Hi

ghwayConst
ruct
ion
Hi
ghwayconst
ruct
ionconsi
stsof:
oEar
thwor
kforpr
epar
ati
onoft
her
oadf
ormat
ion
oConst
ruct
ionofr
oaddr
ainagef
aci
l
ity
oConst
ruct
ionofcr
ossdr
ainagest
ruct
ure
oConst
ruct
ionofpav
ementst
ruct
ure
Component
sofahi
ghwaypav
ement:
1.Component
sofHi
ghwayonembankment:
oAhighwayisgener
all
ydesignedandconstr
uctedsuchthatt
he
for
mationl
eveli
sabov et
hegenerall
evelandalsosubst
anti
all
y
abovethehi
ghestwatert
able.
oTherefor
et hevert
ical
ali
gnmentofahi
ghwayi
splannedsuch
thatgenerall
ythepavementi
slai
doveranembankment.
oAnembankmentofdesir
edhei
ghtasrequi
redbythevert
ical
al
i
gnmentisconst
ruct
edovert
heorigi
nalgroundl
evel
.
oThemai
ncomponent
sofahi
ghwayonembankmentar
e:
1.
Embankmentorf
il
l
2.
Subgr
ade
3.
Drai
nagel
ayer
4.
Shoul
der
s
5.
Pav
ementl
ayer
s
oApartfr
om theabovemajorcomponents,
otheressenti
al
feat
uresincl
udetheroadsi
dedrai
ns,capi
ll
arycut-
offetc.
oWhentheor
igi
nalgroundisf
latwi
thoutcrossslopetwo
l
ongi
tudi
nal
sidedrainsandi
ftheori
ginal
gr oundhasacross
 sl
opeononedirect
iononl
yonelongi
tudi
nal
sidedr
ainal
ongt
he
uppersi
deoft
hecrossslopei
sprovi
ded.
oThet
otal
compactedthi
cknessofsubgr
adei
s500mm forall
i
mport
antroadsandf
orlow-vol
umeroadsi
sgener
all
yli
mit
edto
300mm.
oSuitabl
etypeofpermeabl
emat er
ialssuchascrushedst
one,
gravelorgranul
arsoi
lwit
hlesspercentageoff
inesmaybeused
i
nt hedrainagel
ayer.
oThepavementlay
ersmaybeeithercomponent
soff
lexi
ble
pavementorcementconcr
etepavement
.
oShoulder
smayal sobepavedforful
lorpartwi
dthsoasto
i
ncreasethecapacit
yoftheroad,
inthatcaset
heyarecal
l
ed
pavedshoulder
sorhardshoulder
s.

2.Component
sofhi
ghwayi
ncut
ti
ng:
oThehighwaycutti
ngi sf ormedbyexcav at
ingandremovi
ngthe
eart
hf r
om theori
ginal groundalongthehori
zontalal
i
gnmentof
thehighwayuptother equireddepth.
oThemai
ncomponent
sofahi
ghwayi
ncut
ti
ngar
e:
 1.
Prepar
edbot
tom oft
hecut
ty
2.
Longi
tudi
nal
sidedr
ains
3.
Subgr
ade
4.
Drai
nagel
ayer
5.
Shoul
der
s
6.
Pav
ementl
ayer
s
oThebottom oft
hecut
tingi
sloosenedtotherequi
reddepth
(upt
o200t o250mm) ,
addit
ionalwat
erisaddedtoensurethat
watercont
entisast
oachieveami ni
mum of95%maxi mum dry
densi
ty.
Desi
gnel
ement
sofhi
ghwayembankment:
1.
Hei
ght
2.
Fil
lmat
eri
al
3.
Set
tl
ement
4.
Stabi
l
ityoff
oundat
ion
5.
Stabi
l
ityofsl
ope
Const
ruct
ionofhi
ghwayembankment:
oMat
eri
alsf
orhi
ghwayembankment:
1.
Soi
l
2.
Moor
um
3.
Grav
el
4.
Ami
xtur
eoft
hesef
reef
rom or
gani
cmat
ter
oThemaxi
mum per
missi
blesi
zeofcoar
semat
eri
alorst
one
aggr
egat
eis75mm.
 oAccor
dingt
oIRCessent
ial
requi
rement
s:
1.
Liqui
dli
mit <70%
2.
Plast
ici
tyi
ndex <45
3.
Freeswel
li
ndex <50%
4.
Maximum dr
ydensi
t m3f
y≮a)152kg/ orembankment
sof
hei
ght
upt
o3m.
m3f
b)160kg/ orembankment
sof
hei
ght
mor
ethan3m.
oThepeat,
marshyandswampysoil
s,logs,
stumpsandall
per
ishabl
eandcombustibl
emat
eri
alsarenotsui
tabl
efor
embankmentconst
ruct
ion.
oSoi
lscont
aini
ngsolubl
esul
phatemorethan0.
5%ar
enot
sui
tabl
eforembankmentconst
ruct
ion.
oCompact
ionr
equi
rementofhi
ghwayembankmentis95%in
ter
msmaximum l
abor
atorydr
ydensi
tyachi
evedf
orthesoi
l
.
Const
ruct
ionofSubgr
ade:
oMat
eri
alsf
orconst
ruct
ionofsubgr
ade:
1.
Soi
l
2.
Moor
um
3.
Grav
el
4.
Mix
tur
eoft
hesef
reef
rom or
gani
cmat
ter
o Essent
ial
requi
rement
s:
1.
Liqui
dli
mit <50%
 2.
Plast
ici
tyi
ndex <25
3.
Maxi
mum l
abor
ator
ydr
ydensi
ty m3
≮175kg/
4.
Soi
lshoul
dnotcont
ainsol
ubl
esul
phat
emor
ethan0.
5%by
wei
ght
Compact
ionofsoi
lfort
heconst
ruct
ionofEmbankmentand
Subgr
ade:
oThehighwayembankmentmaybeconst
ruct
edbyrol
l
ingin
rel
ati
vel
ythi
nlay
ersandthi
smethodi
scall
edrol
l
edeart
h
method.
oThet
wof
iel
dcont
rol
test
sneededar
e:
1.
Measurementofmoi
stur
econt
entbef
oreanddur
ing
compacti
on
2.
Measurementoffiel
ddensi
tyofeachcompactedlay
erand
themoistur
econtent,
anddeter
minati
onofdrydensi
tyoft
he
compactedsoi
l.
oFiel
ddensi
tymaybef
oundbyanysuit
abl
emethod,t
hesand
repl
acementmet
hodi
sconsi
deredqui
tesat
isf
act
ory.
Equi
pmentf
orcompact
ingsoi
l:
oSoi
l compact
ioni
sachi
evedi
nthef
iel
dbyr
oll
i
ng,
rammi
ngor
vi
bration.
oCohesi
onl
esssandmaybecompact
edbyv
ibr
ati
on,
jet
ti
ngand
pondi
ngwit
hwat er
.
Rol
l
ers:
oTheloosesoilpart
icl
esgetpackedcloserduri
ngtherol
li
ng
process,asapartoftheairv
oidsgetexpell
eddueto
compr essi
onandsl i
ghtr
earr
angementoft hesoi
lgrai
ns.
oDi
ff
erentt
ypesofr
oll
ersar
eas:
 1.
Ordi
nar
ysmoot
hwheel
typer
oll
ers(
stat
icr
oll
er)
2.
Sheep-
footr
oll
ers
3.
Pneumat
ict
yredr
oll
ers
4.
Vibr
ator
yrol
l
ers
Or
dinar
ySmoot
hwheel
rol
l
er:
oTher
ear
etwot
ypesofor
dinar
ysmoot
hwheel
rol
l
ers:
1.
Thr
ee-
wheel
edr
oll
er(
Macadam r
oll
er)
2.
Tandem r
oll
erwi
tht
wowheel
soft
hesamewi
dth
oThegr
osswei ghtoft
het
hree-
wheel
edt
yper
oll
ersv
ari
esf
rom
8to15tonnes.
oThegr osswei
ghtoft
het
andem r
oll
ersv
ari
esf
rom 3t
o14
tonnes.
oThecompacti
oneffi
ciencyoft
hesmoothwheelrol
l
ers
dependsonweight
,widthanddiamet
erofeachr
oll
erwheel
.
oThesmoot hwheel rol
l
ersar
esuitabl
etocompactawide
rangeofsoil
s,part
icul
arl
ygranul
arsoil
s,aggr
egat
esandot
her
pavementmat er
ial
.
oSmoot hwheelrol
l
ersarenotsuit
abletocompact
cohesionl
esssand,non-
plast
icsi
ltandcl
ayeysoi
l
swi
thhi
gh
pl
astici
ty.
Sheep-
footr
oll
ers:
oThisty
peofrol
l
ersconsi
stofhol
l
owst
eel
cyl
i
nderwi
th
proj
ecti
ngf
eet.
oTheweightofr
oll
erscanbei
ncr
easedbyf
il
li
ngt
hedr
um wi
th
wetsoi
l
.
oSheep-
footr
oll
ersmaybepul
l
edbyt
ract
ors.
oThe

eff
ici
encyofthesheep-
footr
oll
ersdependsontheweightof
therol
lerandthenumberoff
eetincontactwi
ththegr
oupata
ti
me.
oSheep-
footr
oll
ersar
emor
esui
tabl
etocompactcl
ayeysoi
l
s.

oDur
ingr
oll
i
ngoper
ati
ont
her
eisconsi
der
abl
ekneadi
ngact
ion
tot
hesoi
l.
oThet
hicknessofcompact
ingl
ayeri
skeptabout50mm mor
e
 t
han
t
he

l
engt
hofeachf
oot
.
Pneumat
ict
yredr
oll
ers:
oAnumberofpneumat
icwheel
sar
emount
edont
woormor
e
axl
esunderal
oadedpl
atf
orm.
oThegrossloadofpneumati
ctyr
edrol
ler
scanbesubstant
ial
l
y
i
ncreasedbyaddingsandbagsorot
herloadsonpl
atf
orm.
oTheserol
l
ersmaybeofsel
fpr
opel
l
edt
ypeorpul
l
edby
tr
actor
s.
oTheyaresuit
ablet
ocompactnon-pl
asti
csi
lt
,fi
nesandsand
pavementlayer
sconsi
sti
ngofbi
tuminousmixes.
oTher
eisal
soakneadi
ngact
ionundert
het
yres.
 Vi
brat
oryr
oll
ers:
oTher
ear
etwot
ypesofl
argev
ibr
ator
yrol
l
ers:
1.
Withtwosteel
drum i
nt andem oft
het
otal
stat
icwei
ght
rangi
ngfr
om 8t o12tonnes.
2.
Singl
ev i
brat
ingsteeldr
um ofst
ati
cweight10to15
tonnesandot herwheel
sarewit
hrubbertyr
etoprov
ide
tract
ivef
orce.
oI
nv i
bratoryrol
ler
,compacti
oniseff
ect
edduetot
he
dynamicef f
ectofthevi
brat
oryfor
ceandst
ati
cweightof
therol
ler.
oThev i
brat
oryrol
l
ersmaybeusedf
orcompact
ingawi
de
rangeofsoil
s.
oTheyaremoreeff
ecti
veforcompact
inggr
anul
arsoi
l
sand
pavementlay
erswit
hgranul
armater
ial
ssuchas
aggregat
es.
oThe15t onn,si
ngledrum v
ibr
atoryr
ollerisver
yef f
ecti
vefor
granul
arsoil
s,because4to6passest hedr ydensit
yis
achiev
edt oexceed102%ofmaxi mum l abor
atorydensi
tyby
BISheavycompact i
onormodifiedProctorcompact i
on.
oTherearesmallvi
brat
oryrol
l
erswher
et heoperat
orhasto
operat
ethetur
ningmov ementbywal
kingbehindtherol
l
ers,
thi
stypeofrol
l
eriscall
edwalkbehi
ndty per
oll
er.
Rammer
s:
 oMechanical
rammer sareusefultocompactr
elat
ivel
ysmall
areasandwheretheroll
erscannotoperat
esuchascompact i
on
ofdeepandnarrowtrenches,f
oundati
onofstr
ucturesand
sl
opesofembankment sandcut s.
oThecompact
ionachi
evedandther
ateofout
putofr
ammeri
s
muchlowert
hanthatofr
oll
ers.
Pl
atev
ibr
ator
s:
oPlat
evibr
ator
saremostsuit
edforcompact
ingl
ayer
sofdr
y
cohesi
onl
essgranul
arsoi
lsand.
oTheyar
ealsousef
ulf
orsoi
lcompact
ioni
ntr
enches,
foundat
ion
andsl
opes.
Equi
pment
sforexcav
ati
ngEar
th:
1.
Bul
ldoz
er
2.
Scr
aper
3.
Powershov
el
4.
How
5.
Dragl
i
ne
6.
Clam shel
l
 Const
ruct
ionofFl
exi
blePav
ement
s
oThecomponentl
ayer
soff
lexi
blepav
ementl
aidov
ert
he
subgr
adel
ayerar
e:
1.
Granul
arsub-
baseordr
ainagel
ayer
2.
Granul
arbasecour
se
3.
Bit
umi
nousbi
nder
4.
Bit
umi
noussur
facecour
se
oLow-
vol
umer
oadsorv
il
lager
oadsconsi
stsf
oll
owi
ngl
ayer
s:
1.
Granul
arsub-
baseordr
ainagel
ayer
2.
Granul
arbasecour
se
3.
Thi
nbi
tumi
noussur
faci
ng
1.Const
ruct
ionofsub-
basecour
seordr
ainagel
ayer(
GSB):
oGSBl
ayer
sper
for
msf
oll
owi
ngt
wof
unct
ion:
1.
Toserveasanef
fecti
vedr
ainagelay
ert
odr
ainof
fthewat
er
ent
eri
ngintot
hepavementl
ay er
s.
2.
Toserveasastructur
alcomponent
,di
str
ibuti
ngthewheel
loadst
ressest
ransmitt
edthr
oughthesurfacecour
seand
granul
arbasecourse.
oMat
eri
alsf
orGSBl
ayer
s:
1.
Crushedst
oneaggr
egat
e
2.
Grav
els
3.
Cour
sesand
4.
Moor
um wi
thl
essf
inesandv
eryl
owpl
ast
ici
ty
 oThespeci
fi
edr
equi
rement
sofmat
eri
als:
1.
Passi
ng0.425mm siev
eshallhav
eli
qui
dli
mitl
esst
han25%
andpl
asti
cit
yindexl
essthan6%.
2.
Finespassi
ng0.
075mm si
eve,
lesst
han10%.
3.
CBRval
ue≮30%forimportanthi
ghwaywi
thheav
ytr
aff
icand
≮25%or20%inothercases.
2.Const
ruct
ionofgr
anul
arbasecour
se:
oThecommont
ypesofbasecour
semat
eri
alsar
e.
1.
Wat
erBoundMacadam (
WBM)
2.
WetMi
xMacadam (
WMM)
3.
Soi
laggr
egat
emi
xes
4.
Stabi
l
isedsoi
lmi
xes
Const
ruct
ionofWBM :
oTheWBM i
stheconst
ruct
ionknownaf
tert
henameofJohn
Macadam.
oThemat
eri
alsusedi
nWBM ar
e:
1.
Coar
seaggr
egat
e
2.
Scr
eeni
ngs
3.
Bindi
ngmat
eri
als
Coar
seaggr
egat
e:
oGeneral
lyconsist
sofhardvarieti
esofcrushedaggregate,
brokenstones,over-
bur
ntorjhamabr i
ck,kankar,
lat
eri
teand
crushedslagobtainedf
rom blastf
urnacehavingdensi
tymore
than112kg/ m3.
oThephy
sical
requi
rement
sofcour
seaggr
egat
e:
 1.
Forsub-
basecour
se,
eit
herLosAngelesabr
asi
onval
ueto
belesst
han50%oraggregat
eimpactval
uetobel
essthan
40%.
2.
Forbasecour
se,
eit
herLoadAngelesabr
asi
onval
uetobe
lesst
han40%oraggregat
eimpactval
uetobel
essthan
30%.
3.
Forsurf
acingcourse,ei
therLoadAngelesabr
asi
onv al
ueto
belessthan40%oraggr egateimpactval
uetobelessthan
30%andf laki
nessindextobelessthan15%.
oGr
adi
ng-
1,coar
seaggr
egat
eisusedi
nsub-
basecour
se.
oGr
adi
ng-
2,coar
seaggr
egat
eisusedi
nbasecour
se.
oGr
adi
ng-
3,coar
seaggr
egat
eisusedi
nsur
facecour
se.
oGradi
ng-1coarseaggr
egat
esi
zer
anges90t
o45mm and
l
ayerthi
cknessis100mm.
oGradi
ng-2coarseaggr
egat
esi
zer
anges63t
o45mm and
l
ayerthi
cknessis75mm.
oGradi
ng-3coarseaggr
egat
esi
zer
anges53t
o22.
4mm and
l
ayerthi
ckness75mm.
Scr
eeni
ngs:
oThescreeni
ngsareusedtofil
lupt
hev
oidsi
nthecompact
ed
l
ayerofcoarseaggr
egates.
oThetype-Ascr
eeni
ngsar
etobeusedwi
thcoar
seaggr
egat
e
gradi
ng-1.
oThetype-Bscr
eeni
ngsmaybeusedwi
thcoar
seaggr
egat
e
gradi
ng-2.
oTher
eisnoneedt
ousescr
eeni
ngsi
nthatcaseofcr
ushabl
e
ty
peofcoar
seaggr
egat
es.
 Bi
ndi
ngmat
eri
als:
oBi
ndi
ngmater
ial
sconsi
sti
ngoff
inegr
ainedmat
eri
alpassi
ng
0.
425mm si
eve.
oKankarnodul
esorl
i
mest
onedustmayal
sobeut
il
ised.
oThebindi
ngmateri
alswi
thplast
ici
tyindexval
ue4%t o8%i
s
usedinWBM surf
acecoarseconstr
uctionandlesst
han6%in
caseofbasecour
seorsub-basecourse.
oI
fscreeni
ngsusedconsist
sofmoorum orsoftgrav
el,
ther
eis
noneedt oapplybi
ndi
ngmater
ial
s,unl
esstheplast
ici
ndex
val
ueislessthan4%.
Const
ruct
ionofWMM :
oWMM baseconsist
sofawel l
gradedhardcr
ushedaggr
egat
es
andadequat
eproport
ionofwatermixedt
hor
oughlyi
namixi
ng
pl
ant.
oThemi
nimum andmaxi
mum thi
cknessofeachcompact
edl
ayer
i
s75mm and200mm respect
ivel
y.
oPr
oper
ti
esofcr
ushedst
oneaggr
egat
e:
1.
LosAngel
esabr
asi
onv
alue <40%
2.
Aggr
egat
esi
mpactv
alue <30%
3.
Combi
nedf
laki
nessandel
ongat
ioni
ndex <30%
4.
Plast
ici
tyi
ndexofmat
eri
alf
inert
han0.
425mm si
eve <6%
3.Const
ruct
ionofbi
tumi
nouspav
ementl
ayer
s:
oThi
nbit
umi
noussur
faci
ngi
spr
ovi
deonr
oadswi
thl
i
ghtt
raf
fi
c
l
oads.
oThickerbi
tumi
nousl
ayer
sar
eneededt
owi
thst
andheav
ier
tr
affi
cloads.
oOnroadswi t
hheavytraf
ficl
oads,addi
ti
onalbi
tuminous
pavementlayer
sintheform ofbi
ndercour
seorbasecour se
andbindercour
searelaidbefor
elayi
ngthesurfacecour
se.
oIft
hebitumi
nouslayeri
stobelaidoveragranul
arornon-
bit
uminousbaseorsub-basecourse,
thei
nterf
acetreat
ment
consi
stsofappl
icat
ionofbothpri
mecoatandt ackcoat.
oIfthebit
uminouslay
eri
stobel
aidoveranexi
sti
ngbit
uminous
surface,
theint
erf
acetr
eat
mentconsi
stsofappl
i
cat
ionofonly
tackcoat.
oTy
pesofbi
tumi
nousbasecour
se:
1.
Bit
umi
nousMacadam basecour
se
2.
Bit
umi
nousPenet
rat
ionMacadam basecour
se
3.
Bui
l
t-upSpr
ayGr
outbasecour
se
oTy
pesofbi
tumi
nousbi
ndercour
se:
1.
Bit
umi
nousMacadam
2.
DenseBi
tumi
nousMacadam
oTy
pesoft
hinbi
tumi
noussur
facecour
se:
1.
Bit
umi
nousSur
faceDr
essi
ng
2.
OpenGr
adedPr
emi
xCar
petwi
thSeal
Coat
3.
CloseGr
adedPr
emi
xSur
faci
ngorMi
xedSeal
Sur
faci
ng
oThough25mm Semi -DenseBitumi nousConcret(SDMC)and25
mm BituminousConcr etearethinsurfacecourselay
ers,t
hey
aregener
allyl
aideit
herov erexisti
ngbi t
uminoussurfacef
or
resur
faci
ngorov erabi t
uminousbasecour se.
oThesethi
ndensegradedbit
uminousl
ayer
sshal
lnotbedi
rect
ly
l
aidovergranul
arbasecour
se.
oThicklayer
sofhighqual
it
ybit
uminoussurf
acingbei
nglai
d
generall
yconsist
sof40or50mm layerofBit
uminousConcr
ete
l
aidov eroneormorelay
ersofDenseBit
uminousMacadam
bi
ndercour se.
oBi
tumenMast i
cwearingcoursei
sbeingmadeuseoncer
tai
n
cr
it
ical
locat
ionssuchasbridgedeck.

Pr
imeCoat:
oSprayi
ngofli
qui
dbi t
umi nousbi
nderofl
owv i
scosit
yov era
granul
arornon-
bit
umi noussurf
aceiscal
ledappl
icati
onof
pri
mecoatorpriming.
oTheobj
ect
ivesofpr
imi
ngt
hegr
anul
arsur
facear
e:
1.
Penetr
atedeepi
ntot
hesur
faceandpl
ugorseal
thev
oidson
thesurf
ace.
2.
Coatandbondt
hel
oosepar
ti
clesont
hesur
face.
3.
Rendert
hesur
faceoft
hebasecour
sewat
err
esi
stant
.
4.
Per
mitt
het
ackcoatt
obeappl
i
edov
erpr
imedsur
face.
oCat
ioni
cbi t
umenemulsi
onofSS-
1grade(sl
owsett
ingtype)or
medium curi
ngcut
backbi
tumenmaybeusedforpr
iming.
oPr
imedsur
facei
sal
l
owedt
ocur
eforami
nimum of24hour
s.
oTest
sonpr
imecoatar
e:
1.
Qual
i
tyofbi
tumenbi
nder
2.
Rat
eofspr
eadofbi
nder
TackCoat:
oTackcoatisappli
cat
ionofasmal l
quant
it
yofli
qui
dbituminous
bi
nderoflowv i
scosi
tyoverei
therapr
imedgranul
arsurf
aceor
 ov
eranexi
sti
ngbi
tumi
nousorcementconcr
etesur
face.
oThemainobject
iveoftackcoatist
oprovi
deadequat
eint
erf
ace
bondb/wthereceiv
ingpavementsurf
aceandthenew
bi
tuminousl
ayerbeingoverl
aid.
oCati
oni
cbit
umenemulsi
onofgradeRS- 1(r
apidset
ti
ngtype)
;or
suit
abl
epavi
ngbi
tumenoflowviscosi
tysuchasVG- 10gr
ade
bit
umenmaybeusedastackcoatmat eri
al.
oWher
ethet
emperat
urei
slowthan0°C,
cutbackbi
tumenofRC-
70gr
ademaybeusedastackcoatmat
eri
al.
oThespr
ay i
ngt
emper
atur
eofRS-
1gr
adebi
tumi
nousemul
sioni
s
20to70°C.
oTest
sont
ackcoatar
e:
1.
Qual
i
tyofbi
tumenbi
nder
2.
Temper
atur
eofappl
i
cat
ionofbi
nder
3.
Rat
eofspr
eadoft
hebi
nder
Bi
tumi
nousBaseCour
se:
1.Bi
tumi
nousMacadam BaseCour
se:
oI
tconsist
sofcrushedaggregatesandbituminousbi
nder
heatedandmixedinahotmi xplantatspeci
fiedt
emperat
ure,
tr
ansport
edtotheconstr
uctionsit
e,lai
dwithamechanical
paverandcompactedbyroll
ers.
oBM i
slai
dincompact
edt
hicknessof50t
o100mm.
oBM basecour
seismuchsuperi
orthanPM, WMM orWBM
wi
threspectt
oloaddi
sper
sioncharact
eri
sti
csanddur
abi
l
ity
.
oTheequival
encyfact
orofBM basecour
sei
s1.
5int
ermsof
granul
arbasecourselay
er.
 oMat
eri
alsusedi
nBM ar
e:
1.
Aggr
egat
es
2.
Bit
umenBi
nder
Aggr
egat
es:
oThecoar
seaggregat
econsi
stsofhar
dcr
ushedr
ockr
etai
ned
on2.36mm si
eve.
oThefi
neaggregat
econsistofei
thercrushedrockora
combi
nati
onofnatur
al sandandcrushedr ockpassi
ng2.
36
mm andret
ainedon0.075mm si ev
e.
oTheaggr
egat
esshoul
dhav
efol
l
owi
ngf
eat
ures:
1.
LAabr
asi
onv
alue <40%
2.
Aggr
egat
eimpactv
alue <30%
3.
Combi
nedf
laki
nessandel
ongat
ioni
ndex <40%
4.
Soundnesst
est
,5cy
cleswi
thNa2SO4 <12%
MgSO4 <18%
5.
Wat
erabsor
pti
on <2%
Bi
tumenBi
nder:
oPavi
ngbit
umenofv
iscosi
tygr
adeVG-
30(
penet
rat
ionv
alue60
to70)i
sused.
oI
ncoldweat
herVG-
20gr
adebi
tumen(
penet
rat
ionv
alue70t
o
80)i
sused.
2.Bi
tumi
nousPenet
rat
ionMacadam basecour
se:
oI
tmaybeusedincer
tai
nshortroadstr
echesorinsmal
lroad
pr
oject
swher
ehotmixplantf
acil
it
yisnotavai
l
able.
oThecoar
seaggr
egat
eofspeci
fi
edsi
zear
efi
rstspr
eadand
 compactedwell
indrystat
e,t
herecommendedcompacted
thi
cknessofani
ndiv
iduall
ayerofPenet
rat
ionMacadam i
s50
mm or75mm.
oAft
ercompacti
onofdryaggr
egat
es,hotbi
tumi
nousbi
nderof
speci
fi
edgradei
ssprayedi
nfai
rl
ylar
gequanti
tyont
hetopof
thi
slayer
.
oTheaggregat
esareonlypar
ti
all
ycoat
edbythebi
tumenbinder
andsubstant
ial
port
ionofaggr
egatesur
facer
emainuncoat
ed.
oThedurabi
l
ityoft
histy
peofconstruct
ionwil
lbemuchlesser
thant
hepremixedconstr
uct
ionsuchasBituminousMacadam.
oTheequi
val
encyf
act
orofPenet
rat
ionMacadam i
sconsi
der
ed
tobej
ust1.

Bi
tumenBi
nder:
oAppropriat
egradeofbitumenbinderi
.e.
,penet
rati
ongr ade80-
100,60-70or30-40(equiv
alenttoVG-
10,VG-30,VG-40
respect
ivel
y)i
schosendependi ngoncli
maticcondit
ions.
Aggr
egat
es:
oLAabr
asi
onv
alue <40%
oAggr
egat
eimpactv
alue <30%
oFl
aki
nessi
ndex <25%
oSt
ri
ppi
ng <25%
oLosswi
thNa2SO4,
5cy
cles <12%
3.Bui
l
t-upSpr
ayGr
outbasecour
se:
oBUSGconsi
stsofat
wol
ayercomposi
teconst
ruct
ionof
compact ed
crushed stone
aggr egate
with bit
umi nous
binder applied
after eachl ayer
andkey aggr egates
placed ont het op
surface ofthe
second layer.
oAf
tert
hef
ir
stl
ayerofcoar
seaggr
egat
esi
scompact
ed,
the
 bit
umenbi nderi
sspr
ayedatspecifi
edrat
ewhi chpenetrat
es
i
ntot hel
ayer,t
hent
hesecondlayerofcourseaggregatesis
spreadandcompacted,bi
nderspreadkeyaggregatesspread
andcompact ed.
oThetot
alcompact
edt
hicknessofthetwolay
ersofcoar
se
aggr
egatesi
ncl
udi
ngt
hekeyaggr egat
esis75mm.
oI
tisusedwher
ehotmi
xpl
antf
aci
l
ityi
snotav
ail
abl
e.
oTheequi
val
encyf
act
orofBUSGi
sconsi
der
edt
obe1.

Bi
tumenBi
nder:
oAppropriat
egradeofbitumenbinderi
.e.
,penet
rati
ongr ade80-
100,60-70or30-40(equiv
alenttoVG-
10,VG-30,VG-40
respect
ivel
y)i
schosendependi ngoncli
maticcondit
ions.
Aggr
egat
es:
oLAabr
asi
onv
alue <40%
oAggr
egat
eimpactv
alue <30%
oFl
aki
nessi
ndex <25%
oSt
ri
ppi
ng <25%
oLosswi
thNa2SO4,
5cy
cles <12%
oWat
erabsor
pti
on <1%
Thi
nBi
tumi
nousSur
faceCour
se:
oAt hinbi
tuminoussur
facecourseisl
aidovert
hebasecour
set
o
preventtheentr
yofsurfacewateri
ntothepav
ementlay
ers
duringrai
ns.
oSucht
hinsurf
acingal
soserv
esasaweari
ngcour
seforlowto
moder
atetraf
fi
candprovi
desadustf
reepav
ementsurf
ace
 underdr
yweat
her
.
oTheyar
efol
l
owi
ngt
ypes:
1.
Sur
faceDr
essi
ng
2.
20mm thi
ckOpenGr
adedPr
e-mi
xedBi
tumi
nousCar
petwi
th
Seal
coat
3.
20mm thi
ckMi
xedSeal
Sur
faceorCl
oseGr
adedPr
e-mi
xed
Sur
faci
ng
1.
Bit
umi
nousSur
faceDr
essi
ng:
oBSDispr
ovi
dedoveraprepar
edbaseCour
seorexi
tpav
ement
toser
veasathi
nweari
ngcoat.
oBSDwor kconsistsofappli
cat
ionofsuitabl
egradeofbit
umenor
emulsionbyspr ay
ingoverapreparedbasecourseorexi
sti
ng
pavementsurfacef ol
l
owedbyspr eadi
ngspecifi
edsi
zeofhard
aggregatesattherecommendedr ateandroll
i
ng.
oBSDdoesn'
taddtothest
ruct
uralst
abi
li
tyorstr
engt
hofthe
pav
ementnorwil
liti
mprovetheexi
sti
ngri
dingqual
i
tyofthe
pav
ementsurf
ace.
oBSDi
sacostef
fect
ivesur
facet
reatmentt
opr
ovi
deadustf
ree
andi
mper
meablepavementsur
face.
oBSDarr
est
sthedisi
ntegr
ati
onofthepavementsur
faceand
pr
ovi
desanon-smokingri
dingsur
face.
oI
RChaspr
ovi
dedspeci
fi
cat
ionsf
or-
1.
Singl
ecoatsur
facedr
essi
ng
2.
Twocoatsur
facedr
essi
ng
oSinglecoatsurfacedr
essingconsi
stsofappli
cati
onof
bi
t uminousbindermater
ialfol
l
owedbyspr eadi
ngofaggr
egat
e
cov erandrol
li
ng.
oTwocoatsur facedressingi sf ormedbyspr ayingthefir
stlay
er
ofbinder,
spreadingal ayerofcov eraggregatesandrolli
ng,
whichformsf i
rstcoat.I'
vet hef ir
stcompact edlayer
,thesecond
l
ayerofbinderisspr ay
ed, thesecondl ay
erofcov eraggregates
i
sspr eadandr ol
led.Theaggr egatesizeofsecondl ayeris
smallert
hant hatofthefirstlay er.
oSingl
ecoatsur
facedr
essi
ngi
sprov
idedforroadscar
ryi
ngl
ow
volumeoftr
aff
icandl
ocat
edi
nlowrainf
allar
ea.
oTwocoatsurf
acedressingispr
ovidedf
orroadscarr
yinghi
gher
vol
umeoftraf
ficandlocatedi
nhighrai
nfal
larea.
Bi
tumenBi
nder:
oBitumenbinderofpenet
rat
iongr
adeS-
90(penet
rat
ionval
ueof
80-100)orVG-10gradebit
umenisr
ecommendedforsur
face
dressi
ng.
oThespr
ayi
ngt
emper
atur
emaybe165t
o200°
C.
oAlt
ernat
ivel
yrapi
dsett
inggradeofcationi
cbi
tumi
nousemulsi
on
havi
ngmi ni
mum bit
umencont entof65%byweightmayal
sobe
usedasthebinderf
orsurf
acedr essi
ng.
oThesprayi
ng
temperat
ureofbi
tumen
emulsi
onmaybe50t o
80°C.
Aggr
egat
es:
oLAabrasi
onv
alue
<40%
oAggr
egat
eimpactv
alue
<30%
oFl
aki
nessi
ndex
 <30%
oSt
ri
ppi
ng <5%
oLosswi
thMg2SO4,
5cy
cles <18%
oWat
erabsor
pti
on <1%
oPol
i
shedst
onev
alue >60
(
forhi
ghspeedr
oads,
NH,
SH)
Twocoatsur
facedr
essi
ng:
oAft
erthefi
rstcoat
,tr
affi
cisal
l
owedf
or2t
o3weeksbef
oret
he
appl
icat
ionofthesecondcoat
.
oThebinderisappli
edatthesamespeci
fi
edr
ateandimmediat
ely
theaggregateofnextsmall
ernomi
nalsi
zei
sspreadatt
he
speci
fi
edr at
e.
oRol
l
ingi
sdoneasbef
ore,
soonaf
terspr
eadi
ngt
heaggr
egat
es.

Sur
facedr
essi
ngwi
thpr
e-coat
edaggr
egat
es:
oCl
eanaggregat
esareheatedt
o160°Candmi
xedwi
th0.
75t
o
1%byweightofpav
inggradebi
tumeni
namixer
.
oThepr
e-coatedaggr
egat
esar
eallowedtocur
efor1weekor
moreunti
ll
theybecomenon-
sti
ckyou.
oThesur
facedressi
ngworkiscar
ri
edusingthepr
e-coat
ed
aggr
egat
esinsteadofor
dinar
yaggregat
es.
2.OpenGr
adedPr
e-mi
xedCar
pet:
oOpengr adedpre-
mixedcarpet(PC)consi st
sofcoar
se
aggr
egat esofnominalsi
ze13.2mm ( passi
ngthr
ough22.4mm
andretainedon11.2mm sieve)pr e-
mixedwi t
hasui
tabl
etype
andgradeofbituminousbinder
, spreadandcompactedtoa
 thi
cknessof20mm fol
l
owedbyappl
i
cat
ionofseal
coat
,to
serv
easat hi
nsur
facecour
seoft
hepav
ement.
oThePCl ayershal
li
nvari
abl
ybecoveredbyasui
tabl
eseal
coat
i
mmedi atel
yorassoonaspossibl
e,butbef
oreexposi
ngt
he
sur
facetor ai
nortraf
fi
c.
oTher
ear
etwot
ypesofseal
coat:
1.
Type-
Aseal
coatorl
i
qui
dseal
coat
2.
Type-
Bseal
coatorpr
e-mi
xedseal
coat
o Ty
pe-
Aseal
coati
smor
eef
fect
ive.
oTheopengr
adedpre-
mixedcar
petmixmayei
therbeprepar
edin
ahotmixpl
antusi
ngpavi
nggradebit
umenbi
nderorasacold
mixusi
ngcati
oni
cbit
umenemulsion

3.Mi
xedSeal
Sur
faci
ngorCl
oseGr
adedPr
e-mi
xedSur
faci
ng:
oMSSi
sat
hinbi
tumi
noussur
faci
ng.
oThisconsi
stsofaggregat
esofspecif
iedgr adat
ionpre-mi
xed
wit
hasui t
ablegradeofpavi
nggradebitumenbi nderinahot
mixplant,
spreadwithamechanical
pav erandcompact edtoa
thi
cknessof20mm t oform at
hinbit
umi noussurfaci
ng.
oMSSformsanon-
por
oussur
facecour
seandt
her
eisnoneedt
o
appl
yseal
coat
.
oIRChasspeci
fi
edType-
AandTy
pe-
Baggr
egat
esf
ort
he
const
ruct
ionofMSS.
oTheMSScoursemaybepr
efer
abl
ybelaidoveranexi
sti
ng
bi
tumi
noussurf
acet
ofor
m athi
nresur
faci
nglayer
.
 oTheMSSlayermayalsobel
aidoveragr
anul
arbasecour
se,
but
recei
vi
ngsur
faceshoul
dbeevenandpri
med.
Bi
tumenBi
nder:
oThegradeofbit
umenbindertobeusedfortheconst
ruct
ionof
MSScour sei
sdeci
dedbasedonl owestdai
l
ymeanai r
temperat
ureatt
heproj
ectsit
e.
oVG-
10or80-100penet
rat
iongr
adef
orl
owestmeant
emper
atur
e
l
essthan20°
C.
oVG-
20or70-
80penet
rat
iongr
adef
ort
emper
atur
e20t
o30°
C.
oVG-
30or60-
70penet
rat
iongr
adef
ort
emper
atur
emor
ethan
30°
C.
oPol
ymerModefi
edBit
umen(PMB),Nat
ural
RubberModefi
ed
Bi
tumen(NRMB)andCrumbRubberModefi
edBi
tumen(CRMB)
mayalsousedf
orl
ayi
ngMSS.

Fi
neandcoar
seAggr
egat
es:
oLAabr
asi
onv
alue <40%
oAggr
egat
eimpactv
alue <30%
oFl
aki
nessi
ndex <25%
oSt
ri
ppi
ng <5%
oSoundnessLosswi
thNa2SO4,
5cy
cles <12%
MgSO4, <18%
oWat
erabsor
pti
on <1%
oAdhesi
on,
ret
ainedbi
tumencoat
ing >95%
DenseGr
adedBi
tumi
nousMi
xes:
oDGBM areprepar
edusi ngwel
lgradedaggr
egat
es,sui
tabl
efi
l
ler
mater
ialandappropri
atety
pe,gradeandpr
oport
ionofbit
umen
bi
nderundercontrol
l
edcondit
ions.
oWhenDGBM ar epreparedinsuitablehotmixplantspreadon
thepreparedpavementl ayerusi
ngamechani calpaverand
compact edundercontroll
edconditionstothedesireddensi
ty
andvoidcontent,sti
ffandst abl
eflexibl
epavementl ay
ersare
obtai
ned.
oThesepavementlay
ersar
econsideredtowithst
and
compressi
vestr
essesandfl
exur
al str
esses.
oI
RChassuggest
eduseofDGBM i
n3t
ypesf
lexi
blepav
ement
l
ayer
s:
1.
DenseBi tuminousMacadam ( DBM)tobeusedasast rong
bindercourseorasov er
layalongwit
hsuitabl
edensegr aded
sur f
acecourseforstr
engtheningexi
sti
ngpavement.TheDBM
layersaretobelaidassingl
eori nmult
ipl
elayer
s,eachof
thickness50t o100mm.
2.
Semi DenseBi
tumi
nousConcr
ete(
SDBC)wear
ingcour
seof
thi
ckness25or40mm lai
dinsi
ngl
elay
er.
3.
Bit
uminousConcr
ete(BC)surf
acecoursel
ayeroft
hickness
25or40or50mm l ai
dinsingl
elay
er.
oMat
eri
alsr
equi
redf
ort
heconst
ruct
ionofDGBM ar
e:
1.
Bit
umenbi
nder
2.
Coar
seaggr
egat
esandf
ineaggr
egat
es
3.
Fil
l
ermat
eri
als
Bi
tumenBi
nder:
oThegr
adeofpav
ingbi
tumenbi
nderi
sdeci
dedont
hel
owest
 dail
ymeanairt
emperat
ureandthehi
ghestdai
l
ymeanai
r
temper
atur
eatthepr
ojectsi
te.
Aggr
egat
es:
oTheaggregat
esofcubi
cal
shape,fr
eefrom dustandother
del
eter
iousmater
ial
sar
epref
erredfort
heconst r
uct
ionofthe
DGBM.
LAabr
asi
onv
alue <30%
Aggr
egat
eimpactv
alue <24%
Fl
aki
nessandel
ongat
ioni
ndex(
combi
ned) <25%
St
ri
ppi
ng <5%
SoundnessLosswi
thNa2SO4,
5cy
cles <12%
MgSO4, <18%
Wat
erabsor
pti
on <2%
Adhesi
on,
ret
ainedbi
tumencoat
ing >95%
Wat
err
esi
sti
vi
ty,
ret
ainedt
ensi
l
est
rengt
h >80%
Pol
i
shedst
onev
alue(
forsur
facecour
seonl
y) >55
Coar
seandfineaggr
egat
esar
emi
xedt
oobt
ainDBM,
SDBC
andBCmixes.
oI
RChasspeci
fi
edt
wogr
adi
ngofaggr
egat
esf
orDBM -
1.
Gradi
ng-
1,f
orcompact
edlay
erthicknessof75t
o100
mm, usi
ngnominal
maximum si
zeof37.5mm.
2.
Grading-
2,f
orcompact
edlayert
hicknessof50t
o75mm
usingnominal
maximum si
zeof26. 5mm.
oForSDMCsurf
acecourse,
Gradi
ng-
1isspeci
fi
edfor
compact
edthi
cknessof40mm wit
hnominalmaximum
 aggr
egat
esi
zeof13.
2mm andGr adi
ng-
2forthi
cknessof25
mm wit
hnominal
maximum aggr
egat
esizeof9.
5mm.
oForBCsur facecourse,
Grading-
1forcompactedsurf
ace
cour sethicknessof50mm wi thnominal
maximum aggregate
sizeof19mm andGr adi
ng-2forcompactedsur
facecourse
thicknessof25mm and40mm usi ngnominalmaxi
mum
aggr egatesizeof13.2mm.
Mi
xdesi
gnr
equi
rement
s:
oTheDGBM ar
edesignedbyMarshal
l
'smet
hodbyappl
yi
ng75
bl
owsoneachfaceofthespeci
men.
oThedesi
gnmi
xshoul
dful
fi
lthef
oll
owi
ngr
equi
rementf
orDBM,
SDBCandBC-
1.
Mar
shal
lst
abi
l
ityat60°
C ≮900kg
2.
Mar
shal
lfl
owv
alue 2t
o4mm
3.
Mar
shal
lquot
ient 2t
o5
4.
Airv
oids 3t
o5%
5.
Voi
dfi
l
ledwi
thbi
tumen(
VFB) 65t
o75%
6.
Wat
ersensi
ti
vi
ty,
tensi
l
est
rengt
hrat
io ≮80%

Ot
hert
ypesofBi
tumi
nousPav
ementLay
ers:
1.Bi
tumenMast
icWear
ingCour
se:
oBi
tumenmast
ici
sal
socal
l
edmast
icasphal
t.
oBit
umenmast i
cconsist
sofanint
imatemixt
ureofhar
dgrade
bi
tumen,well
gradedcoarseandf
ineaggr
egatesandmineral
fi
l
ler;
themixiscookedinamasti
ccookerandlai
dhottoforma
 v
oid-
lessimperv
ioussol
i
dmassundernor
mal
atmospher
ic
t
emper at
ure.
oBi
tumenmasti
ccanwi
thst
andv
eryheav
ywheel
loadsand
vi
brat
ions.
oBi
tumenmast
ici
susedov
erbr
idgedecks.
oThesurf
aceofbi
tumenmast
icbecomesv
erysl
i
pper
yunderwet
condi
ti
ons.
oInordert
oincteaseski
dresi
stanceofthesur
face,hardvar
iet
y
ofstonechi
psar epre-
coat
edwi t
hbit
umenandgr aftedor
spreadandpresseddown.
oMat
eri
alr
equi
red:
a)
Coar
seaggr
egat
es
b)
Fineaggr
egat
es
c)
Fil
l
ers
2.St
oneMat
ri
xAsphal
t:
oSMAconsi st
sofadensemixt
ureofcoarseaggregates,
fine
aggr
egates,fi
ll
er,
bit
umenbi
nderormodifi
edbit
umenbi nder
andfi
bresmi xedi
nahotmixpl
antundercontr
olledconditi
ons.
oThemixt
ureconsi
stsof70%to80%coarseaggr
egat
es,
8%t
o
10%fi
l
lercont
ent,
6%bi t
umencont
ent.
oTheSMAhasbeenf oundtobeanexcel
l
entanddurabl
esurface
cour
seforhighspeedhighways,
heavyt
ruckl
anes,
near
si
gnali
sedinter
sect
ionsandinst
oppi
ngareasandalsofor
pavi
ngofroadsonst eepsl
opes.
3.Sl
urr
ySeal
:
oTheslurr
ysealconsi
stsofami
xtur
eofminer
alaggr
egates,
fil
l
er,
cat
ionicbi
tumenemulsion,
wat
erandaddi
ti
vesasnecessar
y;
 thecol
dmixt
urei
suni
for
mlyspr
eadov
erapr
epar
edbi
tumi
nous
surf
ace.
oTheslurr
ysealformsahomogeneousmatthatadher
etothe
prepar
edsurfaceandsealsoft
heexi
sti
ngf
inecracksandfor
ms
askid-
resi
stantsurf
ace.
oThesl
urr
yseal
isappl
i
edusi
ngacal
i
brat
edsl
urr
yseal
machi
ne.
4.Mi
cro-
sur
faci
ng:
oItconsist
sofami xt
ureofmi
neralaggregat
es,fi
ll
er,
polymer
modi f
iedbit
umenemul si
on(
rapi
dset t
ingtype)
,waterand
additi
vesasnecessary.
oThemixt
urei
sspreadov
erthepr
epar
edbi
tumi
noussur
facet
o
for
m ahomogeneousmat.
 Const
ruct
ionofCementConcr
etePav
ement
s
oTy
pesofcementconcr
etepav
ement
s-
1.
Plai
nCementConcr
etepav
ement
s
2.
Rei
nfor
cedconcr
etepav
ement
s
3.
Conti
nuousl
yrei
nfor
cedconcr
etepav
ement
swi
thel
ast
ic
joi
nts
4.
Fibr
erei
nfor
cedconcr
etepav
ement
s
Pl
ainCementConcr
etepav
ement
s:
oPl
ainCementConcr
etepav
ement
shav
ehi
ghf
lexur
alst
rengt
h.
oLongi
tudinalandtr
ansver
sej
oint
sarepr
ovi
dedwi
thappr
opr
iat
e
ty
peofr einf
orcementatt
hej
oint
s.
oCCpav ementsl
abser
vesasagoodanddur
abl
ewear
ing
sur
face.
oDesi
gnl
i
fei
s30y
ear
s.
Rei
nfor
cedConcr
etepav
ement
s:
oRCCpav
ementsl
absar
econst
ruct
edi
nadv
ersecondi
ti
ons-
1.
Ver
yheav
yloadi
ng
2.
Poorsoi
lcondi
ti
ons
3.
Poordr
ainage
4.
Ext
remecl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
ons
oRei
nforcementhel
pst
opreventwi
deni
ngofthecracks
devel
opedinthesl
abandtomaint
aint
hecrackedport
ionoft
he
sl
abinposit
ion.
Met
hodsofconst
ruct
ionofCCpav
ement
s:
1.
Usi
ngsl
i
pfor
m pav
er
2.
Usi
ngf
ixedsi
def
ormsandal
lot
herpav
ingmachi
ner
y
Const
ruct
ionusi
ngsl
i
pfor
m pav
er:
oInmajorhighwayconst
ruct
ionpr
oject
s,pav
ingequi
pmentcal
l
ed
sli
pform paver
.
oThisequi
pmentcanperf
orm al
lthefuncti
onsofthespr eadi
ng,
compacti
ngandfini
shi
ngoftheCCpav ementsl
abtot he
requi
redgr
adeandcamber,addi
tionaluni
tsfort
extur
ingoft he
 fr
eshconcr
etesurf
aceandf
orspr
ayi
ngt
hecur
ingcompound
areal
soavai
labl
e.
oBythi
smet
hodofconst
ruct
ion,
ther
eisnoneedt
ofi
xthesi
de
for
msbef
orel
ayi
ngtheCCmi x.
oDuringtheprocessoflayi
ngthePQC, compact ionbyv i
brat
ors
andf i
nishi
ngoftheCCpav ementslab, t
empor arysidesupport
s
areprov i
dedbythesli
pform paver
,aftercompl eti
ngthepaving
processast hepavermovesforward,thesidesuppor t
salsoget
remov edandCCsl abremaininposit
ionast heCCmi xisqui
te
sti
ffduet ol
owwat er-
cementr at
iousedi nthemi x.
Const
ruct
ionusi
ngf
ixedsi
def
orms:
oConvent
ionalsi
defor
msmadeofst
eelsect
ionsofdesi
red
dept
haref i
xedsoastopr
ovi
det
herequi
redprof
il
eoftheCC
paymentslab.
oTheinsi
defacesofthesideformsareoi
l
edt
opr
eventt
he
concret
est
ickingt
ot hesteel
forms.
oTwot
ypesconst
ruct
ionmachi
ner
yar
eused:
1.
Inrel
ati
velyl
argeroadconst
ructi
onproj
ect
s,atr
ainof
dif
fer
entfull
ymechanisedunit
sareusedforl
ayi
ng,spreadi
ng,
compacting,f
ini
shing,
tex
tur
ingthesurf
aceandsprayi
ng
curi
ngcompound.
2.
Inverysmallproject
s,whenCCpay mentistobeconstruct
ed
inshortst
rechesofnar r
owr oadsofl
essimportance,
Semi-
Denselabouror i
entedconstr
ucti
ontechni
quemaybeadopt ed,
becauseofdiffi
cultl
yinbri
ngingthel
argepavi
ngmachi ner
y
withi
nrestr
ict
edr oadwidth.
oThesidefor
msmayber emovedandshift
edforwar
df orfur
ther
constr
uct
ionaft
ert
heconcret
eatt
ainssuff
ici
entst
rengthto
standwit
houtsi
desuppor
t.
Mat
eri
alsf
orconst
ruct
ionofCCpav
ement
s:
1.
Por
tl
andCement:
oOPCof43gr
ade
oOPCof53gr
ade
oPor
tl
andPozzol
ani
ccementwi
thf
lyashcementupt
o20%by
wei
ght
oPor
tl
andSl
agcement
2.
Coar
seAggr
egat
e:
oLAabr
asi
onv
alue <35%
oFl
aki
nessandel
ongat
ioni
ndex(
combi
ned) <35%
oSoundnessLosswi
thNa2SO4,
5cy
cles <12%
MgSO4, <18%
oWat
erabsor
pti
on <3%
oSi
zeofcoar
seaggr
egat
es <31.
5mm
3.
FineAggr
egat
e:
oFi
neaggregat
esconsi
stofcleannatur
alsandorcrushed
st
onesandoracombinati
onofbot h,t
hefi
neaggregateshal
l
befr
eefr
om clay
,coalandl
ignit
e.
oThefi
neaggr
egat
eshal
lbewel
lgr
aded,
wit
h100%passi
ng10
mm si
eve.
4.
Wat
er:
oWat
ershoul
dbef
reef
rom sal
t,aci
d,oi
landot
heror
gani
c
mat
ter
.
5.
Admi
xtur
es:
 oThetot
alquant
it
yofchemical
admixt
ureusedi
sli
mitedtoa
maximum of2%byweightoft
hecementorcementwit
hfly
ashused.
6.
Steel
:
oPl
ainort
wist
edst
eel
bar
sar
eusedast
iebar
satl
ongi
tudi
nal
j
oint
s.
oAl
lst
eel
bar
sshal
lbecoat
edwi
thepoxypai
nt.
Const
ruct
ionofsubgr
ade:
oAccor
dingtoIRC,thesubgr
adeshal
lconsi
stsofcoar
segrai
ned
soi
lhavi
ngami nimum CBRv al
ueof8%andbeoft ot
al500mm
compactedthi
ckness.
oTheper
mi ssi
blet
oler
ancei
nsur
facel
evel
sofsubgr
adei
s+20
mm and-25mm.
Const
ruct
ionofdr
ainagel
ayer:
oIti
sdesi
rabl
etopl
aceasuit
abl
ety
peofgeo-
fi
lt
erb/
wthe
subgr
adeanddrai
nagel
ayer
.
oI
fthewat
ertabl
eishi
gh,asui
tabl
ecapi
l
lar
ycut
-of
fmayal
sobe
l
aidov
erthesubgr
ade.
oTheper
mi ssi
blet
oler
ancei
nsur
facel
evel
sofsub-
basei
s+10
mm and-10mm.
Const
ruct
ionofDr
yLeanConcr
etesub-
basecour
se(
DLC):
oI
tpr
ovidesafi
rm andunif
orm st
ruct
uralsuppor
t,hi
ghresi
stance
t
odeformat
ionandpreventi
onoffai
lur
eduet opumping.
oI
tispr
ovi
dedbel
owt
heCCpav
ementsl
ab.
oTher
ecommendedt
hicknessofDLCsub-
basecourseon
i
mport
anthi
ghwayi
s150mm, amini
mum thi
cknessof100mm
 maybeadopt
edi
ncaseofl
essi
mpor
tantr
oadswi
thl
esst
raf
fi
c.
oTheIRCr ecommendst hattheDLCsub-basecourseshal
lext
end
500mm bey ondtheedgeoftheCCpav ementinordert
o
faci
l
itat
ef ur
therconst
ructi
onoperat
ionandtoprovidegood
supporttotheCCpav ementslab.
oThemi
nimum speci
fi
edcementcont
enti m3.
s150kg/
oTheper
missi
blet
oler
ancei
nsur
facel
evel
sofDLCl
ayeri
s+6
mm and-15mm.
oCuri
ngtheDLCl
ayerisdonebyspray
ingl
iqui
dcur
ing
compoundimmedi
atelyaf
terf
inal
rol
li
ng.
oFurt
hercur
ingi
sconti
nuedbycover
ingt
hesur
facewit
hgunny
bagsorhessi
anspr
eadin3layer
sandkeptmoi
stcont
inuousl
y
foramini
mum of7days.
Lay
ingofsepar
ati
onmembr
ane:
oAnimpermeablesepar
ati
onmembranemadeofPVCsheetof
thi
ckness125μm isl
aidb/wt
heDLCsub-
basecour
seandthe
CCslab.
oDuri
nghotweather,
thesurf
aceoft
heDLCl
ayermaybewet
ted
wit
hwaterbef
orelayi
ngthemembrane.
oThesepar
ati
onmembr
anei
slai
dfl
atwi
thmi
nimum cr
easesand
wri
nkl
es.
oWhenanothersheetoft
hemembr anei
stot
hel
aid,
thej
oint
shal
lhav
eami nimum over
lapof300mm.
oThemembr
anemaybenai
l
edt
othel
owerl
ayer
.
Di
ffer
entoper
ati
onsi
nvol
vedi
ntheconst
ruct
ionofCCpav
ement
sl
abare-
1.
Spr
eadi
ngt
hepr
epar
edconcr
etemi
xtodesi
redt
hickness,
grade
 andcr
osspr
ofi
l
e
2.
Compact
ing
3.
Fini
shi
ngt
hesur
facet
odesi
redsur
facepr
ofi
l
e.
4.
Text
uri
ng
5.
Cur
ing
6.
Cut
ti
ngofcont
ract
ionj
oint
sandl
ongi
tudi
nal
joi
nts
Cont
inuousl
yRei
nfor
cedCocr
etePav
ementwi
thEl
ast
icJoi
nts:
oConti
nuouslongi
tudi
nalr
einf
orcementi
sprovi
dedinCC
pavementbyintr
oduci
ngroundedsteel
rodsatmiddept
h.
oTr
ansv
ersej
oint
sar
epr
ovi
dedat4t
o5m i
nter
val
s.
oThelongitudinalsteeli
sgi
v enat hi
ckcoat i
ngofbi
tumenf ora
tot
al l
engthof1. 5m nearthejoints(i
.e.750mm oneitherside
ofthejoints)inordertobr
eakt hebondwi t
htheconcr
etenear
thejoi
ntsar ecall
ed' el
ast
icjoi
mt s'.
oI
tiscal
l
edCRCP-
EJ.
oThej
ointsconsi
stsofdummygr oovesof3mm widt
hcutupto
50mm depthont hetopofconcr
eteslabatt
hepr
edeter
mined
l
ocat
ions.
oConti
nuousl
ongi
tudi
nalreinf
orcementpavementprev
ent
wideni
ngoft
hesecracks,hol
dingthecrackedpav
ementblocks
toget
her.
oThetot
alcr
osssecti
onalar
eaofsteeli
sabout0.
33%t
o0.
4%of
thecr
osssect
ional
areaofconcr
ete.
o25%oft hel
ongi
tudi
nal
steel
areai
spr
ovi
dedast
ransv
ersest
eel
rei
nfor
cement.
oExpansi
onj
oint
sar
epr
ovi
dedonl
yatbot
htheendsofCRCP-
EJ;
 t
her
eisnoneedofexpansi
onj
oint
sinbet
ween.
oTheridi
ngqualit
yofCRCP-EJisfoundtobever
ygood,bett
er
thantheconventi
onalCCpavements;al
sothemai
ntenance
requi
rementsarefoundtobelessert
hantheCCpavements.
St
eel
Fibr
eRei
nfor
cedConcr
etePav
ement(
SFRC)
:
oSpeci
fi
edsizeofst
eel
fibr
eismi
xedi
ncementconcr
etei
nthe
desi
redpr
oporti
on.
oAproper
lydesi
gnedmi
xofSFRChashigherf
lexur
alst
rengt
h,
hi
gherduct
il
it
yandhi
gherr
esi
stancet
oimpact.
oTheIRChasr ecommendedt heuseofmildsteelworesof0.5t
o
1mm di amet ercutto30t o50mm l engt
h(withaspectrat
ioof
50to100)f orthepr eparat
ionofSFRCmi x;
therecommended
opti
mum f i
brecont entis1.25%byvolumeor100kg/ m3ofCC
mix;thedesignf l
exuralstr
engthobt
ainedat28day sisi
nthe
rangeof70t o80kg/ cm2.
oThemax
imum si
zeofaggr
egat
esi
ntheSFRCmi
xis12mm.
oIfpr
opercar
eisnott
akendur
ingmixi
ngandlayi
ngofSFRC,
somesteelf
ibr
emayprotr
udeonthepavementsur
face.
I
nter
locki
ngcementConcr
eteBl
ockPav
ement(
ICBP):
oTheI
CBPi snotaff
ect
edbybei
ngsubmer
gedunderwat
erev
en
fi
rpr
olongedperi
ods.
oI
fsomeset tl
ementtakesplaceontheICBPsurf
ace,i
tis
possi
bletoremovethepaverblocksf
rom theaf
fect
edarea,get
thesupport
ingl
ayer
sr ect
if
iedandagainlayt
hesameblocks.
oThissurf
aceisnotsuit
abl
eforhi
ghspeedtr
aff
icmov ementas
theri
dingcomfortmaynotbeuptot
hedesir
edstandardandthe
noiseandthevi
brati
ongener
atedwi
llal
sobehigh.
oAnotherl
i
mi t
ati
onisthatt
hesurf
acewatercanenterint
othe
pavementlayer
sthr
oughthejoi
ntsoft
hepav erbl
ocks.
oComponent
s:
a)
Beddi
ngsandl
ayer
b)
Cementconcr
etebl
ocks
c)
Lat
eral
suppor
tforconf
inement
d)
Joi
ntf
il
li
ngsand
oWellgr
adedsandpassi
ng4.75mm siev
eandl esst
han10%
passi
ng0.075mm si
eveisusedasbeddingsand.
oThecompact
edt
hicknessofbeddi
ngsandl
ayeri
s20t
o40mm.
oI
RChassuggest
edt
hatt
het
hicknessoft
heconcr
etebl
ocks
maybe-
a)
100t
o120mm f
orr
oadswi
thheav
ytr
aff
ic.
b)
80mm f
orr
oadswi
thmedi
um t
raf
fi
c.
c)
69mm f
orf
ootpat
hsandcy
clet
racks.
oBISrecommendedt heconcretepaverblocksshall
have
compr essiv
estr
engthof50MPaf orheavytraff
icr
oads,
str
engt hof40MPaf ormedium tr
afficr
oads, 35MPaforl
ight
tr
affi
cr oadsand30MPaf orfootpaths.
oTheedgeblockoredgestri
psorbeamsandkerbar
elai
dto
provi
deadequat
elater
alsuppor
tandconf
inementt
otheICBP
l
ay er
.
oJoi
ntf
il
li
ngsandconsi
stsofcl
ean,
well
gradedsandpassing
2.
36mm sieveandl
essthan10%passi
ng0.075mm sieve.