Industrial Training Report

On
Residential Buildings
Submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering

Submitted To: Submitted

Mr. Vignesh Ganesan Abdul Ajeej

Seminar In-charge 16ESOCE001

Department of Civil Engineering

Sobhasaria Group of Institutions
Rajasthan Technical University
2019-2020
 Department of Civil Engineering
Certificate

This is to certify that work, which is being presented in the Industrial Training Seminar
entitled High Rise Building submitted by Abdul Ajeej, student of final year B.Tech in Civil
Engineering id in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology and is
carried out under my supervision. The report is as per standard laid down procedure of the
Sobhasaria Group of Institutions.

Date

Place: S.G.I. Sikar Rajasthan.

Mr. Vignesh Ganesan Dr. Yuvraj Singh

(Seminar Incharge) (H.O.D.)

(Department of Civil Engineering)

 Acknowledgement

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my seminar guide for guiding me from time to
time.

Words are inadequate in offering my thanks to Mr. P.R.Agarwal (Chairman), Dr. Sudhir
Rathi (Principal), Dr. Yuvraj Singh (HOD, CE) and Mr. Vignesh Ganesan (Seminar
Incharge) of Sobhasaria Group of institution, Sikar for consistent encouragement and support
for shaping our report in the presentable form.

Finally, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to all supporting staff members and
friends who have been a constant source of encouragement and support.

Abdul Ajeej

16ESOCE001
 Declaration

I Abdul Ajeej student of B. Tech 7th semester ,studying at Sobhhasaria Group of

Institution, Sikar hereby declare that the summer training report on “High Rise Building”
submitted to Rajasthan Technical University, Kota in partial fulfilment degree of Bachelor of
Technology is the original work conducted by me.

The information and data given in report is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This
seminar training report is not being submitted to any other university for award of other
degree diploma and fellowship.

MR. Vignesh Ganesan Abdul Ajeej

(Seminar Incharge) (Student)

 Table of Contents

Chapter No. Name of Chapter Page

No.
Chapter 1 Construction Detail
Site clearance
Demarcation of site
Positioning of central coordinates &layout
Excavation
Construction Equipment
Piling
Retaining Wall
PCC-Plain Cement Concrete
Laying of Foundation
Form Work
Compaction
Types of Vibrator
Curing
Ready mix Concrete
Staircase
Masonry Brick Work
Flooring

Chapter 2 Material Used

Cement
Aggregate
 Concrete
Reinforcement
Admixture
Water

Chapter 3 Brick Work

Chapter 4 Test

Chapter 5 Conclusion
 Figure Table
Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.
1 Excavation 11
2 Tower crane 12
3 Bucket 12
4 Bar Bending Machine 13
5 Bar Cutting Machine 13
6 Needle Vibrator 14
7 Bracing pipes 14
8 Non Transit Mixer 15
9 Transit Mixer 15
10 Piling 16
11 Retaining wall 17
12 Raft Foundation 19
13 Combine Footing 19
14 Isolated Footing 20
15 Plan for Foundation 20
16 Columns 21
17 Plan for Column 21
18 Formwork for slab 22
19 Needle Vibrator 23
20 Surface Vibrator 24
21 Dog-Legged Stairs 30
22 Stretcher Bond 31
23 Header Bond 32
24 English Bond 32
Flemish Bond 33
26 Leakage 34
27 Cement Concrete Flooring 36
28 Tile Flooring 36
29 Cement 37
30 Aggregates 40
31 Reinforcement 44
32 Cover Block 45
33 Admixture 46
34 Water 46

Chapter 1
Construction Detail
Name of project:-
Silent features of the project:-
 Total area:-
 Type of structure:-

1. Site clearance
The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and
vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location.

2.Demarcation of site
The whole area on which construction is to be down is marked so as to identify

the construction zone. In this project, a plot of 7 lakh sq.ft. was chosen and the

respective marking was done

3.Positioning of central coordinate and layout

The centre point was marked with the help of a thread and plumb bob as per the

grid was drawing, with respect to this center point, all the other points of columns

wereto be decided so its exact position is very critical

4.Excavation
Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Normally 1-2

earth excavators(JCB) were used for excavation the soil. Adequate precautions are

taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures,

Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation

bottom. The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so it was dumped and

wasnot used for back filling the filling is done in layer not exceeding 20 cm layer and

thanits compacted. Depth of excavation is for three basements which is near about

40ft.from ground level

Fig1. Excavation
5. Construction Equipments

 TOWER CRANE
It’s function is to transport the material required from one point to another . Fig 2
shows the tower crane.

Fig.2 Tower Crane

 BUCKET
 Fig. 3 Bucket
Concrete is poured into it form batch mixer and then it is taken to the place with the
help of bucket where casting has to be done.Volume of bucket is 0.3 m 3.

 BAR BENDING MACHINE

Fig. 4 Bar Bending Machine

 BARCUTTING MACHINE
 Fig.5 Bar Cutting Machine

 NEEDLE VIBRATOR

Fig. 6 Needle Vibrator

 WELDING MACHINE
 DRILLING MACHINE

 BRACING PIPES

They provide support to the shuttering.

 Fig. 7 Bracing Pipes

 NON-TRANSIT MIXER (BATCH MIXER)

Fig. 8 NON TRANSIT Mixer

TRANSIT MIXER(or RMC MIXER)

 Fig. 9 Transit Mixer

6. PILING
When the excavation is done the first step is to do the piling

Depth of piling is 40 ft

Diameter of piling: 2.5t

Grade of concrete: M25

It consists of

 Master ring
 Main bars
 Spiral rings

At the top there is piling cap.

It is used to transfer the load to a deeper level

Vertical columns of steel and concrete are provided to give extra support to the

building
 Fig. 10 PILING

7. Retaining wall
It holds back the soil from sliding or eroding away.

Longitudinal reinforcement: 16mm and 12mm

16mm bars were towards the wall and 12 mm bars were away from wall.

Transverse reinforcement: 12mm

 Fig.11 Retaining Wall

8. Plain Cement Concrete(P.C.C)

After the process of the excavation and pilling the earth Jaying of plain
cementconcrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner
that it was not mixed with the soil it provides a solid base for the raft foundation and
a mix of 1:4:8 (M5) is taken in use Plan concrete is vibrated to achieve full
compaction Concrete placed below ground sholud be protected from falling earth
during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious there from
during placing andfor a period of seven days. When joint in a layer of concrete are
unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junction of different layers
break joint in laying upper layer of concrete. The lower surface is made rough and
clean watered before upper layer is laid.

9. Laying of foundation
At site,isolated and combined foundations are used to spread the load fromsturcture
over a large area, normally the entrie area of the structure Normally rallfoundation is
used when large load is to be distributed and it is not possible to provideindividual
footings due to space constraints that is they would overlap on eachother Raft
foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as theconcrete
slab resists differential movements between loading positions.They are often needed
on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loadsover a
larger area.

In laying of raft foundation special care is taken in the reinforcement andconstruction

of plinth beams and columns. It is the main portion on which ultimatelywhole of the
structure load is to come. So, a slightest error can cause huge problemsand
therefore all this is checked and passed by the engineer in charge of site.
Totalnumber of foundation is 168.
 Fig.12 Raft Foundation

Fig. 13 Combined Footing

Fig. 14 Isolated Footing

Fig 15 Plan of Foundation

10.Column

Column is a vertical member which is used to transfer the load of building in

subsurface by foundation.

There are three types of columns which are divided on the base of their size.

1. 300 X 400 mm

2. 300 X 450 mm

3. 300 X 600 mm

Fig16.Columns

Fig17 plan of columns

11. Form work
Slabs, moulds & shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is placed. So
that it will have desired shape or outline when hardened. Once the concrete
develops adequate strength, the forms we removed. Forms are generally made of
the materialslike timber, plywood, steel etc.

Fig18. Formwork for Slab

Proper lubrication of Shuttering plates is also done before the placement of

reinforcement. The film sandwiched between concrete and formwork surface notonly
helps in easy removal of shuttering but also prevents loss of moisture from
theconcrete through absorption and evaporation. The use of oil which darkens
the surfaceof concrete, is not lowed. Olling is before reinforcement is placed and
care taken thatno oil comes in contact with the reinforcement while it is placed in
position. Theformwork is kept thoroughly wet during concreting and the whole time
that it is left in place.
12. Compaction

To make the concrete impervious & attain maximum strength all the
entrapped air from the concrete mass was removed when it was still in plastic state.
If the air is not removed completely, the concrete loses strength
considerably.Compaction eliminates air bubbles and rings enough fine material both
to the surface and against the forms to produce the desired finish. Use of mechanical
vibrators is recommended. Mechanical compaction is done by the use of vibrators.
Due to vibrators the particles occupy a more stable position and concrete fills all
space.

13. Types of Vibrators

Following are the type of vibrator usually used to compact concrete:

1. Internal Vibrators(Needle Vibrators)

2. External Vibrators(Form Vibrators)

3. Surface Vibrators

4. Vibrating Table

Fig19. Needle Vibrator

 Fig20. Surface Vibrator

14. Curing

The term "Curing is used to include maintenance of favorable environment

i.e.supplying moisture to the concrete from an external source and protection
againstextremes of temperature.

Following are the methods for curing different building parts

Walls:- Water should be sprinkled from the top such that it covers the whole
are ofthe wall and it should be remain wet.

Slab:- Pounding should be done on the slab by constructing the bunds of mortar.

Beams and Columns:- The beams and columns can be maintained wet by
tyinggunny bag around the periphery and by maintaining it wet always.

Curing should be started just after the surface begin to dry. Normally 7 to 28 days
willtaken for complete curing.
15. Ready Mix Concrete Plant
Ready-mix concrete is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory orbatching
plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truckmounted
transit mixers. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concretemixtures
to be developed and implemented on construction sites

The ready mix concrete plant is used to manufacture ready-mix concrete which is
useding all the construction projects. The ready mix concrete is also known as RMC
ismixture of cement, water, sand and aggregates. It is manufactured in a batching
plantas per the required specifications of a construction project. RMC (ready mix
concrete)commonly refers to the concrete which is freshly pre-mixed and delivered in
unhardenedstate which can form any shape. It is prepared by mixing cement, gravel,
crushed stone.sand, water etc., which depends on the type of the construction
project. After thepreparation of ready mix concrete, it is then delivered to the
construction site throughtruck or transit mixer which is capable of mixing the
ingredients of the concrete whiletravelling. Manufacturing ready mix concrete and
delivering through a transit mixersturdy, strong and long lastingenables the
implementation of precise concrete in the construction project making it

Ready-mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of

theprecision of the mixture and reduced work site confusion. However, using a
predetermined concrete mixture reduces flexibility, both in the supply chain and in
theactual components of the concrete.

Advantages of RMC:

Ready mix concrete plant being on-site concrete mixing plant, enablesprecision of
the mixture and reduces worksite confusion. Before, the concrete wasprepared
manually, but now it is being prepared using computer controlled operations which is
known as ready mix concrete plan having many advantages, some of them are given
below:

 A centralized concrete batching plant can serve a wide area. Site-mix trucks
can serve larger area including remote locations that standard trucks can not.
  The plants are located in areas zoned for industrial use, and yet the delivery
trucks can service residential districts or inner cities. Site mix trucks have the
same capabilities.
 Better quality concrete is produced. Site mix can produce higher compression
strength with less water then standard batching methods.

 Elimination of storage space for basic materials at site. Standard batch plant
needs more room for its operation than site-mix trucks.

 Elimination of procure ment/hiring of plant and machinery.

 Wastage of basic materials is avoided. With a site mix truck, there is less
waste and wash out. This is better for the environment.
 Labor associated with production of concrete is eliminated. It takes more
people to operate a standard batch plant than a mobile-mix truck.

 Time required is greatly reduced. One mobile-mix truck can produce 8 yards
of concrete in 8 minutes. It can also operate continuously without needing to
be moved away from the pump truck.

 One mobile-mix truck can produce 460 yards of concrete in an 8-hour shift,
whereasstandard trucks must stop and move off the pump to bring in the
next, thus taking nearly 3 hours longer to deliver the same amount of
concrete. This increases the labor cost

Disadvantages of RMC:

 The materials are batched at a central plant, and the mixing begins at that
plant, so the travelling time from the plant to the site is critical over longer
distances. Some sites are just too far away, though this is usually a
commercial rather than a technical issue.

 Generation of additional road traffic. Furthermore, access roads and site

access have to be able to carry the greater weight of the ready-mix truck plus
load. Concrete is approx 2.5 tonne per m' This problem can be overcome by
utilizing so-called ‘minimix’ companies which use smaller 4m capacity mixers
able to access more restricted sites.

16. STAIRCASE
A stairway, staircase, stairwell, light of stairs, or simply stairs is a
constructiondesigned to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller
vertical distances,called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two
or more straightpieces connected at angles.

Special types of stairs include escalators and ladders. Some alternatives tostairs are
lifts (Us elevators) stair lifts and inclined moving walkways as well asstationary
inclined pavements.

Technical Terms:

The definitions of some technical terms, which are used in connection with design
ofstairs, are given

 Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step

 Riser: vertical portion of a step

 Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads

 Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings

 Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.

 Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab

 Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.

 Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.

 Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.

Stairs types
A. Staircases with straight flight

The group of staircases with straight flights is perhaps the mostwidespread the
presence of straight flights, treads located straight across thetrajectory, landings
makes them convenient functional and straight. This group includesStraight stairs,
Quarter Landing Stairs, and also Half Landing Stairs.

According to general rules the amount of treads in one straight flight shall not
exceed16. Despite their simple forms pertinent components may communicate a
unique styleto the staircase. You may read more detailed how to choose
components forStaircase in stairs Design section. The most simple in terms of
design, manufactureand installation is the staircase with straight flight.

B. Straight stairs

Despite its simplicity, it is convenient and functional. It is easy to go upand down it,
as also to carry things on the next floor. But the presence of one long flightmakes
this type of staircases limited in height. As you already know, the amount oftreads in
one straight flight shall not exceed 16. The usage of staircases with straightflight is
feasible only in those cases when we need to join two levels connected byimaginary
straight line.

If two flights of stairs going in one direction are supplemented by a landing,

theminimum depth of the landing shall amount to the sum of the step length and the
depthof one tread in plan. If depth of the landing shall be more than the value
received theincrease shall be a multiple of the minimal depth value. The landing
divides thestaircase into two, thereby reducing quantity of treads in one flight and
makes walkingmore comfortable. But the usage of staircases with straight flights and
intermediatelanding is limited in view of inefficient usage of space needed for the
stair flightconstruction

C. Quarter Landing Stairs

 Quarter Landing Stairs represent a variety of straight stairs, which alsoinclude a
landing. But here the landing is needed to change a direction of the flight by
90degrees and at the same time it serves as a place for rest when moving. The
landingmay change its position in the flight from its beginning and up to its end.
Staircases ofthis type are more convenient and safe than straight staircases. Due to
the presence ofthe landing the flight is divided into two, thereby reducing quantity of
treads in one flight,and makes walking more comfortable.

You shall pay particular attention to the shape of landing. As you already know from
thesection How, the depth of landing shall be longer by half of the tread width in
eachdirection, or by the whole tread width in one direction.

Staircases of this type enable rationale use of the space needed for the stair
flightconstruction

D. Half Landing Stairs

Half Landing Stairs are also a variety of staircases with straight flights.Just like
Quarter Landing Stairs they also have a landing, but here it changes a directionof the
flight by 180 degrees already and also serves as a place for rest when movingThe
landing divides the staircase into two, thereby reducing quantity of treads in one
flight, and makes walking more comfortable.

Staircases of this type are very convenient, functional, and safe. Pay attention to theshape of
the landing. Just like for Quarter Landing Stairs, the depth of landing shall belonger by half of
the tread width in each direction, or by the whole tread width in onedirection.

E.DOG LEGGED STAIRCASE

A dog leg is a configuration of stairs between two floors of a building.of domestie
building, in which a light of stairs ascends to a half-landing beforetuning 10 degrees
and continuing upwards. The flights do not have to be equal, andfrequently are not.

Structurally, the flights of a dog leg stair are usually supported by the half-landing,
whichspans the adjoining flank walls.

From the design point of view, the main advantages of a dog-leg stair are:

To allow an arrangement that occupies a shorter, though wider, floor area than
straight and so is more compact. Even though the landings consume total
floorspace, there is no large single dimension.

The upper floor is not directly visible from the bottom of the stairs, thereby
providingmore privacy.

An object of person filling from the upper half of the stairs is likely to stop at
thelanding, is safer than letting it fall all the way to the bottom

Fig21. Staircase

17. Brick Masonry

The common materials of masonry construction are brick, building stonesuch as
marble, granite, travertine, and limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glassblock,
and cob. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction

Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry

Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. Fortemporary sheds
mud mortar may be used but for all permanent buildings lime orcement mortars are
used.

The various types of bonds generally used in brick masonry are

1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond

1. Stretcher Bond

A stretcher is the longer face of the brick as seen in the elevation. In thebrick of size
190 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm, 190 mm 90 mm face is the stretcher. Instretcher bond
masonry all the bricks are arranged in stretcher courses as shown in Fig.

1. However care should be taken to break vertical joints. This type of construction
isuseful for the construction half brick thick partition wall.

Fig Stretcher Bond

2. Header Bond

A header is the shorter face of the brick as seen in the elevation instandard brickis
90 mm 0 mm face in header bond brick masonry all the bricksare arranged in the
header courses as shown in 2. This type of bond is useful for theconstruction of one
bwick thick walls

Fig.23 Header Bond

3. English Bond

In this alternate courses consist of headers and stretchers. This isconsidered to be

the strongest bond. Hence it is commonly used bond for the walls ofthicknesses to
break continuity of vertical joints a brick is cut lengthwise into twohalves and used in
the beginning and end of a wall after first header. This is calledqueen closer Refer
Fig 3). shows typical one brick and one and half brick thewall with English bond
 Fig.English bond

4. Flemish Bond

In this type of bond each course comprises of alternate header andstretcher Fig-4].
Alternate courses start with stretcher and header. To break the verticaljoints queen
closers are required, if a course starts with header. Every header iscentrally
supported on the stretcher below it.

Flemish bonds may be further classified as

 Double Flemish Bond

 Single Flemish Bond.

In case of double flemish bond, both faces of the wall have flemish look, Le,
eachcourse consist of alternate header and stretcher, whereas single flemish bond
outerfaces of walls have flemish look whereas inner faces have look of English bond.
 Fig. Flemish Bond

Construction of Flemish bond needs greater skill it gives more pleasing

appearanceBut it is not as strong as English bond. If only pointing is to be used for
finished wallFlemish bond may be used to get good aesthetic view of plastering is
going to be usedit is better to use English bond.

18. Leakage and Water Proofing

There are many reasons for leakage in concrete. Due to this leakage, theconcrete
not only looses strength but also cause problem to the user Normal
concreteconstruction should not require water proofing materials is designed
andconstructed properly with good quality and workmanship. But to make it
safeagainst the effects of water, squid and powder form of waterproofing
materialiused depending upon the availability of the material

Leakages occur because of variety of reasons like

1. Accumulation of water, which start penetrating the surface.

2. Poor quality and proper proportioning of concrete constituents that
makeconcrete permeable.
3. Poor compaction of concrete, which leaves a lot of air voids.
4. Construction of two different works like concrete and works anddiscontinuity in
concrete casting at old concrete and new concrete leadingminute cracks.
5. Other structural cracks because of loading conditions and failure of the
structureto withstand those stresses.
 6. Movement of water from bottom to top because of capillary action

Fig. Leakage

Following measures may be useful to avoid leakages:

 Provide good drainage facility with correct gradient at the places where there
are chances for water to accumulate.
 Use good quality of materials with correct proportioning in concrete. For
example, use of blended cement and use of less water in concrete can reduce
permeability of the structure.
 Similarly, proper proportioning of materials would help concrete becoming
uniformly packed and dense.
 Proper compaction of concrete with immersion vibrator to make it void less
 Proper structural design and execution of members which results no cracks
for. water to percolate.
 Proper damp proofing course required to avoid movements of ground and
other water from bottom to top. Some useful methods are like applying
bitumen concrete construction etc. at plinth level.
 Use of waterproofing compounds for water retaining structures.
19. Flooring
The purpose of a floor to provide a horizontal sanitary surface to support
theoccupants of a building, furniture and equipments. A good floor should have
strengthand stability resistance to dampness, good appearance, and freedom
frommaintenance etc.

Flooring consists of furnishing, installation, finishing, curing, testing,

protecting,maintenance of various types of floor finishes. For all types of flooring,
skating, dadoand similar works the base gives more finish which was adequately
roughened bychipping, raking old joints and cleaning thoroughly, dust, grease etc.
with water and hardbrush. The base was thoroughly soaked with water and all
access water mopped up. Alayer of bricks bats le broken bricks are laid before the
laying mortar and there by thetiles.

Following are the common floor finishes:

1) Cement concrete flooring It consists of 1:1.5.3 cement concrete laid to a

thickness of 3 to 4 over strong sub base. Top surface is smoothened
withcement punning. It has got good wearing properties and can be easily
cleanedand maintained. If thickness is less, the size of stone aggregates is
limited to ½”.

Fig27. Cement Concrete Flooring

2) Tile flooring It consists of ceramic, vitrified, terrazzo and cement tiles Tiles
give very pleasant appearance to floors. Also it can be executed fast.
Vitrifiedand Ceramic tiles have gained popularity over mosaic tiles because it
 doesn'trequire grinding and polishing and the appearance is good and the ties
are quitestrong

Fig28. Tile Flooring

3) In ground floor the cement concrete floor is to be on 7.5 cm base of lime

concrete or weak cement concrete as per standard specifications. If the
basesconsist of cement concrete it shall be allowed to set for about 7 days. In
case thebase is of weak cement concrete the flooring shall commence within
48 hours oflaying the base

Chapter 2

Material used

20. Cement
Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminates and alumino
ferrite. It is obtained by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay andother
minerals in small quantities which is pulverized and heated at high
temperaturearound 1500 C to produce Clinker. The clinker is then ground with small
quantities ofgypsum to produce a fine powder called Ordinary Portland
Cement(OPC). When mixedwith water, sand and stone, it combines slowly with the
water to form a hard masscalled concrete in presence of moisture it undergoes
chemical reaction termed ashydration.

Fig Cement

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades.
Theclassification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement sand
mortarcubes of face area 50 cm" composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of
standard sand byweight with a water cement ratio arrived at by a specified
procedure. The grades are

1) 33 grade
2) 43 grade
3) 53 grade
The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand
mortarin N/mm' for 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure. Portland
pozzolanacement(PPC) is obtained by either intergrading a pozzolanic material with
clinker andgypsum, or by blending ground pozzolana with Portland cement or by
adding fly ash in it.

Advantages of using Portland Pozzolana Cement

Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) has following advantages when concreteis in its
fresh state

1. Workability

Portland pozzolana cement has spherical cement particles and they havehigher
fineness value. Due to the spherical shape concrete move more freely and more
fineness of particles allows better filling of the pores. This type of cement also
givesbetter cohesiveness to concrete. PPC cement also reduces the rate of slump
loss ofconcrete as compared to concrete made with ordinary cement particularly in
hotweather condition.

2. Bleeding

Bleeding is a type of segregation in which some of the water in the concretemix tens
to rise to the surface of fresh concrete. As a result of bleeding the top
surfacebecomes too wet and concrete will become porous, weak and non durable.
PPC cementreduces bleeding by providing greater fines volume and lower water
content for a givenworkability. This also helps to block bleed water channels.

3. Pump ability

PPC cement helps to produce more cohesive concrete and is less prone
tosegregation & bleeding. The spherical shape of particles serves to increase
workabilityand pumpability by decreasing friction between aggregate particles and
betweenconcrete & pump line.
4. Setting Time & Finish ability

PPC cement slightly prolongs the setting time of concrete which helps themason for
good finishing of concrete or cement mortar. The cohesiveness of concretemix helps
for better finishing of concrete

Initial and Final Setting time of cement

Initial set is when the cement paste loses its plasticity and stiffensconsiderable. Final
set is when the paste hardens and can sustain some minor load.

Low or fast setting time normally depends on the nature of cement. The
ambientconditions play an important role. In hot weather, the setting is faster, but on
another hand in cold weather, setting is delayed. Some types of salts, chemicals,
clay etc. ifinadvertently get mixed with the sand, aggregate and water should
accelerate or delaythe setting of concrete.

For OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) 33 Grade 30 minutes. For OPC 43 Grade
30minutes. Final setting time of cement should not be more than 10 hours

21. Aggregate

Aggregates are obtained from a source to produce satisfactory concrete. Aggregates

consisted of naturally available sand or stone crushed or uncrushed orcombination of
there of Aggregates were chemically inert hard dense, durable, cleanand free from
veins and inherent coatings and with permissible porosity. Flaky andelongated
pieces were not used.

Aggregates did not consisted of any harmful amterial such as iron pyrite, coal
mica,shale, or similar laminated material, clay, alkali, soft fragment, sea shells,
organicimpurities etc in such entities as to affect the strength or durability of the
concrete andin addition to it, for R.C.C. material which might cause corrosion of
reinforcement.

Aggregates which are chemically active to alkalis of cement shall not be used. Sum
ofpercentage of deleterious matter should not increase more than 5.

Fig. Aggregates

Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregate is mined from rock quarries or dredged from river beds,therefore
the size, shape, hardness, texture and many other properties can vary greatlybased
on location. Even materials coming from the same quarry or pit and type of stonecan
vary greatly. Most generally coarse aggregate can be characterized as eithersmooth
or rounded (such as river gravel) or angular (such as crushed stone). Becauseof this
variability, test methods exist to characterize the most relevant characteristicssince
exact identification would be impossible. Several key characteristics that
are frequently used to describe the behavior of coarse aggregates include relative
density(or specific gravity), bulk density, and absorption

Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone withmost

particles passing through a 9.5mm sieve. Fine aggregates generally consist ofnatural
sand or crushed stone with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch sieve.Fine
aggregate is natural and which has been washed and sieved to remove
particleslarger than 5 mm.

Fine aggregate may be described more clearly according to their availability as

 Natural Sand it is the aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of

rock andwhich has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies
 Crushed Stone Sand it is the fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.
 Crushed Gravel Sand- it is the fine aggregate produced by crushing natural
gravel

According to size the fine aggregate may be described as coarse sand, medium
sandand fine sand is specifications classify the fine aggregate into four types
according toits grading as fine aggregate of grading Zone 1 to grading Zone 4. The
four gradingzones become progressively finer from grading Zone-1 to grading Zone
4. 90% to 100%of the fine aggregate passes 4.75 mm IS sieve and 0 to 15 passes
150 micron Is sievedepending upon its grading zone.

22. Concrete
Contrary to popular belief, concrete and cement are not the same thing; cement is
actually just a component of concrete. Concrete is made up of three
basiccomponents: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and Portland cement.
Cement,usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent when mixed with water and
aggregates.This combination, or concrete mix, will be poured and harden into the
durable materialwith which we are all familiar.

The main ingredient required to make concrete are coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate,cement water. Coarse aggregate provide the main bulk while fine
aggregate fill thevoids in them and cement acts as binder.

Segregation

The stability of the concrete mix requires that it should not segregate and
bleedduring the transportation and placing. Segregation can be defined as
separating out ofthe ingredients of a concrete mix So, that the mix is no longer in a
homogeneouscondition. Only the stable homogenous mix can be fully compacted.

The segregation depends upon the handling and placing of the mix of concrete.
Thetendency to segregate amount of coarse aggregate and with the increased
slump.

Bleeding

The bleeding in the concrete is due to the rise of water in the mix to the
surfacebecause of the inability of the solid particles in the mix to hold all the miding
waterduring setting of particles under the effect of compaction. The bleeding
causesformation of a porous, weak and non durable concrete layer at the top of
placed concrete.
Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of concrete is defined as the load which causes thefailure
of specimen. The unit area of cross-section in uniaxial compression under givenrate
of loading. The strength of concrete is expressed as N/mm'. The
compressivestrength at 28 days after casting is taken as criterion for specifying the
quality ofconcrete. This is termed as grade of concrete. Is Code recommends the
use of 150 mmcubes. It depends on the following factors.

1) W-C ratio
2) Characteristics of cement
3) Characteristics of aggregates
4) Time of mixing
5) Degree of compaction
6) Temperature and period of curing

Cautions to be used in concrete

 It is good to use portable quality of water.

 Use of minimum quantity of accurately measured water, having low w-c ratio
thus ensuring good performance of the structure in long run.
 Construction joints are the joints provided between successive pours of
concrete that have been carried out after a time lag. As far as possible
theconstruction joints should be avoided and every care should be taken to
keepthem minimum. Since, presence of these joints creates a plane of
weaknesswithin the concrete body, these joints should be preplanned and
their locationshould be such that they are at places where they are subjected
to minimumbending moment and minimum shear force.
23. Reinforcement
The concrete without steel or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but
weak in tension. steel is one of the best forms of reinforcement, to take care of those
stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kind of loads.

Fig. Reinforcement
The steel reinforcement is round in cross section. It is in the form of high yield
strength deformed (HYSD) bars. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars
because of higher yield stress and bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity.
Some companies have brought thermo mechanically treated and corrosion resistant
steel bars with added features.

The bars are available from 6mm to 50mm dia in market . Normally for general
house construction bars of diameter of 6mm to 25mm are used.

24. Cover blocks

Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching theshuttering plates
and there by dividing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements asper the design
drawings. Sometimes it commonly seen that the cover gets misplacedduring the
concreting activity. To prevent this placing of cover with steel bars using thinsteel
wires called binding wires. Covers should be made of cement sand mortar
(13)Ideally, cover should have strength similar to the surrounding concrete, with at
leastperimeter so that chances of water to penetrate through periphery will be
minimized.Shape of cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. However, cover
indicatesthickness of the cover block. Normally, Cubical cover blocks are used. As a
thumb rule,minimum cover of 2" for footings, 1.5" in column, 1" for other structures
may beensured.
 Fig32. Cover blocks

25.Admixture
Admixtures are those ingredients that are added to cement, water andaggregate,
Admixture during mixing in order to modify or improve the properties ofconcrete for a
required application.

Some of the important purpose for which the admixtures could be used are:-

1. Acceleration of the rate of strength development at early ages

2. Retardation of the initial setting of the concrete
3. Increase in strength
 4. Improvement in workability
5. Increase in durability or in resistance to special conditions of exposure.

Fig33. Admixtures

26. Water
Water is clear and free from injurious amount of oil, acid, alkali, organiematter or
other harmful substances in such amounts that may impair the strength ordurability
of the structure potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixingand
curing concrete. The concrete mixed with water proposed to be used should
havecompressive strength not lower than 95 of total strength of concrete mixed
withdistilled water.

Arrangement for storing water was made by storing water in leak proof tanks
sufficientfor at least 24 hours use.
 Fig Water

Chapter 3

BRICKWORK

Brickwork is masonry donw with bricks and mortar and is generally usedto build
partition walls. At our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most ofthe
internal walls were made of bricks. English bond was used and a ratio of
14(cementcoarse sand) and 16 were used depending upon whether the wall is 4.5
inches or 9inches. The reinforcement shall be 2 nos. M.S.(Mild Steel) round bars or
as indicated.The diameter of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement is used
at secondcourse and then at every fourth course of brick work. The bars were
properly anchoredat their ends where the portions and or where these walls join with
other walls. The inlaid steel reinforcement was completely embedded in mortar

Bricks can be of two types. These are:

a) Traditional Bricks

The dimensions if traditional bricks very form 21cm to 25 cm inlength, 10 to 13 cm in

width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of country. Thecommonly adopted
normal size of traditional bricks is 23 X 11.5x7.5 cm with a view toachieve uniformity
in size of bricks all over country.

b) Modular Bricks:

Indian Standards Institutions has established a standard size ofbricks such a brick is
known as a modular brick. The nominal size of brick is taken as20 X 10 X 10 cm
whereas its actual dimensions are 19 X 9 X 9 cm masonry withmodular bricks
workout to be cheaper there is saving in the consumption of bricks,mortar and labor
as compared with masonry with traditional bricks

26. Strength of Brick Masonry

Permissible compressive stress in brick masonry depends upon the following

factors

a) Type and strength of brick

b) Mix of mortar

c) Sixe and shape of masonry construction

Strength of brick masonry depends upon the strength of bricks used in themasonry
construction. The strength of bricks depends upon the nature of soil used formaking
and the method adopted for molding and burning of bricks. Since the nature ofsoil
varies from region to region. The average strength of bricks varies from as low
as30kg/sq cm to 150kg/sq cm. The compressive stress are different crushing
strength.

There are many checks that can be applied to see the quality of bricksused on the
site. Normally bricks are tested for compressive strength water
absorption,dimensional tolerance and efflorescence. However, at small construction
sites thequality can be assessed based on allowing, which is prevalent in many sites.

 Visual check-Bricks should be well burnt and of uniform size and color.
 Striking of two bricks together should produce a metallic ringing sound.
 It should have surface so hard that can't be scratched by the fingernails.
 A good brick should not break if dropped in standing position form one
meterabove ground level
 A good brick shouldn't absorb moisture of more than 15-20% by weight,
whensoaked in water. For example, a good brick of 2 kg shouldn't weigh more
than2.3 to 2.4 kg if immersed in water for 24 hours.

Precautions to be taken in brick masonry work

 Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the

waterpenetrates to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours of wetting is
sufficient.
 A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brickwork. Vertical
jointshouldn't be continuous but staggered.
 The joint thickness shouldn't exceed 1 cm. It should be thoroughly filled with
thecement mortar 1:4 and 1:6 (cement by sand).
 All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on top (depression on the
topof brick for providing bond with mortar).
  Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float to provide
goodbond.
 A maximum of one meter wall height should be constructed in a day.

Chapter 4

Tests
Some tests are performed to show that are performed on the site at the timeof
construction for checking the consistency and compressive of the cement
concretepaste made at the time of using it are elaborated below:

27. Slump Test

In construction the Concrete slump test is an in situ test or a laboratory testused to
determine and measure that how hard and consistent a given sample ofconcrete is
before curing

The concrete slump test, in essence, a method of quality control. Forparticular mix,
the slump should be consistent. A change in slump height woulddemonstrate an
undesired in the ratio of the concrete ingrediants. The proportions ofthe ingredients
were than adjusted to keep a concrete batch consistent. Thishomogeneity improves
the quality and structural integrity of the cured concrete.

Procedure
The simplified, generally accepted method to perform the test is as follows:

1. Place the mixing pan on the floor and moisten it with some water. Make sure it
isdamp and no free standing water remains

2. Firmly hold the slump cone in place using the 2' holds.

3. Fill the bottom one-third of the cone with the concrete mixture. Then Roding
thelayer 25 times using a hemispherical tip 5/8 inch steel rod in a circular
motionmaking sure not to stir.

4. Add more concrete mixture to the two thirds mark. Repeat Roding the layer
25times again. Roding just barely into the previous layer 1".

5. Fill up the whole cone up to the top with some excess concrete coming out of
thetop. Then repeat Roding 25 times.

6. Remove excess concrete from the top of the slump cone by striking off the
topusing the rod in a rolling motion until the concrete surface is flat with the
top ofthe cone.

7. Slowly and carefully remove the cone by lifting it vertically(5 seconds +/-
2seconds) making sure that the concrete sample does not move,

8. Wait for the concrete mixture as it slowly slumps

9. After the concrete stabilize, measure the slump height by turning the slump
coneupside down next to the sample, placing the rod on the slump cone
andmeasuring the distance from the rod to the original displaced center of
theslumped concrete
  Standard downing: 55mm

28. Cube Test:

The cube test is used to determine the characteristic strength ofconcrete. This cube
test result is very important to the acceptance of the insituconcrete work since it
demonstrate the strength of the design mix

The procedure of making the test cubes is as follows:

1. 150mm standard cube mould is to be used for concrete mix and 100mm
standard cube mould is to be used for grout mix.
2. Make sure the apparatus and associated equipment are clean before test and
free from hardened concrete and superfluous water.
3. Place the mould on level firm ground and fill with sampled concrete to a layer
of about 50mm thick.
 4. Compact the layer of concrete thoroughly by tamping the whole surface
areawith the standard tamping bar.
5. Remove the surplus concrete after the mould is fully filled and trowel the
topsurface finish with mould.
6. Mark the cube surface with an identification number.
7. Cover the surface with a piece of damp cloth or polythene sheeting and keep
thecube in a place free from vibration for about 24 hours to allow initial set.
8. Strip off the mould pieces in about 24 hours after the respective pour
iscast.press the concrete surface with the thumb to see any denting to ensure
theconcrete is sufficiently hardened, or otherwise de-molding has to be
delayed forone more day and this occurrence should be stated clearly in the
Test report.
9. Mark the test cube a reference number with waterproof felt pen on the
moldedside, in respect with the previous identification number.
10. Place the cube and submerge in a clean water bath or preferably
a,thermostatically controlled curing tank until it is delivered to the
accreditedlaboratory for testing.

 Crushing Strength: 5N/sq mm.

20kN7 days curing

45-50kN 28 days curing

CONCLUSION

The training program that I got at ARCHONES CONSTRUCTION COMPANY is very

beneficial for the technical students. Since provides us ideas and view of the construction
environment. This training helps us to understand the basic concepts, technology and ideas
about the constructional area.

During the training period a student becomes aware of the civil atmosphere and also with
different kind of people in that field. Besides this he also experienced the duties of the field.
The most important thing is that I have learnt in this training period is discipline .

In short, this training gives the student a clear concept about the field behaviour which in
actual is his future field.