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    Basics of Oil Spill Clean-Up PDF

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    Arnel Sungkip

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    THE BASICS OF OIL SPILL CLEANUP With Particular Reference to Southern Canada Mervin F. Fingas Wayne S. Duval Gail B. Stevenson IMustrated by Sharon Galenzoski Environmental Emergency Branch Environmental Protection Service Environment Canada 1979 Acknowledgements ‘We wish to acknowledge the outstanding work of FF Slaney & Company Limited who produced this book under contract to the Environmental Emergency Branch of the Environmental Impact ‘Control Directorate. The following individuals ofthe firm should be ‘commended for their dedication to this project: Wayne Duval and Gail Stevenson, who wrote and edited most of the material; and Sharon Galenzoski who painstakingly prepared the illustrations and layout. West Graphika Ltd, of Vancouver performed the typesetting, and assisted with book design and photographic layout, For the French version of the text, the authors gratefully acknowledge Laurel Meredith, as well as Monique Rochon and her staff for editing and translation. The authors would also like to express their sincere gratitude to the many people who assisted in some way with this publication. Special thanks go to members of the Environmental Protection Service who reviewed drafts of the document and provided information or photographs. These individuals include: Len Oddy, Brian Mansfield, Cal Ross, Bob Beach, Ken Meikle, Barney Townshend, Nick Vanderkooy, Dave Betts, Suling Hum, Tom Carscadden, and Ken Williams. A number of other individuals and organizations also contributed photographs and information. We would particularly like to thank The Canadian Coast Guard, Austin, Des Sjoquist of Clean Seas Canada Ltd., Berinett Pollution Controls Ltd, Dave Peters of Shell Canada Lid., and Glyn Lewis of Imperial Oit Limited. Cover photograph: The wreckage of the CARITA, a cargo ship, which went aground on the ‘orth shore of Cape Breton sland in December, 1975. in adcition to her ‘normal c2go, the ship also carried about 250 metric tons of bunker ofl and 50 metric tons of diesel fuel, all of which was spilled. This photograph was supplied by the Canadian Coast Guard. © Minster of Supply and Services Canada 1978 Aralable by mal fom Printing and Publishing Sapply ad Services Canada Hull, Quebec, Canada KIA 089 ‘or through your bookseller Catalogue No. En40-311/1978 Canad: $6.95 ISBN O-660-10101-7 Other countries: $8.35, Price subject o change without notice. Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 ‘Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Introduction il Types and Characteristics ‘The Behaviour of Oil in the Environment Response to Oil Spills, Containment Recovery Separation and Disposal Methods Treatment of Spilled Oil Shoreline Cleanup and Restoration Land Spills Glossary of Technical Terms Information on Oil Spills Tanker accidents account for less than two percent ofall eported il spills in Canad. ‘Movernent of petroleum from the ol field to the consumer may require 10 1015 transfers between as many as six different transportation modes including tankers, pipelines, trains, and tank trucks, as well as temporary storage in a variety of facilities. ‘Accidents may occur during each of these transportation and storage steps, and the number of spills at points of transfer from one ‘mode of transportation to another is high. From January 1, 1974 to December 31, 1976, an average of 2.5 oil spills were reported to Environment Canada per day, with each spill averaging 20 metric tons. Statistics describing the sources, frequency and volume of reported spills were assembled by Environment Canada, and are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 to illustrate the various ways through which different types of oil were accidentally released into the environment during this three-year period, However, itis extremely important to emphasize that a large ‘numberof oil spills are not reported to Environment Canada, and consequently these statistics describe only a portion of the total oil spill picture. at *One matric ton it approximately 7 to 9 barrels, depending upon oil type. (One ‘The majority of oi pollution incidents in Canada's waterways result rom spillage of ‘orrelisequalto 35 Impera gallons, or 160 ers) : fuel oi rom bulk carriers and other watercraft. Chapter 1 Introduction In recent years, a number of accidents involving oil tankers, storage tanks and pipelines have resulted in the introduction of relatively large quantities of ol into our environment. Incidents of this type, together with the growing use and transportation of petroleum products throughout the world, have created an almost global awareness of the risks and damage associated with oil spills. Nevertheless, consumption of vast quantities of ol is one of the necessities of our modem industrial society. During 1976, world oil ‘consumption approached nearly 58 million barrels 2 billion gallons) per day, and was increasing by over 5% per year. Canada’s present demand for oil exceeds 2 million barrels per day, or approximately 3% of the world consumption. By comparison, daily ‘consumption of il in the United States exceeds 20 million barrels, oF over 30% of total world use. Transportation systems in Canada will continue to function primarily on oil for at least the remainder of this century; atthe same time, our industries will undoubtedly continue to require petroleum and petroleum derivatives as energy sources and as raw materials for important products such as plastics and fertilizers. Consequently, the threat of oil pollution is not likely to disappear in the foreseeable future. Prevention of spills is clearly the most logical method of reducing the problem of oi! pollution. Thorough training programs, properly ‘maintained equipment, adequate alarm systems, and strict adherence to industry and government codes all make essential ‘contributions tothe prevention of oil spills In an effort to curls pollution of ourlands, waters and coastal areas by accidental oil spillage, government has supported the systematic development and evaluation of techniques and materials to decrease the frequency and impact of spills. Industry has simultaneously focused attention upon the improvement of operational procedures and the

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