x10-33
26 182159.48 426.80 1.59 x10-32
27 182159.48 426.80 3.59 x10-33

16 NED UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, VOL XII, NO. 1, 2015
Table 2 shows that the space structure has 27 modes in which the first dominant mode occurred
in the 7th mode and the other dominant modes appeared in the higher modes.

The results of the inverse iteration method using the unit starting iteration vector are provided in
Figure 2. As shown Figure 2, the convergence occurred in the second mode after 14 iterations.

According to the presented method, the conditions and objective function are determined in the
genetic algorithm and the variables are defined subsequently. The population size is 20, the number
of generations is 100 and the bound for each variable is [0 1]. The optimization procedure for the
first trial is shown in Figure 3. As seen in Figure 3, the objective function value is converged to
0.6168 after 100 generations. The variables related to the minimum value of the objective function
is [0 0.33]. The optimization results are provided by five optimization tests as under

V1 = [000.33] i= 11254.908 irzn = 0.3832 itargetfunction = 0.6168

V2 = [000.42] i= 11254.908 irzn = 0.3832 itargetfunction = 0.6168
V3 = [000.86] i= 11254.908 irzn = 0.3832 itargetfunction = 0.6168
V4 = [000.89] i= 11254.908 irzn = 0.3832 itargetfunction = 0.6168
V5 = [000.35] i= 11254.908 irzn = 0.3832 itargetfunction = 0.6168

The results indicate that if the vector is selected as [0 0 a] the convergence of inverse iteration
method leads to the eigenvalue and eigenvector, which are related to the first dominant mode.

The steps of convergence using the vector [0 0 1] in the inverse iteration are presented in Figure 2.
As can be seen Figure 2, the convergence occurred in the first dominant mode using the optimized
starting iteration vector. Afterward, the proposed eigenproblem of the space structure is surveyed.

Figure 2. Results of invers iteration with unit and optimized starting vector.

Figure 3. Amounts of target function in the first optimization.

NED UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, VOL XII, NO. 1, 2015 17
 M. H. Bagherinejad and L. Shahryari

Figure 4. Results of Rayleigh quotient iteration, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation by

using optimized starting iteration vector.

It is found that the optimized starting iteration vector can obtain all the dominant modes. The
determination of eigenvalues and eigenvectors continues until the mass participation ratio reaches
0.99. The steps of convergence for each dominant mode are presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4 shows that the corresponding eigenvalues of the dominant modes can be obtained using
the Rayleigh quotient iteration, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization and optimized starting iteration
vector without determining all eigenvalues.

4. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS

A number of case study structures were used for carrying out numerical experiments for scrutinizing
performance of the optimized starting iteration vector. The vector [0 0 1] is used in the starting
iteration vector for all the employed structures. It was assumed for these structures that the sum of
mass participation ratios must reach to 0.9. The modulus of elasticity, density of steel and profile
of members correspond to the small space structure shown in Figure 1. Table 3 shows the geometric
characteristics and loading data of the case study structures. Figure 5 shows the plans of these
structures and Table 4 summarises the obtained eigenvalues for the structures using the optimized
starting iteration vector. Table 4 shows that the method provides only the dom inant modes and
stops when the sum of participation mass ratios reaches to 0.9. In some of experiments, the method
was unable to provide the dominant modes in accordance with the number of modes. This indicates
that the upper dominant modes might be obtained earlier than the lower dominant modes.

Table 3. Geometric characteristics and loading information of case study structures

Structure Number Number Number Load on each Height between
number of nodes of elements of supports upper node (ton) two layers, m (ft)
1 1080 4032 8 1 2 (6.6)
2 961 3644 12 2 2 (6.6)
3 761 2888 16 3 2 (6.6)
4 983 3756 13 2 1 (3.3)
5 2464 10766 6 2 3 (9.8)
6 2302 9946 10 3 2 (6.6)

18 NED UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, VOL XII, NO. 1, 2015
 Figure 5. Plans of case study structures.
Table 4. Eigenvalues obtained by optimized starting iteration vector for case study
structures
Structure Number Eigen value Mass participation Time (sec)
number of mode (rad2/sec2) ratio
1 310.31 0.49829
11 1934.52 0.08540
1 14 3860.34 0.19682 125
21 6270.54 0.11789
48 25153.87 0.02223
1 433.00 0.43802
2 5 726.58 0.41031 45
33 9869.68 0.08521
7 6132.55 0.76973
14 7875.90 0.06568
3 38 19103.80 0.00072 28
24 13693.17 0.03935
61 33197.20 0.02097
57 30548.69 0.02128

NED UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, VOL XII, NO. 1, 2015 19
 M. H. Bagherinejad and L. Shahryari
Table 4. (Continued)
Structure Number Eigen value Mass participation Time (sec)
number of mode (rad2/sec2) ratio
2 42.41 0.72723
15 603.84 0.01412
4 18 737.33 0.14083 52.3
6 164.37 0.00726
25 1469.87 0.02152
1 4.31 0.77923
5 7 137.63 0.11498 354.3
4 52.62 0.00675
2 30.24 0.33215
5 98.83 0.19736
3 71.09 0.17032
9 205.10 0.05039
6 6 152.63 0.08019
2376
18 703.12 0.02553
14 478.80 0.00178
16 617.31 0.00014
12 371.51 0.01384
22 982.95 0.03336

5. CONCLUSIONS
The starting iteration vector is optimized by the genetic algorithm in the presented paper in order
to obtain the dominant modes in double layer grids. Using the optimized starting iteration vector,
the convergence in the inverse iteration method is moved to the first dominant mode. Using the
Rayleigh quotient iteration method with the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization method, the convergence
is moved to the higher dominant modes by the optimized starting iteration vector (x1= [0 0 1 0 0 1
… 0 0 1]). The optimized starting iteration vector is used in several experiments. In all these
experiments, it is shown that the optimized starting iteration vector can determine the eigenvalues
and eigenvectors of the dominant modes, without calculating all eigenvalues.
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20 NED UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, VOL XII, NO. 1, 2015

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