UNIT III MIROWAVE PASSIVE COMPONENTS

CONTENTS:
Microwave frequency range, significance of microwave
frequency range - applications of microwaves.
Scattering matrix -Concept of N port scattering matrix
representation- Properties of S matrix- S matrix
formulation of two-port junction. Microwave junctions
- Tee junctions –Magic Tee - Rat race - Corners - bends
and twists - Directional couplers - two hole directional
couplers- Ferrites - important microwave properties
and applications – Termination - Gyrator- Isolator-
Circulator - Attenuator - Phase changer – S Matrix for
microwave components – Cylindrical cavity resonators.
 MICROWAVE FREQUENCY RANGE

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths

ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter; with
frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm). This broad
definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter waves), and various
sources use different boundaries.
 FREQUENCY BAND DESIGNATION
FREQUENCY DESIGNATION TYPICAL SERVICE
BAND
330kHz Very low frequency (VLF) Navigation, sonar

30300 kHz Low frequency (LF) Radio beacons, navigational aids

3003,000kHz Medium frequency (MF) AM broadcasting, maritime radio, Coast Guard

communication, direction finding
330MHz High frequency (HF) Telephone, telegraph, and facsimile; shortwave international
broadcasting; armature radio; citizen's band; ship to coast
and Ship to aircraft communication
30300MHz Very high frequency Television, FM broadcast, air traffic control, police, taxicab
(VHF) Mobil radio, navigational aids
3003,000MHz Ultrahigh frequency Television, satellite communication, radiosonde, surveillance
(UHF) radar, navigational aids
330GHz Super high frequency Airborne radar, microwave links, common carrier land mobile
(SHF) communication, satellite communication
30300GHz Extreme high frequency
(EHF) Radar, experimental
 MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BAND DESIGNATION
FREQUENCY OLD BAND DESIGNATION NEW BAND DESIGNATION

500-1000MHz VHF C
1-2GHz L D
2-3GHz S E
3-4GHz S F
4-6GHz C G
6-8GHz C H
8-10GHz X I
10-12.4GHz X J
12.4-18GHz Ku J
18-20GHz K J
20-26.5GHz K K
26.5-40GHz Ka K
 APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES
• Antenna gain is proportional to the electrical size of the antenna. At higher frequencies,
more antenna gain is therefore possible for a given physical antenna size, which has
important consequences for implementing miniaturized microwave systems.

• More bandwidth can be realized at higher frequencies. Bandwidth is critically important

because available frequency bands in the electromagnetic spectrum are being rapidly
depleted.

• Microwave signals travel by line of sight are not bent by the ionosphere as are lower
frequency signals and thus satellite and terrestrial communication links with very high
capacities are possible.

• Effective reflection area (radar cross section) of a radar target is proportional to the
target’s electrical size. Thus generally microwave frequencies are preferred for radar
systems.
 APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES
• Various molecular, atomic, and nuclear resonances occur at microwave frequencies, creating
a variety of unique applications in the areas of basic science, remote sensing, medical
diagnostics and treatment, and heating methods.

• Today, the majority of applications of microwaves are related to radar and communication
systems. Radar systems are used for detecting and locating targets and for air traffic control
systems, missile tracking radars, automobile collision avoidance systems, weather prediction,
motion detectors, and a wide variety of remote sensing systems.

• Microwave communication systems handle a large fraction of the world’s international and
other long haul telephone, data and television transmissions.

• Most of the currently developing wireless telecommunications systems, such as direct

broadcast satellite (DBS) television, personal communication systems (PCSs), wireless local
area networks (WLANS), cellular video (CV) systems, and global positioning satellite (GPS)
systems rely heavily on microwave technology.
• MICROWAVE RADAR SYSTEMS(Duplexer. pulsed radar, Doppler effect)
• MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS(Terrestrial systems, LOS, heterodyne
repeater, Satellite communication systems)
• INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF MICROWAVES(Microwave Heating-oven, Medical
applications-Diathermy, Hyperthermia, Thickness measurement, Moisture measurement in
solid material)
 SCATTERING MATRIX
• A set of linear equations can be written to describe the
network in terms of injected and transmitted power waves

b1  S11a1  S12 a2 b1 S11 S12 a1

 
b2  S 21a1  S 22 a2 b2 S 21 S 22 a2
bi Power measured at port i
Sij  
aj
Power injected at port j
Sii = the ratio of the reflected power to the injected power at port i

Sij = the ratio of the power measured at port j to the power injected at port i
Concept of N port scattering matrix representation

 b1   s11 s12 .. ... s1N  a1 

    
 b2   s 21 s 22 .. ... s 3 N  a 2 
 .  s31 
s 32 .. ... s 2 N a 3 
    
.  .. ... .. ... ...  ... 
    
 bN   s N1 s N 2 .. ... s NN  a N 
MICROWAVE SETUP
MICROWAVE PASSIVE COMPONENTS
1.REFLEX CLYSTRON
 4.E-PLANE TEE
2.ISOLATOR 3.MAGIC TEE

7.FREQUENCY METER

6.CIRCULATOR
5.H-PLANE TEE
 10.MATCHED
8.VARIABLE 9.L BEND TERMINATOR
ATTENUATOR

12.SLOTTED LINE
11.RAT-RACE(HYBRID RING)
13.PHASE SHIFTER 14.TWIST

16.MULTI HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPULER

15.TUNER
 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

2.PARABOLIC ANTENNA

1.SPIRAL ANTENNA

4.HORN ANTENNAS

3.MIROSTIPE ANTENNA(PATCH
ANTENNA)
REFLEX KLYSTRON
Magnetron
TRAVELLING WAVE TUBE
 RADIATION PATTERN

CYLINDRICAL RESONANT CAVITY

 S-MATRIX FOR MICROWAVE –T JOINT

 0 S12 S13 
   S11 S12 S13 
S   S 21 0 S 23   
S   S12 S11  S13 
S S  S
 31 32 0   13  S13 S33 
S-MATRIX FOR MICROWAVE –H JOINT

S13  S 23
 0 S12 S13 
   S11 S12 S13 
S   S 21 0 S 23   
S   S12 S11  S13 
S S  S
 31 32 0   13  S13 S33 
S MATRIX FOR MAGIC T

 0 0 S13 S14 
 
 0 0 S23 S24 
S 
S31 S32 0 0 
 
S S 
 41 42 0 0 
HYBRID RING(RAT RACE CIRCUIT)
 0 S12 0 S14 
 
 S 21 0 S 23 0 
S 
0 S32 0 S34 
 
S 0 
 41 0 S 43
 S-matrix of Directional coupler

Coupling Factor(dB)  10 log10 ( P1 / P4 )dB

Directivity (dB)  10 log10 ( P1 / P4 )dB

P1- power input to port1
P3-power output from port 3
P4-power output from port 4
S-matrix of Directional coupler

 0 S12 0 S14 
 
 S 21 0 S 23 0 
S 
0 S32 0 S34 
 
S 0 
 41 0 S 43

 0 p 0 jq 
 
 p 0 jq 0 
S 
0 jq 0 p
 
 0 
 jq 0 p
 REFERENCES:

1. Samuel Y Liao, “Microwave Devices &

Circuits” , Prentice Hall of India, 2006
2. Annapurna Das and Sisir K Das, “Microwave
Engineering”, Tata McGrawHill Inc., 2004.