MINI PROJECT TITLE

A Report on Mini project work carried out in the department of ECE

&
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For qualifying the course
Mini Project Work
in
VII-Semester of ECE
By

STUDENT NAMES AND ROLL NUMBERS 1) P.THRIVENI (16UK1A0492)

2) J.SADHANA (16UK1A04A4)
3)T.RAVALI (16UK1A04A0)
4)K.SANDHYA (16UK1A04A8)

Under the guidance of

GUIDE NAME
B.SATHISH

Designation, Dept of ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE,WARANGAL
(An Affiliated to Jawaharlal Technological University Hyderabad)
june, 2019

DECLARATION

I declare that this dissertation entitled “TITLE” is original and bonafide work of our
own and is submitted in partial fulfillment for qualifying the Mini project work course in
VII-semester to the Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, Vaagdevi engineering college,Warangal, and has not
been copied from any earlier or other reports. The conclusion and results in this report are
based
on our own work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my immense pleasure with a profound feeling of reverence and gratitude to

Sri.Name of Mini project guide, Designation in Electronics and Communication
Engineering
Department, for his/her inspiring and valuable guidance throughout this Mini-project and
as well
as being my Mini-Project Guide.

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 I wish to express my sincere thanks to Sri.Name of Coordinator, Asst. Professor, for her
inspiration and being Mini-project Co-ordinator.
I wish to express my gratitude to Sri.B.Sathish Associate Professor in ECE for his
encouragement and support in successful completion of Mini-project as being Mini-Project
guide.
I wish to express my gratitude to Dr.Kumar Keshmoni, Professor & Head, Department
of ECE and all the staff members of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department for
their encouragement and support.
I place my sincere thanks to Dr.Prasad Rao, Principal of vaagdevi engineering college,
Warangal for providing all the facilities required for completing this Mini-
project.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

​Security is the most important area of any civilization. when technology mixed up with our

daily life and makes our life easier, a need arises to involve the technology for security purpose.
In this digital era, everything tends to electronics security system is more reliable than
electro-mechanical system. In this project our mission is to design such a system which enables a
LED or an alarm when any sound especially human voice is detected by sound detection
technique' we use a voice condenser as a receiver of voice signal (human voice) and an op-Amp
for amplification purpose.
The Op-Amp is the brain of the system because the comparator configuration of the
Op-Amp is mainly responsible for activation of LED or alarm. The system requires microphone
stage, a filter, amplification stage, and a predefine resistance' capacitance arrangement. The
reference voltage of the comparator is the most important parameter of the system.
​The Noise Detector is a powerful tool that uses high-performance vibration sensors to
find the source of noise in vehicles. Identifying the cause of noise is a time-consuming task, and
especially difficult even for experienced mechanics while the vehicle is running. The Noise
Detector is equipped with high-performance vibration sensors and LED lamps for visualization

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in order to find the cause of noise fast and accurate. Compact and handy, it’s a must-have tool for
mechanics worldwide
Channels of noise can be detected and displayed by LED level meters at the same time to
find the cause of noise easily. High-performance vibration sensors can detect a wide range of
sound, from low to high frequency. Gain selection to detect low level of noise. 5-m cable to
cover the entire automobile . Power from a cigarette lighter plug or 4 x AA batteries . Compact,
light-weight , and easy to carry. Can be easily stored in your tool wagon CE certified.

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The entire circuit is complex. The block diagram makes the circuit easy to understand. The
function of each block discussed below
1. Microphone takes the voice signal as input.
2. HPF is used for noise reduction purpose.
3. Amplifier amplifies the signal 100 times.
4. Peak detector holds the signal for a few mille second.
5. Comparator compares the signal voltage with a fixed reference voltage.
6. Comparator output activates the Led/Alarm.

Fig 1.1: Block diagram of noise detector

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A noise detector is a device to use in detecting noise in a certain area or room. Detection device
can be set or program accordingly to a desired level of noise or decibels (db) to activate the
alarm for the detector.
The detection unit would have a microphone whose input signal would be amplified, and
systematically turn on a switch at some point in the circuitry. This switch would activate some
sort of notification device to alert a system or person to the presence of noise in said space.

1.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 Fig1.2: Circuit diagram of Noise detector using LM 358 OP AMP

1.4 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. OPAMP LM358-IC
2. Transistor-BC327
3. Resistors
▪ R1=10KΩ
▪ R2,R3=22KΩ
▪ R4=100KΩ
▪ R5,R9,R10=56KΩ
▪ R6=5K6Ω
▪ R7=560KΩ
▪ R8=2K2Ω
▪ R11=1K
▪ R12=33KΩ
▪ R13=330KΩ
4.Capacitors:

▪ C1=100nF
▪ C2=10uF
▪ C3=470uF
▪ C4=47uF

5. Miniature electret microphone

6. Leds
7.Rotory switch
8. Battery

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1.5 PROJECT PURPOSE:
​This circuit is intended to signal, through a flashing LED, the exceeding of a fixed
threshold in room noise, chosen from three fixed levels, namely 50, 70 & 85 dB. Two Op-amps
provide the necessary circuit gain for sounds picked-up by a miniature electret microphone to
drive a LED. With SW1 in the first position the circuit is off.

CHAPTER - 3

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

2.1 .1 LM358-OP AMP

The IC or ​integrated circuit​ is a little black chip, it is a root of modern electronics, and
also an essential component in many ​electronic circuit​s. The applications of integrated circuits
involve in each and every electronic circuit board, embedded systems and various electronic
projects. An integrated circuit is a set of various electrical and ​electronic components​ like
resistors, capacitors, transistors. All these components are integrated onto a single chip. They are
available in various forms like​ 555 timer​s, single circuit logic gates, microprocessors,
microcontrollers, ​voltage regulator​s and op-amps like IC 741, LM324 IC, LM358 IC, LM339 IC.

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 Fig 2.1:LM358 IC

2.1.1.(a)What is LM358 IC?

The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC. It is designed and
introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally frequency compensated, high
gain, independent op-amps. This IC is designed for specially to operate from a single power
supply over a wide range of voltages. The LM358 IC is available in a chip sized package
and ​applications of this op amp include​ conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and
transducer amplifiers. LM358 IC is a good, standard ​operational amplifier​ and it is suitable for
your needs. It can handle 3-32V DC supply & source up to 20mA per channel. This op-amp is
apt, if you want to operate two separate op-amps for a single power supply. It’s available in an
8-pin DIP package.

2.1.2 Pin Configuration of LM358 IC

​The pin diagram of LM358 IC comprises of 8 pins, where

• Pin-1 and pin-8 are o/p of the comparator

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• Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting i/ps
• Pin-3 and pin-5 are non inverting i/ps
• Pin-4 is GND terminal
• Pin-8 is VCC+

Fig2.2:LM358 Pin details

2.1.3 Features of LM358 IC

● It consists of two op-amps internally and frequency compensated for unity gain
● The large voltage gain is 100 dB
● Wide bandwidth is 1MHz
● Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power supplies
● Range of Single ​power supply​ is from 3V to 32V
● Range of dual power supplies is from + or -1.5V to + or -16V
● The supply current drain is very low, i.e., 500 μA
● 2mV low i/p offset voltage
● Common mode i/p voltage range comprises ground
● The power supply voltage and differential i/p voltages are similar
● o/p voltage swing is large

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2.1.4 Applications of LM358 IC
T​his dark sensor IC LM358 circuit is used to test a light dependent resistor, a photo diode
and a photo transistor. But, you need to change a photo diode and the photo transistor in place of
LDR. The dark sensor circuit using LDR and LM358 IC is shown below. The ​required
components​ to build the following circuit is LDR, LM358 IC, 9V battery, resistors R1-330R,
R2-1K, R3-10K, variable resistor VR1-10K, transistor Q1-C547.

2.2 TRANSISTOR-BC327

2.2.1 Characteristics of BC327 bipolar transistor:

▪ Type – PNP
▪ Collector-Emitter Voltage: -45 V
▪ Collector-Base Voltage: -50 V
▪ Emitter-Base Voltage: -5 V
▪ Collector Current: -0.8 A
▪ Collector Dissipation - 0.625 W
▪ DC Current Gain (h​fe​) - 100 to 630

2.2.2 Pin configuration of BC 327

The BC327 is manufactured in a plastic TO-92 case. When looking at the flat side with the
leads pointed downward, the three leads emerging from the transistor are, from left to right, the
collector, base, and emitter leads.

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 Fig2.3: Pin out

The BC327 transistor might have a current gain anywhere between 100 and 630. The gain of
the ​BC327-16​ will be in the range from 100 to 250, ​BC327-25​ ranges
from 160 to 400, ​BC327-40​ ranges from 250 to 630.

2.2.3 Three modes of Operating Region of BC327 Transistors are

1. Active Region
2. Saturation Region
3. Cut-off Region

1- Active Region Characteristics:

● In 'Active Region' , the transistor operate as an 'Amplifier'

● The Junction Base-Emitter is forward Biased.
● The Junction Collector-Base is Reverse Biased.

2- Saturation Region Characteristics:

● The Junction Base-Emitter Voltage is greater than 0.6V i.e V​BE​ >​ 0.6V.
​

● The Junction Base-Emitter is Forward Biased.

3- Cut-Off Region Characteristics:

● In 'Cut-off' region, the transistor operate as an 'Open Switch'.​

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● The 'Base' Electrode is Grounded to zero Voltage [ 0V ].
● The Junction Base-Emitter Voltage is less than 0.6V i.e V​BE​ <​ 0.6V.
​

● The Junction Base-Emitter is Reverse Biased.

● The Junction Collector-Base is Reverse Biased.
● No Collector Current [ Ic flows, i.e [ Ic=0​ ].
​

● This condition of transistor is act as a 'Fully-OFF ' and this is 'Cut-Off Region'.
● Collector to Emitter Voltage [ V​CE​ ] is approximately equal to Supply Voltage.

2.2.4 HOW TRANSTIOR WORKS IN THE CIRCUIT

The working of the circuits .​When enter the light brake voltage, makes have power supply
12V cause LED glow or On. Besides the trend will flow to change R2 go to bias pin base of
Q1-​BC327 ​PNP transistor and Q2-​BC327​, causes and LED the bright up. Which there are R1
and R3 help to limit a current that flow through LEDs enough liberate brake power supply 12V
disappear make LED every switch off. This circuit use the astable multivibrator for generate a
oscillate frequency so all LED flashing.
​We can use this analogy to determine whether a transistor is of the PNP type or NPN
type by testing its Resistance between the three different leads, Emitter, Base and Collector. By
testing each pair of transistor leads in both directions with a multimeter will result in six tests in
total with the expected resistance values in Ohm’s given below.
1. Emitter-Base Terminals – The Emitter to Base should act like a normal diode and conduct one
way only.
2. Collector-Base Terminals – The Collector-Base junction should act like a normal diode and
conduct one way only.
3​. Emitter-Collector Terminals – The Emitter-Collector should not conduct in either direction.

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 ​Fig 2.4:View of BC327 Transistor

2.3 RESISTORS

In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, ​bias​ active elements, and terminate ​transmission lines​, among other uses. Resistors are
common elements of ​electrical networks​ and ​electronic circuits​ and are ubiquitous in ​electronic
equipment​. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds
and forms. Resistors are also implemented within ​integrated circuits​. A resistor is
a ​passive​ ​two-terminal​ ​electrical component​ that implements ​electrical resistance​ as a circuit
element.

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 A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current
in electronic circuit. Resistor can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device
such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current
through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance and directly proportional to the
voltage across it. This is the well known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this
rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance. Resistors can
be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic device and system is the
carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened.
The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher the lower the resistance.

Fig2.5: Resistor

​In the noise detector circuit we use few resistors they are:

▪ R1=10KΩ
▪ R2,R3=22KΩ
▪ R4=100KΩ
▪ R5,R9,R10=56KΩ
▪ R6=5K6Ω
▪ R7=560KΩ
▪ R8=2K2Ω
▪ R11=1K
▪ R12=33KΩ

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▪ R13=330KΩ

2.4 CAPACITORS

Just like a Resistor, the Capacitor sometime referred to as a condenser, is a simple passive
device that is used to "store electricity". The Capacitor is a component which has the ability or
"capacity" to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference
(static voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. In its basic form, a
Capacitor consist of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which are not connected or
touching each other, but it is electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good
insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as
used in electrolytic capacitors.
The insulating layer between capacitor plates is commonly called Dielectric. Due to this
insulating layer, DC current cannot flow throw the capacitor as it blocks allowing instead a
voltage to be present across the plate in the form of an electrical charge. The conductive metal
plates of a capacitor can be square, circular or rectangular, or they can be a cylindrical or
spherical shape with the general shape, size and construction of a parallel plate capacitor
depending on its application and voltage rating.
When used in a direct current or a DC circuit, a Capacitor charges up to its supply voltage
but block the flow of current through it because the dielectric of a capacitor is non-conductive
and basically an insulator.
Capacitors used in the noise detector are :
▪ C1=100nF
▪ C2=10uF
▪ C3=470uF
▪ C4=47uF

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 Fig2.6: Capacitor 100nF

2.5 Miniature electret microphnone

Fig 2.7: Electret microphone

HOW DOES ITS WORKS ?

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic , one of these
plates is made of very light material and act as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when
struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the

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capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge
current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current
occurs. A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either
by a battery in the MIC or by external phantom power.
Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck as the name for this type
of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into electrical energy.
Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source.

2.6 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device , which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beeper include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Early devices were
based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong.
Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to
buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The
word “buzzer” comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

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 Fig 2.8: Buzzer

2.7 LED
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED): A LED is a semiconductor device that emits visible
light when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most
LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from LED can range
from red(at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometres) to blue-voilet(about 400
nanometres). Some LEDs emit infrared(IR) energy (830 nanometres or longer); such a device is
known as an Infrared Emitting Device (IRED).
An LED or IRED consist of two elements of processed material called P-type
semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are placed in direct contact,
forming a region called the P-N junction. In this respect, the LED or IRED resembles most other
most other diode types, but there an important differences. The LED or IRED has a transparent

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package, allowing visible or IR energy to pass through. Also, the LED or IRED has a large P-N
junction area whose shape is tailored to the application.

Fig 2.9: led

2.8 BATTERY
​An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells contains a
positive terminal, or cathode and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move
between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform
work. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids
and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone
exchange and computer data centres.

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to
bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications. Wire is commonly formed by
drawing the metal though a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges comes in various standard
sizes, as expressed in terms of a guage number. The term wire is also used more loosly to refer to

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a bundle of such strands, as in 'multistanded wire', which is more correctly termed a wire rope in
mechanics, or a cable in electricity.

Fig 2.10 Battery with connecting wire

CHAPTER-3

WORKING AND OPERATION

3.1 WORKING
​The circuit diagram of noise detector circuit using op-amp 74tis shown in above
figure1.2 The heart of the circuit is Op-Amp 358 which is used to order to sense the variation of
sound waves condenser microphones. The sensitivity of the condenser microphone is adjusted by
the value of resistor R1 used in the circuit. Once the microphone detects the sound vibration, it
peaks them up and converts into electrical signal. The output of the microphone is fed as input to
the pin2 for lC1 via coupling capacitor C1. Then the signal undergoes amplification and it is
forwarded to (lC348) which in this project serves as a comparator device. The non-Inverting pin3
of lC2 receives input from amplified output signal of ICL through another capacitor C2. In the
same way, an inverting pin lC2 fetches input signal from a reference voltage VR2.

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 At the final stage, lC2 output is fed as triggering input pulse to Darlington pair transistors
TL and T2. A piezo-buzzer and led which is connected at end of transistor T2 i.e. at the emitter
terminal of the component responsible to produce beeping sound at the end of the operation
followed throughout the entire circuit.

3.2 DEVICE PURPOSE

​This circuit is intended to signal through a flashing LED, the exceeding of a fixed
threshold in room noise, chosen from three fixed levels, namely 50, 70 & 85 dB. Two Op-amps
provide the necessary circuit gain for sounds picked-up by a miniature electrets microphone to
drive a LED. With SW1 in the first position the circuit is off. Second, third and fourth positions
power the circuit and set the input sensitivity threshold to 85, 70 & 50 dB respectively.
Current drawing is <1mA with LED off and 12-15mA when the LED is steady on.

Use:
* Place the small box containing the circuit in the room you intend to measure ambient noise.
* The 50 dB setting is provided to monitor the noise in the bedroom at night. If the LED in
steady on, or flashes bright often, then your bedroom is inadequate and too noisy for sleep.
*The 70 dB setting is for living-rooms. If this level is often exceeded during the day, your
apartment is rather uncomfortable.
*If noise level is constantly over 85 dB, 8 hours a day, then you live in a dangerous environment.

3.3 ADVANTAGES

1. Security system for our house office or store.

2. Statistics on barking dogs.
3. Automate notification upon detection of sound.
4. Used as a door bell.
5. As a spy purpose.
6. As a source to overcome the cheating in exams.

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3.4 DISADVANTAGES

​l. Electrets microphone inserts are low cost, but only produce a very small signal which requires
amplification.
2. The background noise level can vary considerably, and so some form of calibration is
required.

3.5 PROJECT OJECTIVE

The objectives of the project are:
1. To build circuit for the room noise detector.
2. To know the sound level (50dB,70dB,and 80dB) if LED is flashes on accordingly.
3. To test the sensitivity and functionality of the circuit .

3.6 PROJECT SCOPE

The room noise detector will detect three noise levels that are 50dB to 70dB,70dBto 85dB
and more than 85dB.Led will turn bright if the noise level detect is accordingly.

3.7 HYPOTHESIS OF THE PROJECT

​Hypothesis of the project is the LED will turn bright if the noise level detected is more
than 50dB.A switch will be used to set the input sensitivity threshold to 50dB,70dB,and 85dB.

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 Table 3.1: Different noise levels in dBs.

CHAPTER-4

APPLICATIONS

1. Burglar alarm
2. Child protection device
3. Vacuum cleaners
4. Residential areas& fridges
5. Passing trucks& Noisy hall
6. This can be used as security system for home/office.
7. The system can be used as a spy circuit i.e. voice recorder.
8. The system can be used as a clapping switch.

CHAPTER -5

CONCLUSION
In this project we got lots of concept regarding the sound detector which provides sound
detecting process, this can be used as our modern electronic security system, doorbells, at our

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 homes or offices. This circuit are also similar as cell phone detector, metal detector etc. we got
lots of concept over op-amps and when treating op-amp as a comparator. We got how gain is
produce amplification and how the reference voltage changes the intensity of output is affected.
The research aims to know the noise level by using the Arduino Uno as data processing
input from sensors and called as Sound Noise Level (SNL). The working principle of the
instrument is as noise detector with the show notifications the noise level on the LCD indicator
and in the audiovisual form. Noise detection using the sensor is a condenser microphone and LM
358 as IC op-amps, which are assembled so that it can detect the noise, which sounds are
captured by the sensor will turn the tide of sinusoidal voice became sine wave energy electricity
(altering sinusoidal electric current) that is able to responded to complaints by the Arduino Uno.
The tool is equipped with a detector consists of a set indicator LED and sound well as the
notification from the text on LCD . Work setting indicators on the condition that, if the measured
noise > 75 dB then sound will beep, the red LED will light up indicating the status of the danger.
If the measured value on the LCD is higher than 56 dB, sound indicator will be beep and yellow
LED will be on indicating noisy. If the noise measured value <55 dB, sound indicator will be
quiet indicating peaceful from noisy. From the result of the research can be explained that the
SNL is capable to detecting and displaying noise level with a measuring range 50-100 dB and
capable to delivering the notification noise in audiovisual.

​CHAPTER -6

REFERNCES

1. Public domain material from the General Services Administration document “Federal Standard
1037C”(in support of MIL-STD-188).
2. NOISE DETECTOR.docxby Naavalan krishnaga Art’w.
3. Electronic device and circuit- Anil k. Maini and Varsha Agarwal.
4. Semiconductor physics and devices- S.S Islam.
5. Electronics fundamentals and applications- D. Chatopadhyay, P.C Rakshit.
6. Principle of electronics- V.K Mehta and M. K. Mehta.

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