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Procedia CIRP 42 (2016) 125 – 130

18th CIRP Conference on Electro Physical and Chemical Machining (ISEM XVIII)

Electrochemical machining of high-temperature titanium alloy Ti60

Zhengyang Xua,*, Xuezhen Chena, Zesheng Zhoua, Peng Qina, Di Zhua
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-025-8489-6304; fax:+86-025-8489-5912. E-mail address:xuzhy@nuaa.edu.cn

Abstract

The high-temperature titanium alloy Ti60 (Ti–5.6Al–4.8Sn–2Zr–1Mo–0.35Si–0.7Nd) is often used for manufacturing critical components of
aero-engines. The use of this alloy has made it possible to increase the service temperature to up to 600 °C. However, machining such alloys by
conventional methods is difficult, often resulting in low process efficiency, high tool wear, reduced precision, and poor surface integrity.
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an effective method to machine titanium alloys but the electrochemical dissolution behavior of titanium
alloys is different from those of other difficult-to-cut materials such as nickel alloys. This study focuses on the ECM of the high-temperature
titanium alloy Ti60. The anodic polarization curve, open circuit potential, and actual volume electrochemical equivalent–current density curve
of Ti60 are obtained. The electrochemical dissolution behavior of Ti60 is analyzed, and the composition, concentration, and temperature of the
electrolyte used for ECM are optimized. Dissolution experiments are performed at different current densities, and results show that the surface
roughness of Ti60 undergoing ECM deteriorates when the current density is small. Finally, electrochemical parameters are optimized and a
blisk sector made of Ti60, which is to be used in an aero-engine compressor, is machined by ECM. The process is stable and efficient. The
maximum machining rate of the channels is more than 1.2mm/min. The best surface roughness is Ra 0.6 μm, and the machining accuracy of the
blade profile is 0.05–0.07mm.
© 2016 The Authors.
© Authors. Published
PublishedbybyElsevier
ElsevierB.V.
B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of 18th CIRP Conference on Electro Physical and Chemical Machining (ISEM
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
XVIII).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of 18th CIRP Conference on Electro Physical and Chemical Machining
(ISEM XVIII)
Keywords: Electrochemical machining; Titanium alloy; Ti60; Dissolution behavior; Blisk

1. Introduction manufacturing technology is required for machining such

The high-temperature titanium alloy Ti60 (Ti–5.6Al–
4.8Sn–2Zr–1Mo–0.35Si–0.7Nd), which is a near-α titanium
alloy with an optimized chemical structure, has been used for
manufacturing different components; the use of this alloy has
made it possible to increase the service temperature of the
components to up to 600 °C [1,2]. Ti60 is an important
structural material often used for manufacturing critical
components of aero-engines, such as the blisks or blades of
high-pressure compressors, because of its low density
combined with good high-temperature mechanical properties.
However, machining such alloys by conventional methods is
difficult, often resulting in low process efficiency, high tool
wear, and reduced precision. In addition, the surface integrity
is often poor because of thermo-mechanically altered or
damaged rim zones [3–5]. Therefore, an alternative
alloys.
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an electrochemical
dissolution method to produce smooth surfaces with a high
accuracy and without limitations to the mechanical properties
of the alloys [6,7]. ECM is increasingly being considered as an
important method for the production of hard-to-machine
titanium alloys. Compared to traditional technologies, ECM
does not cause heat-affected zones and internal stresses on the
machining surface. In addition, because ECM causes no tool
wear and gives high material removal rates, it is a very cost-
effective and highly efficient production method.
In recent years, many researchers have focused on the ECM
of hard-to-machine materials, especially titanium alloys.
Weinmann et al. used different techniques like linear sweep
voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to
study the electrochemical dissolution behavior of Ti90Al6V4
and Ti60Al40. They chose a suitable electrolyte and

2212-8271 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of 18th CIRP Conference on Electro Physical and Chemical Machining (ISEM XVIII)
doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.02.206
126 Zhengyang Xu et al. / Procedia CIRP 42 (2016) 125 – 130
corresponding current parameters [7]. Klocke et al. conducted
basic research on the electrochemical machinability of
selected modern titanium and nickel alloys for aero-engine
components [6]. They also carried out technological and
economic comparisons of roughing strategies via milling,
sinking electrical discharge machining (EDM), wire EDM,
and ECM for titanium and nickel blisks [8]. Clifton et al.
investigated the surface characteristics and integrity of γ-TiAl
subjected to ECM using perchlorate and chloride electrolytes
[9]. Dhobe et al. performed experiments on the ECM of
commercially pure titanium using a sodium bromide
electrolyte at a tool feed rate of 0.1 mm/min. The roughness of
the oxide-layered machined surface was suitable for use in
titanium implants without the need for further surface
preparation [10]. Santhi et al. optimized the process
parameters in ECM using DFA-fuzzy set theory-TOPSIS for a
titanium alloy [11]. Ittah et al. evaluated the pitting corrosion
of titanium in ammonium bromide solutions by
electrochemical methods [12]. Qu et al. machined a titanium
alloy by wire ECM (WECM) and implemented axial
electrolyte flushing in WECM for removing electrolysis
products and renewing the electrolyte [13]. Zaytsev et al.
proposed the optimal conditions for the ECM of Ti–6Al–4V
titanium alloy using a microsecond pulsed current; under these
conditions, surface-layer hydrogen was not found and pitting
did not occur [14]. Mount et al. carried out theoretical analysis
of chronoamperometric transients in ECM and characterized
titanium 6/4 and Inconel 718 alloys [15]. Lu and Leng
employed jet-electrochemical micromachining to produce
micro-hole patterns on titanium specimens [16]. Sjöström and
Su presented a technique involving a water-free electrolyte
that can be used to perform electrochemical micromachining
of Ti surfaces. Pit and groove structures with approximately
50-μm diameter/width were fabricated by using a tungsten
carbide tool [17]. Weber et al. studied the electrochemical
dissolution of cast iron in NaNO3 electrolyte [18].
The main problem in using ECM for titanium alloys is
titanium self-passivation, whereby a passive oxide layer is
formed, which inhibits the dissolution process. A propriate
process parameters and a suitable electrolyte are important for
the machining. This study focuses on the ECM of the high-
temperature titanium alloy Ti60. The electrochemical
dissolution behavior of Ti60 is analyzed. The anodic
polarization curves of Ti60 with sodium nitrate and sodium
chloride solutions are obtained, and a suitable electrolyte is
chosen. The open circuit potential and the actual volume
electrochemical equivalent–current density curve of Ti60 are
obtained. Dissolution experiments are performed at different
current densities, and the results show that the surface
roughness of Ti60 undergoing ECM deteriorates when the
current density is small. Finally, electrochemical parameters
are optimized and the blisk sector made of Ti60, which is to
be used in an aero-engine compressor, is machined by ECM.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
The workpiece material is the Ti60 alloy, which is made by
a conventional forging method in which the forging
temperature is below the phase transition point (1050–
1060 °C). Fig. 1 shows the material morphology of the Ti60
alloy. In the microstructure of the conventionally forged Ti60,
a major part is occupied by lumpy equiaxed primary α grains
and the dendritic secondary platelet α phase and the remaining
β phase are interveined between the α grains.
Fig. 1. Microstructure of Ti60 material.
2.2. Experimental setup and sample preparation
The structure and components of the samples used in the
study were characterized by using a metalloscope and by
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The
metalloscope is a Zeiss Axioplan 2 Imaging & Axiophot 2
microscope. The EDX investigations were performed using
another microscope (JSM-6360LV, JEOL, Japan).
Electrochemical measurements were performed using a
three-electrode setup and an electrochemical workstation
(CHI660E, CH Instruments Inc., China). The counter
electrode was a platinum flat electrode, the reference
electrode was Hg/Hg2SO4 in 0.5 M sulfuric acid, and the
working electrode was a Ti60 cuboid (10 × 10 × 5mm) whose
five surfaces were covered with resin and only one surface
was exposed to pretreatment using wet abrasive papers and
rinsing with distilled water. The actual volume
electrochemical equivalent (ηω)–current density (i) curve was
obtained by using a custom-made ECM experimental system
with a single feeding axis (Fig. 2). The experiments involving
the comparison of the machining surfaces roughness with
different current densities were performed for the same
machine tool. Cubes with dimensions 10 × 10 × 10 mm were
used as samples during the experiments. Finally, a blisk sector
made of Ti60, intended for use in an aero-engine compressor,
was machined electrochemically using custom-made blisk
ECM machine tools such as a blisk channel ECM machine
tool and profile ECM machine tool (Fig. 3). The surface
roughness was measured using a surface-finish measuring
instrument (Perthometer S3P, Mahr GmbH, Germany). The
machining accuracy of the blade profile was measured using a
coordinate measuring machine (TESA Micro-Hite 3D, TESA,
Switzerland).
 Zhengyang Xu et al. / Procedia CIRP 42 (2016) 125 – 130 127

The current–voltage curves show that the electrolyte

composition as well as the concentration influence the
dissolution behavior of the material. Based on the
measurements for sodium chloride shown in Fig. 5, the curves
can be divided into two different regions. Between 0 and 2 V,
the curves show a distinct area of passivation. There is no
electrochemical dissolution, and currents are almost zero
because the potentials are below the dissolution voltage (Ediss).
When the potentials are more than 2 V, the currents increase
Fig.2. Single-feeding-axis ECM experimental system. gradually, which means that electrochemical dissolution
occurs. This area is called the transpassive region. There is a
chemical interaction between chloride ions and the oxide
surface. Chloride ions with small sizes and strong
adsorptive properties can penetrate the passive layer and react
with the base alloy, resulting in the destruction of the oxide
layer. The dissolution voltages can be determined by
evaluating the inflection points of the polarization curves.
Electrolyte concentration is an important factor governing
Fig. 3. Custom-made blisk ECM machine tools. the dissolution behavior. In the measurements, several
different concentrations (0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) were
3. Results and discussion chosen. For low-concentration electrolytes (0.1% and 1%),
Ediss was higher than that for the other higher-concentration
3.1. Composition of material samples solutions (5%, 10%, and 15%). Furthermore, the increase in
current levels is very slow when the concentration is low
The composition of the Ti60 alloy samples was analyzed by (0.1% and 1%). Especially, for the electrolyte with 0.1%
EDX, as shown in Fig. 4. The results for the sample that concentration, there is almost no obvious dissolution and the
underwent polish pretreatment are shown in Fig. 4(a). The material is still in passivation. In contrast, for higher-
elements are almost in accordance with the nominal concentration solutions (5%, 10%, and 15%), the currents
composition of a Ti60 alloy. Fig. 4(b) shows the composition increase rapidly and steep ascending gradients are achieved.
of the sample without pretreatment. Because titanium is a Therefore, for higher concentrations, faster transpassive
self-passivation metal and there is a passive oxide layer on the dissolution is observed.
sample surface, oxygen is detected. 40°C NaCl (0.1% wt)
40°C NaCl (1% wt)
Element Wt% At% Element Wt% At% 40°C NaCl (5% wt)
7 Al 04.97 08.92 7
Ti
O 04.02 11.24 0.4 40°C NaCl (10% wt)
Ti Si 01.10 01.90 Al 04.43 07.34 40°C NaCl (15% wt)
6 Zr 03.10 01.65 6 Si 00.88 01.41
Nb 01.14 00.59 Zr 02.80 01.37
5 Mo 00.74 00.38 5
Nb 00.96 00.46 0.3
Sn 03.88 01.58
Intensity/a.u.
Intensity/a.u.

Mo 00.62 00.29
Current/A

4 Ti 83.49 84.47 4
Sn 03.46 01.30
Fe 00.13 00.11
Ti 81.14 75.79
3 Ta 01.45 00.39 3
Fe 00.66 00.53 0.2

Ta 01.03 00.25
2 2


1 Al Zr Mo 1 Al Zr Mo
0.1
Si Nb Sn Fe Ta O Si Nb Sn Fe Ta
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Energy/keV Energy/keV 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(a) (b)
Potential/V

Fig. 4. Composition of Ti60 alloy samples: (a) sample with pretreatment and
Fig. 5. Polarization curves for Ti60 alloy in sodium chloride with different
(b) sample without pretreatment.
concentrations.

3.2. Electrochemical characterization Electrolyte temperature is another important factor

influencing the dissolution behavior. In the present work, six
In a series of measurements, the influence of different different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 °C) were
electrolytes and temperatures on the electrochemical used. Fig. 6 shows the current–voltage curves for the sodium
dissolution behavior of the Ti60 alloy was investigated by chloride electrolyte with 10% concentration and
using the polarization curve and the time-dependent evolution abovementioned temperatures. The curves can be divided into
of the open circuit potential (EOCP). Two kinds of two groups. For the group of low-temperature electrolytes (10,
electrolytes—sodium nitrate and sodium chloride solutions— 20, and 30 °C), Ediss values are quite high (around 6 V). This
were selected for the measurements. Fig. 5 shows the indicates that it is difficult for electrochemical dissolution to
polarization curves for the Ti60 alloy in sodium chloride with continue at low electrolyte temperatures. In contrast, when the
different concentrations. The electrolyte temperature was temperature is more than 40 °C, Ediss values clearly decline
always 40 °C during the experiments. The scan rate of voltage (only approximately 2 V). The dissolution starts at lower
in the experiments is 0.01V/s, so the time of each experiment voltages, which indicates better machinability.
is about 1000 seconds. Electrochemical dissolution occurs more easily when the
128
temperature is higher. A possible explanation for the
differences among different electrolyte temperatures might be
the velocity of reactive ion exchange, considering the kinetic
and thermodynamic effects. At low temperatures, the velocity
of reactive ion exchange could be assumed to be lower. This
affects the chemical interaction between the oxide layer and
chloridion; hence, the continuation of electrochemical
dissolution becomes difficult.
0.4
0.3
Current/A
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Potential/V
Fig. 6.Current–voltage curves for sodium chloride electrolyte with 10%
concentration and different temperatures.
Fig. 7 shows the current–voltage curves for Ti60 in sodium
nitrate electrolyte with 10% concentration and different
temperatures. Compared to the sodium chloride electrolyte,
the curves of the sodium nitrate electrolyte are very different.
At a low temperature (30 °C), the current is almost zero
during the entire measurement. This indicates that the material
is still passive and the oxide layer is not destroyed. When the
temperature is 40 °C, a tiny electrochemical reaction occurs.
The current increases slightly and then declines to zero. This
demonstrates that there is only little corrosive pitting on the
surface and then the oxide layer is generated again. At a
higher temperature (50 °C), the current increases slowly,
which indicates the occurrence of a hybrid reaction involving
oxide layer generation and pitting dissolution. When the
potential is more than 9 V, the current curve becomes serrated.
A possible explanation for this is that with an increase in the
potential, pitting corrosion is generated on some areas of the
surface and the current increases rapidly. However, because
sodium nitrate solution is an inactive electrolyte and has
higher oxidation power than halide electrolytes, pitting can be
oxidized immediately and hence the current declines almost
linearly.
30°C NaNO3 (10% wt)
40°C NaNO3 (10% wt)
0.4 50°C NaNO3 (10% wt)
0.3
Current/A
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Potential/V
Fig. 7. Current–voltage curves for Ti60 in sodium nitrate electrolyte with
10% concentration and different temperatures.
The same results can be obtained by measuring the open
circuit potential (EOCP) of Ti60 in an electrolyte, which
Zhengyang Xu et al. / Procedia CIRP 42 (2016) 125 – 130
corresponds to the dissolution resistance. The influence of the
oxidation power of different anions is measured by a time-
resolved recording of EOCP. The Ti60 samples are immersed in
sodium chloride and sodium nitrate electrolytes with 10%
concentration and different temperatures, and EOCP is
measured for 1000 s. Fig. 8 shows the time dependence of the
EOCP of Ti60 in different electrolytes and temperatures. The
increase in EOCP indicates the generation of the oxide layer. If
10°C NaCl (10% wt)
20°C NaCl (10% wt) the oxide layer is removed, electrochemical dissolution will
30°C NaCl (10% wt)
40°C NaCl (10% wt)
50°C NaCl (10% wt)
be accelerated, and then, EOCP will decrease. From Fig. 8, it
60°C NaCl (10% wt)
can be concluded that the formation of the oxide layer is faster
in the nitrate electrolyte than in the chloride electrolyte
because the EOCP of Ti60 in the nitrate electrolyte is always
higher than that in the chloride electrolyte. In addition, the
higher the electrolyte temperature, the lower is the value of
10 EOCP. The abovementioned results indicate that better
machinability can be obtained by using the chloride
electrolyte with a higher temperature.
40°C NaCl (10% wt) passivation
30°C NaNO3 (10% wt)
0.2 0.8
40°C NaNO3 (10% wt)
0.6
30°C NaCl (10% wt)
40°C NaCl (10% wt)
50°C NaNO3 (10% wt) 50°C NaCl (10% wt)
0.4
0.0
0.2
Potential/V
Potential/V
0.0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-0.6
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time/s Time/s
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. Time dependence of EOCP of Ti60 in different electrolytes and
temperatures: (a) NaCl solution and (b) NaNO3 solution.
The actual volume electrochemical equivalent (ηω)–current
density (i) curve for Ti60 in the sodium chloride with the 10%
concentration and 40 °C temperature is obtained according to
the abovementioned results using the custom-made ECM
machine tool, as shown in Fig. 9. Here, η is the current
efficiency, and ω is the volume electrochemical equivalent.
The curve can be divided into two regions. Between 0 to 20
A/cm2, the actual volume electrochemical equivalent
increases sharply. This phenomenon indicates that
electrochemical dissolution becomes stronger as the current
density increases. When the current density is more than 20
A/cm2, ηω remains stable and hardly changes in this
measurement range. This demonstrates that the experiment is
in the state of steady electrochemical dissolution. In addition,
based on ECM theory, the dissolution velocity of the anode
workpiece is proportional to ηω and i. Thus, increasing the
current density of ECM not only enhances the dissolution
velocity but also improves ηω, which can further enhance the
dissolution velocity of the anode workpiece. Fig. 10 shows the
experiment samples machined at different current densities in
the NaCl electrolyte with 10% concentration and 40 °C
temperature. When the current density is 50 A/cm2, the
machined plane is very smooth. In contrast, when the current
density is 10 A/cm2, the electrochemical dissolution is uneven
and pitting corrosion is observed on the workpiece surface.
Thus, a high current density, more than at least 20 A/cm2, is
beneficial to ECM stability, efficiency, and quality.
 Zhengyang Xu et al. / Procedia CIRP 42 (2016) 125 – 130 129

Table 1. ECM experimental parameters.

0.0018

0.0016 Item Value

Workpiece material Ti60

ηω/(cm3·A-1·min-1)
0.0014

0.0012 Cathode material 1Cr18Ni9Ti

0.0010 Electrolyte NaCl (10%)
0.0008 Voltage 30 V
0.0006 Inlet pressure 0.5 MPa
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Temperature 40 ± 0.1°C
Current density/(A·cm-2)
Initial gap 0.5 mm
Fig. 9. Actual volume electrochemical equivalent (ηω)–current density (i) 1.2 mm/min (for channel)
curve for Ti60 in sodium chloride electrolyte with 10% concentration and Feed rate
0.5mm/min (for profile)
40 °C temperature.

Fig. 12 shows the workpiece samples machined

(a)
Fig. 10. Surfaces produced by ECM at different current densities: (a) 10
A/cm2 and(b) 50 A/cm2.
3.3. ECM of Ti60 blisk sectors
Experiments were performed on Ti60 blisk sectors using
the custom-made blisk channel ECM machine tool and profile
ECM machine tool. ECM processing of blisk blade profiles
often happens in two steps. As shown in Fig. 11, the first step
is channel ECM processing, which creates several tens of
curved tunnels with allowances. The second step is blisk
profile finishing ECM, which produces blades with good
machining accuracy and surface roughness.
(a)
electrochemically. Fig. 12(a) shows the Ti60 workblank. Fig.
12(b) shows the sample after channel machining. The
maximum feeding rate of the cathode for channel machining
is approximately 1.5mm/min. When the feeding rate is
increased, the equilibrium gap between the end surface of the
cathode and the blisk hub gradually decreases. If the gap is
(b) too small, the risk of short circuit increases; thus, a feeding
velocity of 1.2mm/min is selected for the stable ECM of the
blisk channel. Each channel can be machined within 30 min.
The best surface roughness of the blisk hub after ECM is Ra
0.6 μm.
Fig. 12(c) shows the blisk sector sample after profile
precision ECM. The concave and convex profiles of the blade
can be machined electrochemically at the same time. For
precision machining, the feeding rate of the cathode is
reduced to 0.5mm/min. However, because the working
allowance after channel machining for the subsequent
finishing is only 2 mm, each blade profile can be machined
within 5 min. The machining accuracy of the blisk profiles is
measured using a coordinate measuring machine. Fig. 13
shows the machining error of the section lines on the blade
profile. Fig. 13(a) shows the concave profile, whereas Fig.
13(b) shows the convex profile. As the figure shows, the
ECM error of the concave profile is approximately 0.05mm,
and the machining error of the convex profile is
approximately 0.07mm.

(b)

Fig. 11.Two steps of blisk ECM:(a) channel machining and (b) blade profile
machining.

Tool electrode
The main experimental parameters are listed in Table 1. (a) (b)
The workpiece material was Ti60. The cathode was fabricated
from stainless steel to make it impervious to corrosion. Based
on the above mentioned electrochemical behavior of Ti60,
sodium chloride with 10% concentration was used as the
electrolyte because of its good activity. The temperature of
the electrolyte was 40 °C. Current density plays an important
Tool electrode
role in ensuring stable machining and producing a good
(c)
surface finish on titanium; thus, parameters such as
temperature and voltage were set to high values for obtaining Fig. 12. (a) Ti60 workblank, (b) sample after channel machining, and (c)
a higher current density during the process. sample after blade profile machining.
130
0.15
0.10
Machining error/mm
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
0 10 20 30
Point number
(a)
0.15
0.10
Machining error /mm
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
0 10 20 30
Point number
(b)
Fig. 13. Machining error of (a) concave part of blade and (b) convex part of
blade.
3. Conclusions
This study focuses on the ECM of the high-temperature
titanium alloy Ti60. Because titanium exhibits the
characteristic of self-passivation, choosing the appropriate
process parameters and a suitable electrolyte is important for
obtaining good machining results. The electrochemical
dissolution behavior of Ti60 is analyzed. The anodic
polarization curves and the open circuit potential of Ti60 with
sodium nitrate and sodium chloride solutions are obtained.
Compared to the sodium nitrate electrolyte, the sodium
chloride electrolyte is more active and chloride ions can
chemically interact with the oxide layer. Thus, better
electrochemical machinability is achieved using the sodium
chloride electrolyte. Concentration and temperature are
important factors influencing electrochemical dissolution. The
concentration of the electrolyte influences the dissolution
voltage (Ediss) and transpassive behavior. For destroying the
oxide layer effectively and stabilizing the dissolution, a high
concentration is essential. When the temperature of the
electrolyte is under 30 °C, Ediss clearly increases. The actual
volume electrochemical equivalent (ηω)–current density (i)
curve is measured using a custom-made ECM machine tool.
To achieve good ECM stability, efficiency, and quality, a high
current density, more than at least 20 A/cm2, is necessary.
Finally, the blisk sector of Ti60 is machined by ECM. The
process is stable and efficient. The maximum machining rate
of channel ECM is more than 1.2mm/min. The best surface
roughness is Ra 0.6 μm, and the machining accuracy of the
blade profile is 0.05–0.07mm.
Zhengyang Xu et al. / Procedia CIRP 42 (2016) 125 – 130
line1 Acknowledgements
line2
line3
line4
line5
line6
This study was sponsored by the Program for New Century
Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-0627) and by the
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(NE2014104).
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