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9/8/2019 TOP 250+ Digital image processing Interview Questions and Answers 08 September 2019 - Digital image processing

ocessing Interview Questions …

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DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSINGINTERVIEW


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QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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Answer : image-brightness-
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Image will have high contrast, if theJava
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Question 5. De ne Mach Band Effect?

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Answer : The spatial interaction Java Dip Basic


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Question 6. De ne Brightness? Shape Conversion


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Answer : Brightness of an objectuniversity/digital-
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Question 7. De ne Tapered Quantization?
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Answer : 25192.html)
If gray levels in a certain range occur
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Question 8. What Do You Meant By25195.html)
Gray Level?

Answer : Gray level refers to a scalar measure


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Answer : Resolution is de ned as the smallest
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number of discernible detail in an image. Spatial
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resolution is the smallest discernible detail in an
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Question 10. Write The M X N Digital Image In
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Compact Matrix Form?

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Answer : Java Dip Kirsch


f(x,y )= f(0,0) f(0,1)………………f(0,N-1)
☰ Operator
f(1,0) f(1,1)………………f(1,N-1)
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Question 11. Write The Expressiontutorial-1384/java-
To Find The
dip-robinson-
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Digital Images? university/digital-

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Question 13. What Do You Meant By Shrinking Of
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Digital Images?
Introduction To
Answer : Shrinking may be viewed as under
Opencv
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sampling. To shrink an image by one half, we
university/digital-
delete every row and column. To reduce possible
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slightly before shrinking it. dip-introduction-
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Question 14. De ne The Term Radiance?
image-processing-
Answer : Radiance is the total amount of
tutorial-1384/java-
dip-opencv-
energy that ows from the light source, and it is
grayscale-
usually measured in watts (w).
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Question 15. De ne The Term Luminance?

Answer : All Practice


Luminance measured in lumens (lm),
Tests
gives a measure of the amount of energy an
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observer perceiver from a light source.
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Question 16. What Is Image Transform?

Answer : An image can be expanded in terms


of a discrete set of basis arrays called basis
images. Unitary matrices can generate these
basis images. Alternatively, a given NXN image
can be viewed as an N^2X1 vectors. An image
transform provides a set of coordinates or basis
vectors for vector space.

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Question 17. What Are The Applications Of


Transform? ()
Answer : To reduce band width
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To reduce redundancy
☰ To extract feature.

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Question 18. Give The Conditions For Perfect


Transform?

Answer : Transpose of matrix = Inverse of a


matrix. Orthoganality.

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Question 19. What Are The Properties Of Unitary


Transform?

Answer : Determinant and the Eigen values of


a unitary matrix have unity magnitude
The entropy of a random vector is preserved
under a unitary Transformation
Since the entropy is a measure of average
information, this means information is
preserved under a unitary transformation. ()

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Question 20. Write The Expression Of One-



dimensional Discrete Fourier Transforms?

Answer : Forward transform


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The sequence of x(n) is given by x(n) = { x0,x1,x2,
… xN-1}.
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X(k) = (n=0 to N-1) _ x(n) exp(-j 2* pi* nk/N) ; k=
0,1,2,…N-1

Reverse transforms

X(n) = (1/N) (k=0 to N-1) _ x(k) exp(-j 2* pi* nk/N) ;


n= 0,1,2,…N-1

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Question 21. Properties Of Twiddle Factor?

Answer : 1. Periodicity

WN^(K+N)= WN^K

2. Symmetry

WN^(K+N/2)= -WN^K

Question 22. Give The Properties Of One-


dimensional Dft?

Answer : The DFT and unitary DFT matrices


are symmetric. ()

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The extensions of the DFT and unitary DFT


☰ of a sequence and their inverse transforms
are periodic with period N.
The DFT or unitary DFT of a real sequence is
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conjugate symmetric about N/2.
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Question 23. Give The Properties Of Two-


dimensional Dft?

Answer : Symmetric
Periodic extensions
Sampled Fourier transform
Conjugate symmetry.

Question 24. What Is Cosine Transform?

Answer : The NXN cosine transform c(k) is


called the discrete cosine transform and is
de ned as

C(k) = 1/_N , k=0, 0 _ n _ N-1 = _ (2/N) cos (pi


(2n+1)/2N 1_ k _ N-1, 0_ n _ N-1

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Search for Jobs... Question 25. Write The Properties Of Cosine 

Transform?

Answer : Real & orthogonal.


Fast transform.
Has excellent energy compaction for highly
correlated data

Question 26. Write The Properties Of Sine


Transform?

Answer : Real, symmetric and orthogonal.


Not the imaginary part of the unitary DFT.
Fast transform.

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Question 27. Write The Properties Of Hadamard


Transform?

Answer : Hadamard transform contains any


one value.
No multiplications are required in the
transform calculations.
The no: of additions or subtractions required
can be reduced from N^2 to Nlog2N
Very good energy compaction for highly
()
correlated images.

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Search for Jobs... Question 28. De ne Haar Transform? 

Answer : The Haar functions are de ned on a


continuous interval Xe [0,1] and for K=0,1,……. N-
1.Where N=2^n. The integer k can be uniquely
decomposed as K=2^P+Q-1.

Question 29. Write The Expression For Hadamard


Transforms?

Answer : Hadamard transform matrices Hn are


NXN matrices where N=2^n , n= 1,2,3,… is de ned
as Hn= Hn-1 * H1 = H1* Hn-1

= 1/ _ 2 Hn-1 Hn-1

H2 = 1 1

1 –1

Question 30. What Are The Properties Of Haar


Transform?

Answer : Haar transform is real and


orthogonal.
Haar transform is a very fast transform
Haar transform has very poor energy
compaction for images
The basic vectors of Haar matrix sequency
ordered.

Question 31. What Are The Properties Of Slant


Transform?

Answer : Slant transform is real and


()
orthogonal.

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Slant transform is a fast transform


☰ Slant transform has very good energy
compaction for images
The basic vectors of Slant matrix are not
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sequency ordered.
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Question 32. De ne Of Kl Transform?

Answer : KL Transform is an optimal in the


sense that it minimizes the mean square error
between the vectors X and their approximations
X^. Due to this idea of using the Eigenvectors
corresponding to largest Eigen values. It is also
known as principal component transform.

Question 33. Justify That Klt Is An Optimal


Transform?

Answer : Since mean square error of


reconstructed image and original image is
minimum and the mean value of transformed
image is zero so that uncorrelated.

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Question 34. Explain The Term Digital Image?

Answer : The digital image is an array of real or


complex numbers that is represented by a nite
no of bits.

Question 35. Write Any Four Applications Of Dip?

Answer : Remote sensing


Image transmission and storage for
()
business application

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Medical imaging

Astronomy

Question 36. What Is The Effect Of Mach Band


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Pattern?
Search for Jobs... Answer : The intensity or the brightness 

pattern perceive a darker stribe in region D and


brighter stribe in region B.This effect is called
Mach band pattern or effect.

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Question 37. Write Down The Properties Of 2d


Fourier Transform?

Answer : Separability
Translation
Periodicity and Conjugate property
Rotation
Distributivity and scaling
Average value
Convolution and Correlation
Laplacian

Question 38. Obtain The Hadamard


Transformation For N = 4?

Answer :         N = 4 = 2n

         => n = 2

Question 39. Write Down The Properties Of Haar


Transform?

Answer : Real and orthogonal ()


Very fast transform
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Basis vectors are sequentially



ordered
Has fair energy compaction for image
Useful in feature extraction,image
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coding and image analysis problem
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Question 40. What Is Image Enhancement?

Answer : Image enhancement is to process an


image so that the output is more suitable for
speci c application.

Digital Signal Processing Interview


Questions
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Question 41. Name The Categories Of Image


Enhancement And Explain?

Answer : The categories of Image


Enhancement are

Spatial domain
Frequency domain Spatial domain: It refers
to the image plane, itself and it is based on
direct manipulation of pixels of an image.

Frequency domain techniques are based on


modifying the Fourier transform of an image.

Question 42. What Do You Mean By Point


Processing?

Answer : Image enhancement at any Point in


an image depends only on the gray level at that
point is often referred to as Point processing.
()

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Search for Jobs... Question 43. Explain Mask Or Kernels? 

Answer : A Mask is a small two-dimensional


array, in which the value of the mask coe cient
determines the nature of the process, such as
image sharpening.

Question 44. What Is Image Negatives?

Answer : The negative of an image with gray


levels in the range [0, L-1] is obtained by using the
negative transformation, which is given by the
expression.

s = L-1-r

Where s is output pixel.

r is input pixel.

Question 45. De ne Histogram?

Answer : The histogram of a digital image with


gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is a discrete
function h (rk) = nk, where rk is the kth gray level
and nk is the number of pixels in the image having
gray level rk.

Question 46. De ne Derivative Filter?

Answer : For a function f (x, y), the gradient f at


co-ordinate (x, y) is de ned as the

vector_f = _f/_x

_f/_y

_f = mag (_f) = {[(_f/_x) 2 +(_f/_y) 2 ]} ½ ()

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Question 47. Explain Spatial Filtering?



Answer : Spatial ltering is the process of
moving the lter mask from point to point in an
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image. For linear spatial lter, the response is
given by a sum of products of the lter
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coe cients, and the corresponding image pixels
in the area spanned by the lter mask.

Question 48. De ne Averaging Filters?

Answer : The output of a smoothing, linear


spatial lter is the average of the pixels contain in
the neighborhood of the lter mask. These lters
are called averaging lters.

Question 49. What Is A Median Filter?

Answer : The median lter replaces the value


of a pixel by the median of the gray levels in the
neighborhood of that pixel.

Question 50. What Is Maximum Filter And


Minimum Filter?

Answer : The 100th percentile is maximum


lter is used in nding brightest points in an
image. The 0th percentile lter is minimum lter
used for nding darkest points in an image.

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