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Types of Supervisory Systems

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1. SCADA (Supervisor Control and Data Acquisition)

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2. SCADA/AGC

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3. EMS (Energy Management System)
4. DMS (Distribution Management System)

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5. Load Management System (LMS)
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1. SCADA

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• A SCADA system, strictly speaking, is limited to

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performance of traditional function such as the
gathering of data and performance of control

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functions.

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• A small amount of record keeping and other data
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reporting functions are usually included.
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2. SCADA / AGC

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• A SCADA and automatic generation control (AGC)

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system is similar to a simple a SCADA system
except some limited generation control

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capabilities are included.

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• These capabilities include the ability to calculate
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area control error, monitor frequency and tie lines
and perform a limited economic dispatch of a few
generating units.
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3. EMS (Energy Management System)

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• The energy management system (EMS) incorporates all the features of
SCADA systems in terms of gathering data and performing control.

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• It typically will include a fair amount of computing power and probably

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extensive online data storage.

• The user interface (UI) may be very complex, including the use of full

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graphic CRT’s, dynamic map boards and many recording charts.
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• Software frequently includes compute-intensive programs for contingency
analysis, security functions, scheduling, load flows and optimal power
flows.
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• Because the EMS is often considered the heart of the utility’s main control
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center, it probably includes extensive capabilities for record keeping and

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data exchange.
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4. DMS (Distribution Management System)

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The distribution management system (DMS) is the next logical step
after a utility has implemented an EMS. Initially it was viewed

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as a means to monitor distribution feeder loads and to control

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the distribution portion of the substation.

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Technology has lowered the cost of control and supervision of
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devices located throughout the feeder lines to the point
where it is now becoming routine.
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The DMS frequently includes topology analysis and load flow

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programs that allow rapid identification of problems and

restoration of service.
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Real Time Modeling of the system

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• Network Configuration Analysis

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• Observability Analysis
• State Estimation and Data processing

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• Network Application Functions
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Conceptual Hierarchical Structure of an Energy Management

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System

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Flow Diagram of Power System Management Processes

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Functional

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Diagram of
a Modern
Energy

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Managem
ent System

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Energy control center configuration.

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Intercontrol center communication point server, communication front-end processor

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Typically an EMS should have

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However, it may be noted that the power transmission business has
become more complicated due to the following challenges:

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EMS framework

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The functionalities included in each of the subsystems are

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A. Generation operation management
• Load forecasting (LF)
• Unit commitment (UC)
• Hydrothermal coordination (HTC)

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• Real-time economic dispatch and reserve monitoring (ED)
• Real-time automatic generation control (AGC)
B. Transmission operations management: real time

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• Network configuration/topology processor (TP)
• State estimation (SE)
• Contingency analysis (CA)

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• Optimal power flow and security constrained optimal power flow (OPF, SCOPF)
• Islanding of power systems
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C. Study mode simulations
• Power flow (PF)
• Short-circuit analysis (SC)
• Network modeling
D. Energy services and event analysis
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• Event analysis
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• Energy scheduling and accounting

• Energy service providers
E. Dispatcher training simulator (DTS)
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EMS time frames.
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H time frames.

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The values sent in by the SCADA system may have errors due to the following

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factors:

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Phasor Data Concentrator

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Block diagram of PMU.

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Global Time Reference•
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)- 00 longitude•
GPS (Global Positioning System) synchronized with UTC (< 1 uS)

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GPS receivers sends global time via different time code format
Most widely used is IRIG-B (Inter Range Instrumentation Group)

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A device (mostly

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microprocessor based)
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magnitude and phase
angle of an analog and
/or derived phasor with
respect to the global time
reference, as per the
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synchrophasor
standards ( IEEE 1344,
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IEEE C37.118).
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The benefits the PMU measurements bring in can be summarized as below:

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Future uses of PMU data in Ems and DMS.

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PMU architecture consists of PMUs at substation level and PDCs at control center level

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WAMS architecture
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Phasor Data Concentrator

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Comparison of SCADA Data and PMU Data

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