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FA + GLYCEROL Hydroxyacyl CoA oxidized by NAD+
 Became 3-Ketoacyl CoA
Forms NADH
 GLYCEROL 
o THIOLYTIC CLEAVAGE (THIOLYSIS)
o Gluconeogenesis
 Cleavage of 3-Ketoacyl CoA by thiol
o FA synthesis
 FA group of another CoA
o Oxidation  Produces shorter Acyl CoA and Acetyl
o Storage CoA
o Free w/ albumin
ENERGY YIELD FROM BETA OXIDATION
 LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE – enzyme

FREE FATTY ACIDS – virtually all cells can use Fatty Energy  Each time an acetyl group (2 carbons) is cleaved from acyl
except Brain, RBC & Medulla chain, it produces:
o 1 NADH
BETA OXIDATION o 1 Acetyl CoA
o 1 FADH2
 Major pathway for catabolism of FA  Therefore:
PALMITATE (16:0)
 2 carbon fragments are cleaved producing Acetyl CoA o
16/2 = 8 – 1 = 7cycles
(enters Kreb’s Cycle)
 O.H.O.T. FORMULA = (n/2) – 1
o PALMITATE – 7 CYCLES
STEPS:
7 NADH x3ATP = 21
7 FADH2 x2ATP = 14
1. TRANSPORT OF FA INTO MITOCHONDRIA 8Acetyl CoA x 12ATP = 96
 After FA are taken up by a cell, it is converted to 131
a CoA derivative (fatty acylCoA) Energy investment FAcyl CoA synthase _-2
 Fatty aclyCoA synthetase/thiokinase Total ATP 129
 Transport to mitochondria o 18 carbon = 8cycles
8 NADH x3ATP = 24
*Mitochondrial membrane is impermeable 8 FADH2 x2ATP = 16
9 Acetyl CoA x12ATP = 108
CARNITINE SHUTTLE 148 – 2 = 146

 Acyl group must first be transferred Cytosolic CoA to OXIDATION OF ODD NUMBERED FA
Carnitine  Same process until last 3 is reached
 Catalyzed by Carnitine Acyltransferase I  PROPIONYL CoA instead of Acetyl CoA
 Forming Fatty Acyl Carnitine I & II  Propionyl CoA -> Methyl Malonyl CoA by enzyme
 Inhibited by: MALONYL CoA Propionyl CoA Carboxylase
 Methylmalonyl CoA -> Succinyl CoA by enzyme
CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASE I – located in the OUTER Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE  Succinyl CoA – can enter Kreb’s Cycle
 COMPUTATION:
*Carnitine is not needed inside the mitochondria because it is only a o 17 carbons – 3= 14/2= 7-1 = 6cycles
6 NADH x3ATP = 18
shuttle
6 FADH2 x2ATP = 12
7 Acetyl CoA x12ATP = 84
* Fats yield high energy 114
-2
CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASE II – located in the INNER 112
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE Kreb’s Cycle (Succinyl CoA) +6
118
BETA OXIDATION  6 from Kreb’s cycle is constant for ODD

 FA -> Acetyl CoA

 4 steps: RELEASE OF FA FROM TAG
o OXIDATION (1ST)  Mobilization of STORED FAT
 Oxidation of FA by Acyl CoA  HORMONE – SENSITIVE LIPASE
Dehydrogenase o Breaks stored fat
 Forms a double bond between C2 & C3 o Present in ADIPOSE TISSUES
 Produces FADH2 from FAD
TAG  FA + GLYCEROL
o HYDRATION
 Add H2O HORMONE – SENSITIVE LIPASE
o OXIDATION (2ND)  Activators:
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o Epinephrine  LINOLEIC ACID 18:2 (9,12)
o Low level glucose  LINOLENIC ACID 18:3 (9,12,15)
 Reactivators:
o Insulin RELATIONSHIP OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM & PAMITATE
o High level glucose SYNTHESIS:

FATE OF GLYCEROL FA = Acetyl CoA + ATP + NADPH

 Glycerol cannot be metabolized by adipocytes
 Lacks GLYCEROL KINASE transport to liver 1. Glycolysis produce pyruvate
 Phosphorylated or converted to DHAP 2. OAA is produced by gluconeogenesis
 Can participate in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis 3. Acetyl CoA – mitochondria
4. Citrate
FA SYNTHESIS – can be created from Carbohydrates & proteins 5. Carbons of Cytosolic Acetyl CoA
 Location: primarily in the LIVER; kidney, lactating
mammary glands, adipose tissues STORAGE:
 Required energy:
o NADPH, Acetyl CoA, ATP TAG= 3FA + GLYCEROL
 MAJOR SOURCES OF NADPH
o HMP shunt FA  FATTY ACYL CoA
o NADP dependent MALATE HYDROGENASE TAG (Storage Fat) = glycerol phosphate + 3Fattyacyl CoA
 Byproduct: NADPH
 Convert Malate to Pyruvate INSULIN – storage/anabolic
 STEPS: GLUCAGON – degradation/catabolic
1. PRODUCTION OF CYSTOLIC ACETYL CoA
o Occurs in cytosol: FA synthesis
o Acetyl CoA inside mitochondria
o CITRATE SHUTTLE
 OAA + Acetyl CoA to produce CITRATE
 Enzyme: ATP CITRATE LYASE – removes
citrate
2. CARBOXYLATION OF ACETYL CoA TO
MALONYL CoA
o Outside the cytosol
o Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
o Requires ATP
o Coenzyme = BIOTIN
o Regulated step / IRREVERSIBLE

2 WAYS OF REGULATION OF ENZYME

 SHORT TERM
o Undergoes activation by Citrate
o Inactivated by Malonyl CoA
 LONG TERM
o Prolonged consumption of high carb or fat free
diets increases enzyme synth (PRO)
o High fat diet/fasting reduces FA synth (ANTI)

3. FA SYNTHASE
o Opposite of oxidation
 CONDENSATION
 REDUCTION
 DEHYDRATION
 REDUCTION
o Fatty acid synthase enzyme (7 activity) 2
domains
o TOTAL RESULT OF 7 STEPS – production of 4
Carbon compound
FURTHER ELONGATION AND DESATURATION OF FA
CHAINS
 Palmitate can be further elongated or desaturated
 In humans, up to 9C double bonds

ESSENTIAL FA – have double bonds beyond C9