GROUP 6 PRESENTATION

Biosynthesis, Modification, And

Cell Secretion
Contents of the cell organella:
•Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Ribosome
•Golgi Apparatus
By:
Sri Hayuni, Dian Arisandy and Mawaddah Nasution
 Plant Cell
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth Nuclear envelope
endoplasmic
Ribosome (free)
reticulum
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum Ribosome
(attached)
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Cell membrane

Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Vacuole

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

 Animal Cell Smooth endoplasmic
Nucleolus reticulum
Nucleus

Ribosome (free)
Nuclear envelope
Cell membrane
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome
(attached)

Centrioles Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion
First, we talk about :

Presented by : Sri Hayuni

HISTORY
o First reported by Ernest Fullam,
Keith Porter and Albert Claude in
1945.
o Another author have made various
important contributions on the
endoplamic reticulum:
1. Fawcett Ito (1958)
2. Thiery (1958)
3. Rose and Pomerat (1960)
 GENERAL
CHARACTERISTIC
o Present in
Eukaryotic cell
o In most cells
consist of only
one continuous
membrane
enclosing only a
single space.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC
o Connected to the
double-layered
nuclear envelope.
o Provides a
pipeline between
the nucleus and the
cytoplasm.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC
o Membranes and organelles embedded
within matrix.
o Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
comprises about 50% of cell membrane.
o Can extend to lengths of 100 feet
or more.
o Takes up more than 10 percent of
the total volume of a cell
STRUCTURE
o The endoplasmic reticulum is where
lipid components of the cell
membrane are assembled, along with
proteins and other materials that
are exported from the cell.
o Fluid mosaic model
STRUCTURE
COMPARISON
Membrane Plasma ER Membrane

Lipid Lipid
Cholesterol Cholesterol
Protein Protein
STRUCTURE
COMPARISON
Membrane Plasma ER Membrane
1. Thicker 1. Thinner
2. Protein Less than 2. Protein more than
ER Plasma Membrane
3. Cholesterol more 3. Cholesterol less
than ER than Membrane P.
4. Saturated Acid 4. Unsaturated Acid
Phospholipids Phospholipids
Chain Chain
 STRUCTURE

o Composed three kinds of structure:

oLamellar
oTubular
oVesicular
NEXT TOPIC
 STRUCTURE : Lamellar
O Commonly found in
the Rough ER.
O Consist of numerous
membrane flat sacs.
O Asymmetry ribosome
arranged.
O Flattened membrane.
Also called as
Cisterna
BACK
 STRUCTURE : Tubular
O Commonly found in
Smooth ER.
O Closely related to
membrane movement
and fusion in
membrane system.

BACK
 STRUCTURE : Vesicular
O Found both in rough
and smooth ER.
O From the
differential
centrifuges
process.
O Called Microsome.
O Highly abundant in
livers of rats,
mice and humans. BACK
MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ER have various kind of functions,
this causes differentiations in
morphological structures.
Divided into:
‡ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
‡ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

o Also called as Granular ER.

o The surface is studded with
protein-manufacturing Ribosome.
o Microscope view : "rough"
appearance (Hence the name)
 Ribosome

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER looks like sheets of bumpy membranes.

MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

o Ribosome only binds once it begins

to synthesize a protein destined
for the secretory pathway.
o Continuous of the nuclear envelope.
 MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function:
1. Production and processing of specific
proteins at ribosomal sites that are later
exported.
2. Increased surface area for various
metabolic activities.
3. Exchange material between nucleoplasm and
cytoplasm and in synthesis of enzymes
MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function:

4. Glycosylation, adding of glucose to

protein and disulfida for making the
branch of chain.
5. Consist of lipid granula for helping
smooth ER synthesize lipid.
 MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Created two types of proteins.
One is the type which fortifies and gets
embedded into the reticulum membrane.
“Resident Protein”.
The other types are water soluble
membranes which after creation at
ribosomal sites, pass through the
membrane and into the lumen
MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

o Surface of the tubules lacks

granules (ribosome).
o Not involved in protein synthesis.
o Contiguous of rough ER.
o Tubular form.
Comparison between Granular ER and Agranular ER
MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

o Acts as a storage organelle.

o Abundant in cells that produce lots
of lipid and hormone. E.g : Liver
and ovary and testis.
o Much less extensive than the rough
endoplasmic reticulum
 MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function:
1. Production of lipids (fats)
2. Building blocks for carbohydrate
metabolism
3. Detoxification of drugs and poisons
4. takes part in the formation of
nuclear membrane during cell division
 MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function:
5. Smooth ER contains collections of
enzymes that perform specialized
tasks, such as synthesis of membrane
lipids and detoxification of drugs.
6. Takes part in form of lysosome and
golgi complex.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 MICROSCOPE VIEW OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Therefore, in some specialized cells, such as

in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism (brain
and muscle) or detoxification (liver), the
smooth ER much more extensive and is crucial
to cellular function.
Smooth ER plays a role in various cellular
activities through its storage of calcium and
involvement in calcium metabolism.
 RELATION OF RER and SER

 Smooth ER comes from Rough ER

 Develop Rough ER then Smooth ER
 Smooth ER function : Detoxification
 Rough ER function : synthesis protein
for detoxification.
 There are same protein that found
both in rough ER and smooth ER
Now, we talk about :

Presented by : Mawaddah
Prokaryotes &
eukaryotes have
different
ribosome.
Ribosome - protein
synthesizer
consisting of two
subunits
Larger one, “50S”, is
upper picture.
Smaller is “30S”
(They look the same
size here because of
space restrictions.)
50S and 30S
Related to their respective sizes.
Numbers actually measures of how
quickly each subunit sinks to the
bottom of a container of liquid
when spun in a centrifuge
One subunit smaller than other, but
both are larger than average
protein
Function
–protein production
Structure
–ribosomes contain rRNA &
protein
–composed of 2 subunits that
combine to carry out protein
synthesis
STRUCTURE

Structures of the
two ribosome
subunits
– The larger
subunit
– The smaller
subunit
Types of Ribosomes

Free ribosomes
– suspended in cytosol
– synthesize proteins that
function within cytosol
Bound ribosomes
– attached to outside of
endoplasmic reticulum
– synthesize proteins for
export or for membranes
Ribosome basically a protein
factory. Subunits each have
role in making of proteins
To understand exactly what each
subunit does, it’s necessary to
walk through protein synthesis
step by step
Ribosome and RNA
mRNA with code for proteins located
at 30S subunit
tRNAs responsible for carrying amino
acids to mRNA. Each tRNA has own
nucleotide triplet which binds to
matching triplet on mRNA, ex., tRNA
with code AAA (triple adenine) would
match up with mRNA that has code UUU
(triple uracil)
The process of protein
synthesis, including:
– DNA to mRNA (transcription)
– mRNA to protein (translation)
•Initiation
•Elongation
•End of translation
Protein synthesis
Process starts from
DNA through
“transcription”
“Translation” is where
ribosome comes in.
Translation occurs
when protein formed
from code on mRNA
Ribosome carries out
the translation of the
nucleotide triplets
Protein synthesis
Chart - visual image
of transcription and
translation in
protein synthesizing
DNA and RNA have
nucleotides that
determine kind of
protein
3 nucleotides = 1
amino acid of a
protein
 Initiation:
The first phase of translation
Translation begins when
mRNA attaches to the
30S
tRNA comes and binds to
mRNA where nucleotide
code matches
This triggers 50S
binding to 30S. 50S is
where all tRNAs will
bind. Now we move on
to elongation
 Elongation:
The second phase
Two binding sites on
50S: A site and P site,
which aid in continuing
translation
First tRNA connected at
A site. Now moves to P
site as another tRNA
approaches
Second tRNA binds to A
site
 Elongation (continued)

Peptide bond forms

between amino acids of
tRNAs (methionine and
proline)
First tRNA now detached
from its amino acid, and
it leaves ribosome.
Second tRNA still has
proline and methionine
attached
 Elongation
(continued)
The tRNA left now
moves to P site.
Ribosome ready to
accept another tRNA
and continue process
Each tRNA adds another
amino acid to growing
peptide chain (thus
“elongation”)
Eventually process has
to finish, however…
 End of
translation
Ribosome was moving
along nucleotide
triplets one by one
Ribosome reaches
“stop codon,”
peptide chain
finished. Last tRNA
leaves ribosome,
leaving behind
completed peptide
chain
 End of translation
(continued)
Ribosome separates
from mRNA
Ribosome subunits
also separate, and
will remain this way
until another mRNA
comes along to
restart the process
Structure and RNA
Recently discovered - about two-thirds of
ribosome’s mass made up of RNA
Most important functions of ribosome
performed by RNA. This has been found
because of atomic knowledge of structures
of 50S and 30S and their assemblage into
70S
(One might logically think it to be 80S,
but it really isn’t)
Last, we talk about :

Presented by : Dian Arisandy

 Golgi Apparatus

 Is an organelle that found in eukaryotic cells

 found universally in both plant and animal cells
 was discovered in 1897 by Italian physician called
Camilo Golgi
 termed the structure as the internal reticular
apparatus
located close to the cell nucleus
 Morphology
Reticular-shaped
The Golgi is composed of stacks of membrane-bound
structures known as cisternae that look like a stack of
deflated balloons
In the plant cells, cisternae called dictiosome because
it’s very clear
Surrounded by vesicles and anastomising tubules
The cisternae stack has four functional regions: the cis-
Golgi network, medial-Golgi, endo-Golgi, and trans-
Golgi network
 Shape types of Golgi Apparatus
1. Cisternae shaped
2. Vesicle shaped
3. Tubulus shaped
 Polarity

Has two sides consist of convex and concave,

usually called as forming face and maturing face
 Enzymes of Golgi Apparatus
Glycosiltransferase, for glycoproteins biosynthesis
Sulfo- and glycosiltransferase, for glycolipids
synthesis
Oxydoreductase
Fosfatase
Kinase
Mannosidase
Transferase, for phosfolipids synthesis
Phosfolipase
 Specific functions
Cell types Tissue or Organ Function of Golgi Apparatus

Exocrine Pancreas Secreting zymogen (profase, lipase, carbohidrase,

nuclease)

Glandular cells Parotid Glandule Secreting zymogen

Goblet cells Epithelium of intestine Mucosa and zymogen secretion

Follicle cells Thyroid glandule Prethyroglobulin

Ganglia Blood Immunoglobulin

Simpatic, Schwann cells Nerve Sulfa reaction

Endothelium cells Blood vessel Sulfa reaction

Hepar cells Hepar Lipids secretion

Kornea Avian Collagen secretion