INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

NAGERCOIL
(AFFILIATED TO CBSE, NEW DELHI, CBSE/AFF/1930207)

-2020

Study on Harmful effects of

mobile radiation
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
AISSE EXAMINATION
(BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT)
SUBMITTED BY

REGISTRATION NO:

Contents
 Introduction
-Mobile phones
A handy invention
 A mobile phone is a phone that can make
and receive telephone calls over a radio link
while moving around a wide geographic area.
It does so by connecting to a cellular network
provided by a mobile phone operator,
allowing access to the public telephone network.
By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single,
private base station. The first hand-held cell phone was demonstrated by John F.
Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around
4.4 pounds (2 kg).In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially
available. From 1983 to 2019, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from
zero to over 7.7 billion, penetrating 100% of the global population and reaching the
bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2018, the top cell phone manufacturers were
Samsung, Huawei, Apple, Xiaomi and Oppo.

Early cell phones were just for talking. Gradually, features like voicemail were
added, but the main purpose was talk. Eventually, cell phone manufacturers began to
realize that they could integrate other technologies into their phone and expand its
features. The earliest smart phones let users access email, and use the phone as a fax
machine, pager, and address book.
Just in recent years, cell phone designs have actually started to become larger and
simpler, making room for a larger screen and less buttons. Because phones have
become mobile media devices, the most desirable aspect is a large, clear, high-
definition screen for optimal web viewing. Even the keyboard is being taken away,
replaced by a touch screen keyboard that only comes out when you need it.
Top 5 Company Shipments, Market Share, and Year-over-Year Growth
2018 (shipments in millions):
Vendor 2Q18 Shipments 2Q18 Market Share
1. Samsung 71.5 20.9%
2. Huawei 54.2 15.8%
3. Apple 41.3 12.1%
4. Xiaomi 31.9 9.3%
5. OPPO 29.4 8.6%
Others 113.7 33.2%
Total 342.0 100.0%

Some common features to all mobile handsets:

The common components found on all phones are:
1. A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions.
2. An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone.
3. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found
in most smart phones.
4. A screen which echoes the user's typing, displays text messages, contacts and
more.
5. Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages.
6. All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among
devices. Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called a R-UIM.
7. Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely
identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.

History and Evolution of the Mobile Phone

 In The
Beginning
Many of the
early cell
phones were
considered to be “car phones,” as they were too large and
cumbersome to carry around in a pocket or purse. However, in 1983, the Motorola
DynaTAC 8000x arrived on the market. Though huge by today’s standards, it was
considered the first truly mobile phone because it was small enough to carry.
Though the DynaTac and subsequent models were smaller, mobile, and ultimately
cooler, they still had their faults. Bulky, luggable models like the Nokia Mobira
Talkman and the Motorola 2900 Bag Phone had longer battery lives and more talk
time, making them more popular at the time. As the technology advanced, cell phone
companies figured out how to pack all the features their customers wanted into a
smaller, portable, more affordable model.
A Shifting Purpose
Early cell phones were just for talking. Gradually, features like voicemail were
added, but the main purpose was talk. Eventually, cell phone manufacturers began to
realize that they could integrate other technologies into their phone and expand its
features. The earliest smart phones let users access email, and use the phone as a fax
machine, pager, and address book.
Changing Shape
Just in recent years, cell phone designs have actually started to become larger and
simpler, making room for a larger screen and less buttons. Because phones have
become mobile media devices, the most desirable aspect is a large, clear, high-
definition screen for optimal web viewing. Even the keyboard is being taken away,
replaced by a touch screen keyboard that only comes out when you need it.
What Is A Base Station?
The term base station is used in the context of mobile telephony, wireless computer
networking and other wireless communications and in land surveying: in surveying it
is a GPS receiver at a
known
while in Health hazards position,
wireless

of
Base stations
communications it is a transceiver connecting a number of other devices to one
another and/or to a wider area. In mobile telephony it provides the connection
between mobile phone and the wider telephone network.

Health Hazards of
Base Stations
Another area of concern is the
radiation emitted by the fixed
infrastructure used in mobile
telephony, such as base stations
and their antennas, which
provide the link to and from
mobile phones. This is because,
in contrast to mobile handsets,
it is emitted continuously and is more powerful at close quarters. On the other hand,
field intensities drop rapidly with distance away from the base of transmitters
because of the attenuation of power with the square of distance.
One popular design of mobile phone antenna is the sector antenna, whose coverage is
120 degrees horizontally and about ∓5 degrees from the vertical.
Because base stations operate at less than 100 watts, the radiation at ground level is
much weaker than a cell phone due to the power relationship appropriate for that
design of antenna. Base station emissions must comply with safety guidelines. Some
countries, however (such as South Africa, for example), have no health regulations
governing the placement of base stations.

Mobile phone
radiations and
health
 The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of interest
and study worldwide, as a result of the increase in mobile phone usage throughout
the world. As of December 2018, there were more than 7.5 billion subscriptions
worldwide. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range.
Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce
similar radiation.
In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified
mobile phone radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic (not Group 2A -
probably carcinogenic - nor the dangerous Group 1). That means that there "could be
some risk" of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of
mobile phones needs to be conducted. The WHO added in June 2011 that "to date, no
adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use", a
point they reiterated in October 2014. Some national radiation advisory authorities
have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens as a
precautionary approach.

Headaches Tumours Melanoma

Memory Loss Fatigue

CELL
PHONE

HEALTH

Genetic Cardiovascular
Damage Stress

Behavioural Reduced Break In Blood

Change Melatonin Brain

Some of the Potential Side Effects of Exposure to

Electromagnetic Radiation:
• Blurry Vision
• Headaches
• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Neck Pain
• Memory Loss
• Leukemia
• Rare Brain Cancers
• Enzyme Changes That Affect DNA
• Birth Defects
• Changes in Metabolism
• Increased Risk for Alzheimer’s disease
• Increased Risk for Heart Conditions
• Neurological Hormone Changes Linked Impaired Brain Function