BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

“BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED” is the fourth largest department of

Telecommunication Company in Asia and is ranked today seventh in world. This is one
of the most earning revenue in India. At present more than 4 lakh engineers are working
in BSNL. BSNL is the topmost telecommunication company and the largest public sector
undertaking of India. Its responsibilities include improvement of the already impeccable
quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in all villages and instilling
confidence among its customers. Apart from the vast network expansions, especial
emphasis has been given for introducing latest technologies and new services like I-Net,
Internet, Isdn (Integrated Services Digital Network), In (Intelligent Network), GSM
and WLL (Wireless In Local Loop) services etc. Now BSNL has also entered in mobile
communication. It has all the new services send technological advantages, which are
available with any well, developed telecom network anywhere else in the country. The
administration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and quite committed to
provide the latest and best telecom services by their continued support and active co-
operation.
Previously there were electro mechanically exchanges in India namely Strowger
type exchange and Cross Bar exchange. These manual telephone exchanges suffered
from some disadvantages. To overcome the disadvantages automatic exchange was
introduced in this system. In 1980’s Pithrotha Ltd introduced “C-DOT” exchange in
India. Then were introduced C-DOT-128, C-DOT-256, C-DOT-512, C-DOT-
1024(SBM) exchange, C-DOT (MBM) exchange and so on.
Now it is “WLL” which proved to be a mild stone in Telecommunication sector.
WLL system which is also a mobile with limited mobility in city & can have
telecommunication facility in that area almost.

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PARTS OF THE EXCHANGE :

A typical C-DOT NGN installation can be divided into the following rooms:

1) Switch Room

2) Power Plant

3) Battery Room

4) M.D.F (Main Distribution Frame)

5) Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC) Room

6) AC Room

7) Engine Alternator Room

CONNECTIONS IN EXCHANGE :

Fig. Schematic Diagram of Connections in Exchange

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List of Abbreviations and Symbols :
ADP : Alarm Display Pannel
ATU : Analog Terminals Unit
BME : Base Memory Extender
BPS : Base Processor Controller
BSC : Base Station Controller
BSM : Base Station Manager
BTS : Basestation Transceiver Subsystem
CACU : Central Access Control Unit
CDOT : Centre Development of Telemati
DCDP : DC Distribution Pannel
DDF : Digital Distribution Frame
FDF : Fibre Distribution Frame
FSU : Fixed Subscriber Unit
GMSC : Gateway Mobile Switching Centre
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
HLR : Home Location Register
HSS : Home Subscriber Sever
IOP : Input Output Processor
IWF : Inter Working Function
LAGU : Line Access Gateway Unit
LAN : Local Area Network
LCC : Line Circuit Card
LM : Line Module
MBM : Multi Base Module
MDF : Maon Distribution Frame
MME : Mobile Management Entity
MPBN : Mobile Packet Backbone Network
MPLS : Multi Protocol Level Switching
MSC : Mobile Switching Centre

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NGN : Next Generation Network
NTR : Northern Telecom Region
OCLAN : Other City Local Area Network
OLTE : Optical Line Terminal Equipment
ONT : Optical Network Termination
OTDR : Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
PSTN : Public Switched Telephone Network
PSU : Power Supply Unit
RSU : Remote Switching Unit
SDH : Synchronous Digital Hierachy
SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Network
SIM : Subscriber Identification Module
STM : Synchronous Transport Module
TSU : Time Switching Unit
VLR : Visitor Location Register
VRLA : Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery
WLL : Wireless Local Loop

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NGN ARCHITECTURE :
NGN is a layered architecture consisting of :

1.Transport,
2.Access,
3.Control and
4.Application layer

It is important to note that all the layers are independent from each
other. Change in one layer should not affect other layers.

Access Layer :

Access Layers is responsible for direct subscriber attachment function. NGN can support
all kind of existing access as well as upcoming access. NGN is capable of processing
traffic originated from PSTN, GSM, CDMA, xDSL, WiMAX or any other access system.
Depending upon the type of access, protocol conversion and/or media conversion may be
required at the NGN Gateways.

Access Layer consists of Gateways. Example of getaways is Media Gateway,Access

gateway.Signalling gateway etc.

Media gateway terminates media,coming from PSTN/PLMN in E1 / STM. Here, it is

responsible for packetisation of media under the instruction of control layer. After
packetisation of information it throws packets to the transport Network. Access gateway
is nearer to subscriber. Subscriber can directly be terminated in Access Gateway. All the
required configuration of such subscribers should be done at control layer. Access
Gateway and Media Gateways are responsible for carriage of Media whereas Signalling
gateway is carrying signalling generated by PSTN and informs Control Layer about the
signaling in required format.

Transport Layer :

Transport Layer of NGN is based on IP (Internet Protocol). It can utilize the advantage of
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching). Transport Layer forms the core of the Network.
It basically consists of Routers, which are responsible for carrying traffic originated by
access layer. As the same core network is going to
be used for all kinds of subscribers enjoying different kind of real time and non real time
services, it should be able to make use of band width policies and Qos policies. Operator
has to think of managed Network for its subscribers. It is basically an assembly of routers
connected with optical network. Traffic coming from gateways is properly routed by
those routers.

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Control Layer :

It is responsible of call setup, routing and charging policies and other controls in NGN
environment. It consists of call servers where all information of the network resides.
These call servers are responsible for setting up, modifying, charging and tear down of
the calls. NGN may work on soft switch principle. It consists of
MGC (Media Gateway Controller) as an overall controller and MGs(Media Gateway) for
termination of traffic. MGC is basically a server and it is having all the necessary
information of network MGC instructs MGs for establishing the call. Under the control of
MGC, MG performs different call related tasks such as
connection, modification and termination of media streams, packetisation of media etc.

Application Layer :

It is responsible for OSS/BSS. Enhanced services to the subscribers will be provided with
the help of application servers. It may include prepaid servers, announcement servers,
Service servers etc. Hence NGN is making service separation from Network. Any service
can be introduced with the help of server at
any time without any modifications in the control, transport or access.

Fig. Architecture of NGN

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1.) MDF (MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME) :
The switching equipment, common to all the subscribers of the area is located in an
exchange. To make possible for a subscriber to communicate with remaining subscribers,
telephone of each and every subscriber must be connected to the exchange. Certain
arrangement is made by the use of an iron frame. These iron frames are called Main
Distribution Frames, Intermediate Frames or Combined Main and Intermediate
Distribution Frames depending upon their function.

A line from the subscriber’s telephone set involves the following:

 Subscribers house wiring

 Underground cables
 Exchange main distribution frame
 Overhead wires
 Cable distribution point

From the subscriber’s house wiring, the line is brought on overhead wires to a point
called Distribution Point (DP). From the DP, the pairs are extended to the exchange
through underground distribution cables, secondary cables and primary cables. At the
exchange are brought through underground cables to cable chamber. In the cable
chambers, they are jointed to PVC cables for terminating at MDF. This frame
incorporates protecting devices and provides for a flexible arrangement for connecting
subscriber’s lines to exchange equipments.
Subscribers House Wiring :
PVC aluminum twin wire 1 or 1.12 mm is used for wiring at subscriber’s house.
Protective devices are not necessary at the subscriber’s premises as per present standards.
Underground Cables :
The underground cables are laid at a depth to 2.5 feet below the ground level that connect
the DP post to the exchange MDF. The cabinets and pillars included in the cable network
provide flexible arrangement of interconnection between various sizes of cables. The
subscriber’s lines enter an exchange through a number of large capacity U/G CABLES.

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Each of which serves a different part of the exchange area. The number given to different
subscriber’s lines don’t bear any relationship to the geographical location of the
subscriber. Hence, the exchange numbers included in any one cable are entirely
haphazard. Moreover as subscribers cease to have telephones and new subscribers are
connected. The exchange numbering of the external cable pairs is constantly changing on
the other hand; all lines within the exchange are in strict numerical order. It is therefore
necessary that some means must be provided for temporary connection between the two
.This conversions from the geographical order of the external pairs to the numerical order
within the exchange is carried out on a M.D.F.

Facilities Provided By M.D.F :

1.) A fixed means of terminating the external cables.

2.) A means for mounting the protective devices for incoming circuits.
3.) A convenient point of interception for locating of faults.
4.) A means for cross connecting the external circuits to the appropriate internal circuits.

Parts of M.D.F.

a.) Horizontal side

b.) Vertical side

a.) Horizontal Side :

Rack: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The courting is
done from up (0) to down (7).
Tag: - Each rack consists of eight tags.
1 tag = 4 core
1 core = 4 bunch
1 bunch = 2 line
Wedge: If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between
subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic.

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Horizontal side is again subdivided in to two parts :

1) Line Side: The outdoor cable is interconnected to exchange side through jumper wires
on line side. Each frame has ten modules and each module is often pairs tag blocks.

2) Exchange Side: All ports from exchange side coming on to this end terminated in the
terminal blocks on exchange side each frame have ten modules and each module is of 8
pins tag blocks.

b.) Vertical Side :

The vertical side is connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs.
These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber.
Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts. One part is connected with the horizontal
side and another with the subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable. This is
how the present day telephone system works. Different exchanges have different
architectures of switching call routing and other features. The MDF is properly earthed
for the protection of the equipment. The external pairs are area wise terminated on the
line side of the frame, while connection from the equipment is done on the exchange side
in a numerical order. By interconnections at this frame with the help of jumper wires, any
subscriber in any area can be given any exchange number. This MDF mounts Delay
Fuses only.

Protective devices used on M.D.F. :

1.) Fuses :

These are the devices used to protect the apparatus and wiring from excessive currents. A
fuse is a small length of thin wire which melts if there is all excess of current and
disconnects the equipment before possible damage.

Glass Type Fuse: A fuse consists of low melting point alloy wire, inside a glass tube
with metal caps at either end to which the fuse wire is soldered. The enclosures gives
uniform operating characteristic, to the fuse and ensure that molten material do not scatter
round. Outdoor cables are terminated with fuse for protection. Fuses are of 100 mA.

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2.) Gas Discharge Tubes :

In case of heavy lightning discharges or induction of high voltages, gas discharge

protectors are used as protective devices to protect the communication lines and
equipments from damages due to high voltages. The gas discharge protector essentially
consists of two or three tungsten electrodes scaled in the special glass envelope or
ceramic envelope containing a mixture of inert gases mainly neon. MDF has many tag
blocks of 100 approx. and that numbered from 1 to 100.In a tag block, there are 128 pair
wire theoretically. Therefore, total number of connecting wires is 1024 theoretically. But
in practical, there are only 1000 pairs.

From ground, a single pair of 400 wires originates, which is divided in 4 pairs of 100
wires. Practically, each pair is provided with 102 wires. These exact 2 wires are used in
case of any manufacturing defect. For broadband connections, different colored tag
blocks are provided. Broadband is used to provide different facilities on land-line phones
with high speed to access them. A grey colored tag block is used for line side while
yellow colored tag block is used on equipment side. These tag blocks has 0 to 47 pairs.

To identify any telephone, we require the following two addresses:

1. Exchange address
Vertical number-tag block number-pair number
For example: 7-5-15
Here, vertical no. =7
Tag block no. =5
Pair no. =15
This gives the address of a telephone in the exchange.

2. Equipment address
Rack number-tag block number-pair number
For example7-6-87
Here, rack no. =7
Tag block no. =6
Pair no. =87

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This gives the information about the actual location of telephone equipment. This address
is provided to lineman for repairing, in case of any fault. There is another section of fault
repairing located in MDF section. When subscriber’s phone is not working, then
subscriber calls to exchange. For this he dials, 198. At other side in exchange anyone on
computer feeds subscriber detail and phone number. Further system is fully
computerized. Computers do the testing of line and gives fault at its output. Then fault is
given to lineman of that area. He checks out the lines of that area and removes the fault.
After this, he informs to the exchange that the line is OK and then the exchange informs
the subscriber at their phone number, that there telephone is working now.

Fig. Main Distribution Frame

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2.) SWITCH ROOM :

Fig. Switch Room

BASE MODULE (BM) :

The Base Module is the basic growth unit of the system. It interfaces the external world
to the switch. The interfaces may be subscriber lines, analog and digital trunks. Each
Base Module can interface up to 2024 terminations. The number of Base Modules
directly corresponds to the exchange size. It carries out majority of call processing
function and in a small exchange application, it also carries out operation and
maintenance function with the help of Input-Output Module.

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Basic functions

1. Analog to digital conversion of all signals on analog lines and trunks.

2. Interface to digital trunks and digital subscriber.
3. Switching the calls between terminals connected to the same Base Module.
4. Communication with the AM via the CM for administrative (i.e. Call processing)
functions.
5. Provision of special circuits for call processing support e.g. Digital
6. Tones, announcement, MF/DTMF Senders/receivers.
7. Provision for local switching Unit (RSU) as well as in case of Single Base
Module Exchange (SBM_RAX).

Types of Base Modules

1. Single Base Modules (SBM)

2. Multi Base Module (MBM)

Base Module Configuration :

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In SBM exchange configuration, the Base Module acts as an independent switching BM
directly interface with the Input Output Module for bulk data storage, operations and
maintenance function. Clock and synchronization is provided by a source within the BM.
It is a very useful application for small urban and rural environments.

The Base cabinet houses total 6 frames

 Terminal Unit (TU, Top 4 Frames) system and provides connection to 1500 lines
and 128 trunks.
 Base Processor Unit (BPU, 5th frame).
 Time switch unit (TSU).

There are following four terminal units:

1. Analog Terminal Unit (ATU) :

The Analog Terminals Unit (ATU) is used for interfacing 128 analog terminations which
may be lines or trunks and providing special circuits as conference announcements and
terminal tester. It consists of terminal cards, which may be a combination of analog
subscriber line cards, analog trunk card, signaling processor card, terminal interface
processing cards & some special service cards.

(a) Analog Subscriber Line Cards :

Two variants of subscriber line cards as LCC (Line Circuit Card) or CCM (Coin
Collection Monitoring) with interfaces up to 8 subscribers. Analog to digital conversion
is done by per channel CODEC according to A-Law of Pulse Code Modulation so we
can say that it for the subscriber connected for subscriber to exchange.
A unit has 16 line cards so 16*8=128 subscribers.
There are 4 unit so 4*128= 512 subscribers.

4 cards make 1 Terminal Group (TG) so TG = 4.

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(b) Analog Trunks Cards :

Analog trunk cards interface analog inter exchange trunks which may be of three types as
TWT, EMT & EMF. These interfaces are similar to subscriber Line Cards, with only
difference that the interfaces are designed to scan/drive events on the trunks as predefined
signaling requirement.

(c) Signaling Processor Cards :

SP Processes the signaling information received from the terminals cards. SP processes
the signaling information consists of scan/drive function like original detection, answer
detection, digit reception, reversal detection etc. The validated events are reported to
Terminal interface controller for further processing.

(d) Terminal interface controller (TIC) Cards :

TIC controls the four terminals group ( TG) of 32 channels and multiplex them to form a
duplicated 128 channels, 8 mbps link towards the Time Switch. For Signaling
information of 128 channels it communicates with signaling processor to receive/send the
signaling event on analog terminations. It also uses to communicate with BPU.

(e) Special Service Cards :

A Terminal unit has some special service cards such as Conference (CNF) cards to
provide six party conferences. Speech Samples from five parties are Terminal
Test Controller (TTC) card is used to test analog terminal interfaces via the test access
relays on the terminal cards. Announcement controller card provides 15 announcements
on board cast basis.

2. Digital Terminal Unit (DTU) :

Digital terminal unit is used to interface digital trunks, i.e. used between the exchanges.
One set of Digital Trunks Synchronization (DTS) Card along with the Digital Trunk
Controller (DTC) card is used to provide one E-1 interface of 2 mbps. Each
interface occupies one TG of 32 channels and four such interfaces share 4 TGs in a DTU.
Here Terminal Unit Controller (TUC) is used of TIC and DSP cards. Out of 32 channels,

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30 for voice communication and remaining two are for signaling and synchronization. In
DTU 4 TGs are there so total number of unit are 4*30 = 120 units in DTU.

3. Signaling Unit Module (SUM) :

It is used to support SS7 protocol handlers and some call processing function for CCS7
calls.SS7 capability in C_DOT DSS MAX exchanges is implemented in the form of a SS
& Signaling Unit Module (SUM). The sum hardware is packaged into a standard
equipment frame, similar to that of terminal unit. It is a module by itself and contains
global resources. It interfaces with the Time Switch via Terminal Unit Controller (TUC)
on a 128 channel PCM link operating at 8mbps.

To support termination of BRI/PRI interfaces and implementation of lower layers of

DSSI Signaling protocol, they are used as carriers to transport bulk volume of data. With
the increasing use of internet access, the use of ISDN interface is likely to go up as it
provides the reliable access to the user at the rate of 64/128kbps.

1. Remote Switch Unit :

In this time switch card BMs are replaced by Enhanced Switch Cards (ETS). It is used
when the exchange is at a far distance from the central module. It can be modified BM
via 2 mbps digital links. Analog and Digital trunk interfaces are also implemented in
RSU to support direct parenting of small exchanges from RSU.

2. Service Unit :

It is integrated around three different cards as Tone Generator with Answering Circuit
(TGA), Service circuit interface Controller (SCIC) and DTMF Controller, (MFC) Card.
These three forms TGs towards Service Circuit interface (SCI). SCI multiplexes
these TGs together with another terminal group from the Base Message. Switch (BMS) to
form a 128 channel, 8 Mbps link & send it to the Time Switch.

Base Message Switch (BMS) route the control message with in the Base Module, across
different Base Module and also Administrative Module via the Central Module. It is
implemented around two cards as Message Switch Controller (MSC) with the Message
Switch Device (MSD) with 16 HDCL links. So total 22 HDLC channels are implemented

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for communication with the Base Processor, Time Switch Controller, Service Circuit
interface Controller with in the BM. It transfer the message between the Base processor
and these controllers.

The Time Switch complex is implemented using three different functional cards as
multiplexer/demultiplexer (TSM),Time Switch (TSS) and Time Switch Controller (TSC).
The Time Switch complex performs time switching with in the Base Module : -

 Four 128 channel multiplexed link from four different terminal units which may
be any combination of ATU,DTU,#7SU AND ISTU.
 One 128 channel multiplexes BUS from the Service Circuit interface Controller
(SCIC) in the Time Switch Unit.
 Three 128 channel link to support on board three party conference circuit (3*128).

Base Processor Unit :

Base Processor Unit (BPU) is the master controller in the Base Module. It is implemented
as a duplicated controller with memory units. These duplicated sub-units are realized in
the form of the following cards.

1. Base Processor Controller (BPC) Cards.

2. Base Memory Extendra (BME) Card.

1. Base Processor Controller (BPC) Cards :

BPC control time switching within the Base Module via the Base Message Switch and
the Time Switch Controller. It communicates with the Administrative processor via Base
Message Switch for operations and maintenance functions. In a SBM configuration,BPC
directly interface with the Alarm Display Panel and the input Output Module.

2. Base Memory Extender (BME) Card :

It is for the storage purpose i.e. saving memory purpose. It can store up to 16 bits.

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Time Switch Unit (TSU) :

Time Switch Unit (TSU) implements three basic function as time switching within the
Base Module, routing of control message within the Base Module and across Base
Module and support services like DTMF circuit, answering circuit, tones etc. These
functions are performed by three different functional unit, integrated as Time Switch
Unit in a single frame.

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3.) NTR (NORTHERN TELECOM REGION) :

19
4.) PROJECT :

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5.) MSC (MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE) :

Fig. MSC

The Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) is a telephone exchange that makes the
connection between mobile users within the network, from mobile users to the public
switched telephone network and from mobile users to other mobile networks.

The MSC also administers handovers to neighbouring base stations, keeps a record of
the location of the mobile subscribers, is responsible for subscriber services and billing.
A mobile switching center (MSC) is the centerpiece of a network switching subsystem
(NSS). The MSC is mostly associated with communications switching functions, such as
call set-up, release, and routing. However, it also performs a host of other duties,
including routing SMS messages, conference calls, fax, and service billing as well as
interfacing with other networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

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The MSC is structured so that base stations connect to it, while it connects to the PSTN.
Because cellphones connect to these base stations, all forms of communication, whether
between two cell phones or between a cell phone and a landline telephone, travel through
the MSC.

A small network operator may employ only one MSC, while a large operator requires
multiple MSCs. The MSC plays a significant role in handovers, particularly handovers
involving multiple base station controllers - known as inter-BSC or intra-MSC handovers
- as well as those involving multiple MSCs, known as inter-MSC handovers.

In an inter-BSC handover and upon detecting that a mobile device is approaching the
edge of its cell, a BSC requests handover assistance from its MSC. The MSC then scans a
list of adjacent cells and their corresponding BSCs and facilitates the handover to the
appropriate BSC.

As mobile phones move, it is important for the MSC to determine each phone’s location
to effectively facilitate routing communications between them. For this task, the MSC
works with a large database known as the home location register (HLR), which stores
relevant location and other information for each mobile phone.

Because accessing the HLR uses many network resources, most operators employ visitor
location registers (VLRs). These are relatively smaller databases, which are integrated
with the MSC. Some carriers deploy one VLR per MSC, while others set up one VLR to
serve multiple MSCs.

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6.) OUTDOOR ( BTS , TOWER ) :

The Network components are Base Station Controller (BSC), Base station Transceiver
Subsystem (BTS), Fixed Subscriber Unit (FSU), and Base Station Manager (BSM).
Additionally, the system is equipped with inter-working function (IWF) for data service.

Base Station Controller (BSC) :

The Base Station Controller (BSC) interfaces with the BSC and PSTN LE (Local
Exchange) in order to support the establishment/release of originating/terminating calls.
It performs the trans-coding between QCELP (Qualcomm Code Excited Linear
Predication) in wireless sections, PCM (pulse code modulation) in wire network.

BTS (Base Station Transceiver Subsystem) :

The Base station Transceiver Subsystem (hereinafter, referred to as BTS), located
between FSU and BSU, controls the calls and carriers out the maintenance function. That
is, it enables the wireless FSU to acknowledge the BTS first, sends down required data,
allocates the traffic channels to call requests, and open call paths.

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Description of BTS:

S3 (DO) BTS:

The cabinet structure has the following characteristics:

-High equipment integration and large system capacity.
-Leading technologies.
-Flexible application

The S3 (DO) BTS is one of the indoor macro base transceiver station models in the all IP
BTS series. The model’s main characteristics are high system integration and large
system capacity.

BTS TOP INTERFACES :

1. Power interfaces
2. FE interface group
3. E1/T1 interface group
4. Feeder cable interface
5. GPS interface group

6. BTM_ANT interface

7. Fiber interface

8. Left interface group

9. Fiber cable adopter unit

10. Monitoring cable adopter unit

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BSM (Base Station Manager) :
The functions of Base Station Manager ( hereinafter , referred to a BSM ) include
initialization, downloading, status management, configuration management, performance
statistics, and subscriber authentication on the BSC and BTS. Since the BTS operating
device accommodates several subsystems, it has the minimum effect on the system
operation and maintenance when faults occur.

Fig : BTS and Tower

FSU (Fixed Subscriber Unit) :

Fixed Subscriber Unit (hereinafter, referred to as FSU), placed between BTS and
subscriber provides the wireless interface function. It can be classified into various forms
depending on how many antennas, lines and applications it has. It can also provide voice
services, voice bandwidth data and digital data services.

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SOFTWARE ORGANIZATION :

The software is written in high level language ‘C++’ & distributed over various
processors and is structured as a hierarchy of virtual machines. The software features are
implemented by communication processes. The operating system provides
communication facilities such that the processes are transparent to their physical
locations. Resources are identified as ‘global’ or ‘local’ depending upon their distribution
in the system. The resource which depends upon the number of terminal is provided
within the basic growth module. The basic module processor is provided for handling call
processing locally.

ROLE OF SOFTWARE IN C-DOT DSS

The main feature of the software architecture of DSS-MAX is as:

 Distributed architecture to ma the distributed control architecture

 Layered architecture with loosely coupled modules & well defined message
interfaces.
 Use of high level language
 Modular design with each layer providing higher of abstraction

HARDWARE
C-DOT DSS MAX Layered Software Architecture

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CONSTRUCTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION CABLE

Core :
All the insulated conductors compactly arranged in pairs, units and super units constitute
core of the cable

Moisture Barrier :
As the presence of moisture deteriorate the quality of insulation of the telecom cables,
moisture barrier protects entry moisture into the core of the cable.

Fig.

Protection
Telecom cables require Protection
a.) from probable mechanical damages
b.) from water and chemicals or soil conditions
c.) from Induction due to Electrical lines
d.) from diggings by different agencies and individuals
e.) from damages while handling.

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THE CLASSIFICATION OF UNDERGROUND CABLES WITH REGARD TO
DESIGN FEATURES ARE AS FOLLOWS :

Fig.

1.) Place where it is used - Underground / overhead / submarine

2.) Insulation material used - Paper / polythene cables

3.) The filling compound - Dry core / jelly filled cables

4.) Place of utilization - Primary / Distribution / Junction cable.

5.) System for which used - Co-axial / PCM

6.) Type of conductor - Copper cable / Optical fibre cable

7.) Gauge of the conductor - 0.40 mm / 0.50 mm 0.63 mm / 0.90mm

8.) Pressurization of core - Pressurized / unpressurised cables

9.) Mechanical protection - Armoured / unarmoured cables

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Fig.

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Code for Wire Identification :

Primary colors Secondary colors

For 1st wire in a pair For 2nd wire in a pair and binder tape of
unit in 50pr/100pr unit

White Blue

Red Orange
Black Green
Yellow Brown

Code for Tape or Binder for Unit Identification :

Unit number 1 2 3 4 5
Color of Binder Blue Orange Green Brown Slate / Gray

Note:

(a) In 5 pair cable, color code specified for pairs 1 to 5 above is used

(b) In 10 pairs cables and 10 pairs units of 50 pair cables, color code specified for
pairs 1 to 10 is used.

(c) In 20 pair cables and 20 pairs units of 100 pair cables, color code specified for
pairs 1 to 20 shall be used.

(d) The number of the pairs with respect to the color scheme is only for the purpose
of identification of pairs, the actual numerical sequence of the pairs varies as the size
increase. The different colors of the binder shall be readily distinguishable under
normal lighting conditions.

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 Stranding :

A 50 pair cable consists of 5 number of 10 pair units

A 100 pairs cable consists of 10 number of 20 pair units.

 These units shall be stranded into a compact and symmetrical cable. the sequence
of the units in the cable shall be same throughout the length of the cable.
 An open lapping of 0.02 mm miler tape of any other suitable material of
appropriate thickness shall be applied for each unit.
 The tapes shall be so colored and have lay not exceeding 200 mm. This tape is
not necessary on the 5 pairs, 10 pairs and 20 pairs cables.
 In case of 5, 10, 20 and 50 pair cables, one spare pair will be stranded as the last
pair. The color of the spare pair shall be in accordance with pair No. 21 of above
table .
 In the case of 100 pair cable, 2 spare pairs shall be provided. the color of the pair
shall be as specified for pair No. 21 & 22 of above table. The spare pairs in the
case of 50 pairs and 100 pairs cables shall be provided within the cable core, but
shall not be within any unit.
 The 200pair and 400 pair cables (cables above 100 pr and unto 400 pairs) will be
formed by super units of 50 pairs. and the units stranded in the form of layers
 The cable over 400 pairs is formed be the super units of 100 pairs and the units
stranded in the form of layers.

Position of the unit in the layer Color binder

First (Marker) Red
Intermediate White
Last (Reference) Black

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Code for Conductor Insulation :

Pair No Color
First Wire Second Wire
1 White Blue
2 White Orange A
3 White Green
4 White Brown
5 White Slate / gray
6 Red Blue
7 Red Orange
B
8 Red Green
9 Red Brown
10 Red Slate / gray
11 Black Blue
12 Black Orange
13 Black Green
14 Black Brown
15 Black Slate / gray
C
16 Yellow Blue
17 Yellow Orange
18 Yellow Green
19 Yellow Brown
20 Yellow Slate / gray
21 Natural Blue
22 Natural Orange

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POLYTHENE INSULATED JELLY FILLED CABLES:

These are popularly known as PIJF cables and consist of twisted pairs of polyethylene
insulated copper conductors.

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TYPES OF CABLE :
Co-Axial Cable :
The coaxial cable consists of a inner solid cylindrical conductor placed along the axis of
an outer hollow cylindrical conductor. A coaxial cable may consist of two or more cores
layd up with suitable lay with proper insulation along with quads laid in the interstices
between them all enclosed in a lead sheath. The cable is recognized with
1. Number of cores i.e. either 2 core or 4 core
2. Size of the inner diameter of tube - r i.e. 0.375 type ( large tube – 0.375” ) or
0.174 type (small tube – 0.174”).
3. The interstice Quads or pairs having diameter of 0.9mm

Coaxial core

Lead sheath

Quads of 0.9 mm

Polythene Disc

Fig. Two Core 375 coaxial cable

Optical Fiber Cable :

Optical fiber is the latest underground cable that is being used extensively in all the
networks including long distance trunks, junction circuits and even the local subscriber
loops to enhance the data transmission.
Advantages of of cables over copper cables are discussed here under :
1. Optical Fibers are non conductive, hence does not require ground and surge
suppression

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2. Optical Fibers are immune to electromagnetic interference
3. Un authorized tapping is not feasible.
4. Easily upgradeable to higher bandwidth.
5. Low loss ( 5db per km to < 0.25 db per km on a typical fiber)
6. Long and unrepeated links , hence inexpensive
7. Small light, and hence cost is less and easy for installation.
8. It does not attract lightning,
9. It does not carry electricity hence not hazardous.

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SOFTWARE SUBSYSTEMS :

The main subsystems of C-DOT DSS MAX software are:

1. C-Dot Real-Time Operating System (CDOS)

2. Peripheral Processors Subsystem

3. Call Processing Subsystem

4. Maintenance Subsystem

5. Administration Subsystem

6. Database Subsystem

7. Input Output Processor (IOP) Subsystem

1. C-Dot Real Time Operating System (CDOS) :

The operating system is primarily responsible for the following functions and services:

 Management of processes

 Synchronization and communication between process

 Time management

 Interrupt handling resource management

 Memory management

 Online and offline debugging facility

The operating system has been designed to minimize the overheads in terms of real time.
In the distributed architecture of C-DOT DSS MAX, one of the important roles played by
the C-DOS is to provide an effective interprocess communication between processes
residing in the same or different processors.

2. Peripheral Processor Subsystem :

The telephony software for handling lines, trunks, and service circuits is controlled by the
peripheral processors. These are 8-bit microprocessors programmed in assembly-level
language. The main activity of the telephony software is to detect events & communicate
them to the base processor where logical call handling is done. Events like line seizure,

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answer, disconnection, & signaling information between exchanges, etc., are examples of
telephony events which are processed by the peripheral processors. Another important
function of peripheral processors is to carry out all the maintenance related test functions
on hardware.

3. Call Processing Subsystem :

The call processing software subsystem receives the information about telephony events
that occur outside the exchange. It processes this incoming information and gives
commands to the peripheral processors for interconnecting subscribers. A special feature
of the call processing subsystem is generation of an exhaustive call event record (CER)
on every call. This call event record contains the complete detail of a call and is sent to
the administration software subsystem, at the termination of call. In case the call involves
a terminal under observation, a subscriber observation record is also generated.

4. Maintenance Subsystem :

The maintenance software subsystem is responsible for the following major functions:

 Initialization: It consists of loading code & data from the IOP onto the system.

 System integrity: It is to keep a check on the general integrity of the system & to
maintain the system integrity by resorting to the appropriate level of initialization.

 Switch maintenance: It is a five –tiered activity consisting of fault detection,

confirmation, isolation, reconfiguration, & diagnostics.

 Terminal maintenance: It involves fault detection, fault reporting, & testing of all the
subscriber lines and trunks.

 Human interface: It provides man-machines communication between the operator and

the system. It supports the maintenance commands that are given by the operator.

5. Administration Subsystem :

Administration subsystem consists of traffic, billing, exchange performance

measurement, & human interface functions. It also provides on-line software patching
capability. The exchange is connected with a number of vdu’s for providing the human

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interface. Man-machine communication is extremely user-friendly & provides a large
number of forms & menus for carrying out exchange management functions.

6. Database Subsystem :

The management of global data, i.e., the data shared between various applications &
processes, is done by the database subsystem. The objectives of these subsystems are as
follows.

 Easy access
 Quick access
 Transparency
 Consistency
 Security
 Synchronization

7. Input Output Processor Subsystem :

IOP subsystem uses UNIX as the basic operating system. IOP software system is
structured as a layer above UNIX & comprises of the following parts:

 Command interpretation layer

 Administration software

 Maintenance software

 Communication software

The function of IOP software subsystem in C-DOT DSS MAX are downloading &
initialization, performance measurement of processes, provision of man-machine
interface, & handling billing, traffic, & maintenance reports, etc.

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CALL PROCESSING :

There are five function steps of call processing including the location of the originating
and terminating equipment. These steps are : -

1.) Origination: Origination begins when the subscriber line goes off hook or incoming
trunks seized. It receives the incoming digits, selects the digit analysis tables, and
determines the screening information for this call.
2.) Digit Analysis: It interprets the digits it receives from origination, select a destination
for each call, and passes the dialed digits to routing.
3.) Routing/Screening: Routing uses the destination information from digit analysis and
screening information origination to select the terminating trunk group or line.
4.) Charging: It uses the charging information from routing to expand the charging data
into a format usable by call accounting process.
5.) Termination: The last step in call processing is termination. Termination Processor is
different for calls destined for lines and call destined for trunks.
a.) Trunk termination: A trunk member of the trunks group is selected based on a
predetermined pattern. After selection the digits are out pulsed to the distant office.
b.) Line termination: The line identified in routing is checked to determine the line has
any special features. Ringing is applied to the line if applicable or the special feature is
activated.

SIGNALING :

Signaling refers to the exchange of information between call components required to

provide and maintain service. As users of the public Switched telephone network, we
exchange signaling with network element all the time. Examples of signaling between a
telephone user and the telephone network include. Dialing digits, providing dial tone,
accessing a voice mailbox, sending a call waiting tone, dialing *66(to retry a busy
number), etc.Signaling system 7 is means by which element of the telephone network
exchange information. Information is conveyed in the form of messages. Signaling
System 7 messages can convey information such as SS7 is characterized by high-speed
packet data, and out-of-band signaling.

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Out of Band Signaling :

Out-of-band signaling is signaling that does not take place over the same path as the
conversation. We are used to thinking of signaling as being in-band. We hear dial tone,
dial digits, and hear ringing over the same channel on the same pair of wires. When the
call completes, we talk over the same path that was used for the signaling. Tradition
telephony used to work in this way as well. The signals to set up a call between one
switch and another always took place over the same trunk that would eventually carry the
call. Signaling took the form of a series of multi frequency (MF) tones, much like touch
tone dialing between switches.

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