2 Ocean Acidification Gattuso JP

Ocean acidification: causes,
impacts and solutions

Jean-Pierre Gattuso!
Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche!
CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6
Introduction and outline
Ocean warming and deoxgenation
Driver Atmospheric Ocean Acidification Changes to Organisms Socio-economic Impacts Policy Options for Action
change and Ecosystems
• UN Framework Convention on
• Reduced shell and • Fisheries, Climate Change: Conference
skeleton production aquaculture and of the Parties, IPCC,
• Increased CO2, food security Conference on Sustainable
Burning of fossil • Changes in
bicarbonate ions Development (Rio+20)
fuels, cement Increase in assemblages, food • Coastal protection
manufacture and acidity webs and ecosystems • Convention on Biological
atmospheric
and land use CO2 • Decreased • Tourism Diversity
• Biodiversity loss
change carbonate ions • Climate regulation • Geoengineering
and pH • Changes in biogas
production and • Carbon storage • Regional and local acts, laws
feedback to climate and policies to reduce other
stresses
relevant sections [WGI 5.4.2.2, 5.4.4.2, 30.5.2,
[WGI 6.3.2] [WGI 2.2.1] [WGI 3.8.2, 30.2.2] 30.5.3, 30, 5.4, 30, 5.6] [CC-CR, 5.4.2.2, 5.4.2.4, 30.6.2] [30.6.7]
High Certainty Low Certainty
Gattuso et al. (2014; IPCC AR5 WGII)

Ocean warming and deoxgenation
Gattuso et al. (2014; IPCC AR5 WGII)

Driver Atmospheric Ocean Acidification Changes to Organisms Socio-economic Impacts Policy Options for Action
change and Ecosystems
• UN Framework Convention on
• Reduced shell and • Fisheries, Climate Change: Conference
skeleton production aquaculture and of the Parties, IPCC,
• Increased CO2, food security Conference on Sustainable
Burning of fossil • Changes in
bicarbonate ions Development (Rio+20)
fuels, cement Increase in assemblages, food • Coastal protection
manufacture and acidity webs and ecosystems • Convention on Biological
atmospheric
and land use CO2 • Decreased • Tourism Diversity
• Biodiversity loss
change carbonate ions • Climate regulation • Geoengineering
and pH • Changes in biogas
production and • Carbon storage • Regional and local acts, laws
feedback to climate and policies to reduce other
stresses
relevant sections [WGI 5.4.2.2, 5.4.4.2, 30.5.2,
[WGI 6.3.2] [WGI 2.2.1] [WGI 3.8.2, 30.2.2] 30.5.3, 30, 5.4, 30, 5.6] [CC-CR, 5.4.2.2, 5.4.2.4, 30.6.2] [30.6.7]
After Gattuso and Hansson (2011) and Gattuso et al. (2011)
Chemistry: very high
confidence
confidence
Sam Dupont!
confidence
Acidity
+152
Sam Dupont!
+34 %
confidence
Acidity
+152
Sam Dupont! IPCC AR5 WG1 Report, Chap. 3 (2013)

+34 %
• Biological and
ecological effects:
high to low confidence !
• Biogeochemistry:
medium to low
confidence
• Biological and
ecological effects:
high to low confidence !
• Biogeochemistry:
medium to low
confidence
• Knowledge gaps:!
• Multiple drivers!
• Evolutionary adaptation!
• Response of
communities!
• Food web, up to
predators
Society and the
economy: medium
to low confidence
(increasing resilience to effects of climate change that do occur). These various options are n
by Universite Paris 6 - Pierre et Marie Curie SINGLE SITE on 06/09/13. For personal
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2013.41:231-256. Downloaded from www.annualrevi
mutually exclusive, although decisions must be made regarding how much effort should be p
Desire for
improved
well-being
Impacts on
Consumption
humans and
Conservation of goods and
ecosystems
services
Caldeira et al. (2013)

Adaptation Efficiency
Climate Consumption
change Low-carbon of energy
Solar emission energy
geoengineering technologies
CO2
removal
CO2 in CO2
atmosphere emissions
Figure 1
Most geoengineering approaches fall into one of two categories: carbon dioxide removal or solar
geoengineering. These approaches can be viewed as part of a portfolio of strategies for diminishing clima
risk and damage. Carbon dioxide removal attempts to break the link between CO2 emissions and
accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. Solar geoengineering (also known as solar radiation managemen
attempts to break the link between accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and the amount of climate
Desire for
improved
well-being
Impacts on
Consumption
humans and
ecosystems
services

Climate Consumption
CO2
removal
CO2 in 8.2 CO2
pH (total scale)
Historical
8.1
RCP2.6
8.0
7.9
Figure 1 RCP8.5
Most geoengineering approaches fall into one of two categories:
7.8 carbon dioxide removal or solar
risk and damage. Carbon dioxide removal attempts to break
7.7
the link1900between
1850 1950
CO2 emissions
2000
and 2100
2050
Ciais et al. (2013). IPCC AR5 WG I
Desire for
improved
well-being
Impacts on
Consumption
humans and
ecosystems
services

Climate Consumption
CO2
removal
CO2 in CO2
Figure 1
Most geoengineering approaches fall into one of two categories: carbon dioxide removal or solar
risk and damage. Carbon dioxide removal attempts to break the link between CO2 emissions and
Billé et al. (2013)
• Brings together end users, leading scientists and
policy advisers!
• Complements OA International Coordination Center
(IAEA, Monaco)!
• Advises on the types of products, content, style, and
how to get them out with impact!
• Multilingual guides produced!
• Current activities: ‘Monaco Ocean Acidification Action
Plan’, and ‘Ocean Acidification – getting ahead of the
curve’, focussing on forecasting capabilities
Dissemination and outreach
Messages for Rio+20
Messages for Rio+20
Documents for policy

World leading
20
OceanFACTS
November 2013
about makers – some

© Bec Thomas 2006/07 Marine Photobank
It is amazing to think that just ten years ago hardly

Acidification website and blog on
written by EPOCA’s
anyone had heard of ocean acidification.
T
It is now much more widely understood that the
increasing amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) we are his document presents the highlights of the Frequently Asked Questions about Ocean
emitting into the air by our activities is reacting
with the ocean to alter its chemistry and push it
along the scale towards acidity. One major effect is
Acidification (2010, 2012; www.whoi.edu/OCB-OA/FAQs), a detailed summary of the state of
ocean acidification research and understanding. The FAQs and this fact sheet are intended to
aid scientists, science communicators, and science policy advisors asked to comment on details about
ocean acidification
Reference User
reducing the availability of carbonate ions needed
by many marine animals and plants to build their ocean acidification. In all, 63 scientists from 47 institutions and 12 countries participated in writing
© Hopcroft/UAF/COML
shells and skeletons. the FAQ, which was produced by the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Project (www.us-ocb.org),
the United Kingdom Ocean Acidification Programme (www.oceanacidification.org.uk), and the
European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA). More information and contacts can be found at
This briefing paper from the International
Group of
any of these websites or at the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre’s website
Ocean Acidification Reference User Group
provides essential information and highlights (www.iaea.org/ocean-acidification). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth
the actions needed on ocean acidification by Assessment Report findings on ocean acidification can be viewed at www.ipcc.ch.
© Karen Hissman, IFM-GEOMAR
1
Governments at Rio+20 Ocean acidification (OA) is a progressive increase in the
acidity of the ocean over an extended period, typically
5 The pH of the open-ocean surface layer is unlikely to
stakeholders
ever become acidic (i.e. drop below pH 7.0), because
decades or longer, which is caused primarily by uptake of car-
seawater is buffered by dissolved salts. The term “acidification”
There is little doubt that the ocean is undergoing bon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. It can also be caused
refers to a pH shift towards the acidic
dramatic changes that will impact many human lives or enhanced by other chemical additions
end of the pH scale, similar to the
now and ever more so in the coming generations, or subtractions from the ocean.
way we describe an increase in
unless we act quickly and decisively. Previous Acidification can be more severe
temperature from -20°C to
acidification events in the Earth’s geological record in areas where human activities
-0°C (-4°F to 32°F): it’s
were often associated with extinctions of many and impacts, such as acid rain and
still cold, but we say
species. Whilst the causes of such extinction nutrient runoff, further increase
it’s “warming.”
episodes are complex, it is notable that the acidity.

biodiversity recovery took hundreds of thousands
and, after mass extinctions, millions of years. 2 OA has been well
documented with
6
OA is also
changing
seawater carbon-
global observations
ate chemistry.
conducted over sev-
The concentra-
eral decades by hun-
Dialogue with policy makers

tions of dissolved
dreds of researchers.
CO2, hydrogen ions,
It has been definitively
and bicarbonate ions
attributed to human-generat-
are increasing, and the
ed CO2 in the atmosphere that has been released primarily
concentration of carbonate
by fossil fuel combustion and land use changes.
1 ions is decreasing.
3
and media at climate change
Acidity may be thought of as simply the hydrogen
ion concentration (H+) in a liquid, and pH is the loga-
rithmic scale on which this concentration is measured. It is
7 Changes in pH and carbonate chemistry force marine
organisms to spend more energy regulating chemistry
in their cells. For some organisms, this may leave less energy
important to note that acidity increases as the pH decreases.
for other biological processes like growing, reproducing or
4
A book and two award winning films
Average global surface ocean pH has already fallen from responding to other stresses.
negotiations in Copenhagen,
a pre-industrial value of 8.2 to 8.1, corresponding to an in-
crease in acidity of about 30%. Values of 7.8–7.9 are expected Pteropods, also called sea butterflies, are one type of shelled organism at risk from ocean
by 2100, representing a doubling of acidity. acidification. Photo by Nina Bednarsek (NOAA/PMEL).
one by school children and another Cancun, Capetown and

by professional film makers Warsaw
After C. Turley
Dissemination and outreach
Messages for Rio+20
Messages for Rio+20
Documents for policy

World leading
20
OceanFACTS r !
November 2013
about makers – some

e
© Bec Thomas 2006/07 Marine Photobank
ent
It is amazing to think that just ten years ago hardly
Acidification website and blog on
written by EPOCA’s
anyone had heard of ocean acidification.
T C
It is now much more widely understood that the
increasing amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) we are his document presents the highlights of the Frequently Asked Questions about Ocean
emitting into the air by our activities is reacting
Acidification (2010, 2012; www.whoi.edu/OCB-OA/FAQs), a detailed summary of the state of
ocean acidification
n
with the ocean to alter its chemistry and push it
ocean acidification research and understanding. The FAQs and this fact sheet are intended to
io
along the scale towards acidity. One major effect is
aid scientists, science communicators, and science policy advisors asked to comment on details about
Reference User
reducing the availability of carbonate ions needed
t
by many marine animals and plants to build their ocean acidification. In all, 63 scientists from 47 institutions and 12 countries participated in writing
the FAQ, which was produced by the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Project (www.us-ocb.org),
a
shells and skeletons.
the United Kingdom Ocean Acidification Programme (www.oceanacidification.org.uk), and the
in
European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA). More information and contacts can be found at
This briefing paper from the International
Group of
any of these websites or at the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre’s website
d
Ocean Acidification Reference User Group
(www.iaea.org/ocean-acidification). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth
r
provides essential information and highlights
Assessment Report findings on ocean acidification can be viewed at www.ipcc.ch.
g
the actions needed on ocean acidification by
o
© Karen Hissman, IFM-GEOMAR
1
r
Governments at Rio+20 Ocean acidification (OA) is a progressive increase in the
5 The pH of the open-ocean surface layer is unlikely to
o
acidity of the ocean over an extended period, typically
o stakeholders
ever become acidic (i.e. drop below pH 7.0), because
.
decades or longer, which is caused primarily by uptake of car-
seawater is buffered by dissolved salts. The term “acidification”
C
bon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. It can also be caused
c
There is little doubt that the ocean is undergoing refers to a pH shift towards the acidic
or enhanced by other chemical additions
l
dramatic changes that will impact many human lives end of the pH scale, similar to the
c
now and ever more so in the coming generations, or subtractions from the ocean.
i
way we describe an increase in
a
unless we act quickly and decisively. Previous Acidification can be more severe
-
temperature from -20°C to
acidification events in the Earth’s geological record in areas where human activities
n
-0°C (-4°F to 32°F): it’s
n
were often associated with extinctions of many and impacts, such as acid rain and
still cold, but we say
nutrient runoff, further increase
io
species. Whilst the causes of such extinction it’s “warming.”
o
acidity.
i
episodes are complex, it is notable that the
t 6
OA is also
2
t
biodiversity recovery took hundreds of thousands OA has been well
changing
a
and, after mass extinctions, millions of years. documented with
a
seawater carbon-
global observations
n
ate chemistry.
c
conducted over sev-
r
The concentra-
eral decades by hun-
fi Dialogue with policy makers

tions of dissolved
e i
dreds of researchers.
CO2, hydrogen ions,
t
It has been definitively
d
and bicarbonate ions
attributed to human-generat-
n i
are increasing, and the
ed CO2 in the atmosphere that has been released primarily
I c
concentration of carbonate
by fossil fuel combustion and land use changes.
1 ions is decreasing.
3
and media at climate change
a
Acidity may be thought of as simply the hydrogen
n 7 Changes in pH and carbonate chemistry force marine

ion concentration (H+) in a liquid, and pH is the loga-
n
organisms to spend more energy regulating chemistry
io winning
rithmic scale on which this concentration is measured. It is
in their cells. For some organisms, this may leave less energy
a
important to note that acidity increases as the pH decreases.
A book and two taward

for other biological processes like growing, reproducing or
4
films
Average global surface ocean pH has already fallen from responding to other stresses.
a e negotiations in Copenhagen,
a pre-industrial value of 8.2 to 8.1, corresponding to an in-
c canother
crease in acidity of about 30%. Values of 7.8–7.9 are expected Pteropods, also called sea butterflies, are one type of shelled organism at risk from ocean
by 2100, representing a doubling of acidity.
o
acidification. Photo by Nina Bednarsek (NOAA/PMEL).
i d i
one by schoolfi children -and
s Cancun, Capetown and
by A c
professional n e
filmwmakers
e a n p :// Warsaw
Oc ht t
After C. Turley

2 Ocean Acidification Gattuso JP

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Ocean acidification: causes,

impacts and solutions

High Certainty Low Certainty

Gattuso et al. (2014; IPCC AR5 WGII)

Gattuso et al. (2014; IPCC AR5 WGII)

Sam Dupont! IPCC AR5 WG1 Report, Chap. 3 (2013)

Caldeira et al. (2013)

Caldeira et al. (2013)

Caldeira et al. (2013)

Messages for Rio+20

Documents for policy

about makers – some

It is amazing to think that just ten years ago hardly

episodes are complex, it is notable that the acidity.

Dialogue with policy makers

one by school children and another Cancun, Capetown and

Messages for Rio+20

Documents for policy

about makers – some

5 The pH of the open-ocean surface layer is unlikely to

fi Dialogue with policy makers

n 7 Changes in pH and carbonate chemistry force marine

A book and two taward

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