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Solutions for Class 11 History for Chapter 1 From the Beginning of Time

Look at the diagram showing the positive feedback mechanism on page 13. Can you list the inputs that
Connect
went into toolwith usWhat were the processes that were strengthened by tool making?
making?

Answer:
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Increase in size and capacity of brain
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Visual surveillance, long distance walking, while foraging and hunting
Upright walking (Bipedalism)
Hands freed for using tools and carrying infants, objects
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The processes which were strengthened by the making of tools were:
In the process of making tools, man interacted with varieties of stone and wooden materials; his mental capacity,
material knowledge with specific technical skills improved. This improvement shifted man's mode of earning
food from scavenging to hunting and crop cultivation. Now he could use tools to hunt animals and to process the
meat by separating bones.

2. Humans and mammals such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behaviour and anatomy.
This indicates that humans possibly evolved from apes. List these resemblances in two columns under the
headings of (a) behaviour and (b) anatomy. Are there any differences that you think are noteworthy?

Answer:

Humans and mammals such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behaviour and anatomy. This
shows that humans possibly evolved from apes.

Resemblances in behavior:

Both can climb on trees

Both can stay as groups and look after their babies by carrying them and feeding them.
Both use oral sound to communicate with each other

Resemblances in anatomy: Both have -

body hair
a long gestation period following birth
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mammary glands
different types of teeth
ability to maintain a constant body temperature

Noteworthy differences:

Some features of human tool making are not known among apes.

Certain anatomical and neurological (related to the nervous system) adaptations have led to the skilled use
of hands, due to the important role of tools in human lives. Monkeys and apes have no such physical
neurological features.

Moreover, the ways in which humans use and make tools often require greater memory and complex
organisational skills, both of which are absent among apes and monkeys.

Discuss the arguments advanced in favour of the regional continuity model of human origins. Do you
think it provides a convincing explanation of the archaeological evidence? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:

The regional continuity model (with multiple regions of origin) argues that the archaic (the old) Homo sapiens
in different regions gradually evolved at different rates into modern humans, and hence the variation in the first
appearance of modern humans in different parts of the world. The argument is based on the regional differences
in the features of present-day humans. Supporters of this theory advocate that these dissimilarities are due to
differences between the pre-existing Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis populations that occupied
the same regions.

However, the available evidence of the earliest fossils of modern humans from Omo in Ethiopia disproves the
claims of the regional continuity model.

Which of the following do you think is best documented in the archaeological record: (a) gathering, (b)
tool making, (c) the use of fire?
Answer:

Tool making is best documented in the archaeological record. The earliest evidence for the making and use of
stone tools comes from sites in Ethiopia and Kenya. It is likely that the earliest stone tool makers were the
Australopithecus.

ANSWER IN A SHORT ESSAY

Discuss the extent to which (a) hunting and (b) constructing shelters would have been facilitated by the
use of language. What other modes of communication could have been used for these activities?

Answer:

Hunting and constructing shelters would have been facilitated by the use of language because these two
activities are group activities requiring collective labour and cooperation among fellow humans.
Humans certainly had to communicate with each other during the group activities. Language was vital tool
in these group activities.

Other modes of communication:

Gestures or hand movements, other non-verbal communication such as singing or humming, imitation of
movements and sounds of birds and animals, cave paintings and other expressions with signs could have
been used for these activities.
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Choose any two developments each from Timelines 1 and 2 at the end of the chapter and indicate why you
think these are significant.

Answer: Timeline- 1

2.6-2.5 mya - Earliest stone tools

The earliest evidence for the making and use of stone tools comes from sites in Ethiopia and Kenya. It is likely
that the earliest stone tool makers were the Australopithecus. Tools enabled man to become hunter from
scavenger, and then, cultivator of his own crops for food.

0.8 mya- 'Archaic' sapiens,Homo heidelbergensis

The earliest fossiIs from Europe are of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis. Both belong to the
species of archaic (old) Homo sapiens. The fossils of Homo heidelbergensis (0.8-0.1 mya) have a wide
distribution, having been found in Africa, Asia and Europe.

Timeline- 2

Development of voice box -200,000 years ago

The brain of Homo habilis (the tool maker) had certain features which would have made it possible for them to
speak. Thus, language may have developed as early as 2 mya. The evolution of the vocal tract was equally
important. This occurred around 200,000 years ago. It is more specifically associated with modern humans.

Invention of sewing needles- 21,000 years ago

The trapping of fur-bearing animals (to use the fur for clothing) and the invention of sewing needles are
important developments in human history. Early man had used grass, leaves, tree bark, and animal skin to protect
his body from harsh weather. The invention of sewing needles made it possible to stitch cloth and make many
strong and durable dress materials. Man started experimenting with various types of naturally available fibrous
materials such as silk, cotton, wool, jute. This revolutionized his material condition and culture. The earliest
evidence of sewn clothing comes from about 21,000 years ago.

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NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 1 From the Beginning of Time
NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 10 Displacing Indigenous Peoples
NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 11 Paths to Modernisation
NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 2 Writing and City Life
NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents
NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 4 The Central Islamic Lands
NCERT Solutions Class 11 History Chapter 5 Nomadic Empires
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