Chapter # 2

Array
Arrangement of data in ascending or descending order is called array.

For example:

Ascending order
1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9

Descending order
6, 6, 7, 9, 3, 4, 4, 7, 2, 3, 8, 5, 6, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 1, 7, 3, 4, 8, 5, 5, 8, 2, 9, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5

Classification
The process of the arrangement of data in form of groups on the basis of some common
characteristics is called classification.

For example: During the process of sorting letters in a post office, the letters are classified according
to the cities and further arranged according to streets.

Bases of Classification
There are four important bases of classification:

(1) Qualitative Base (2) Quantitative Base (3) Geographical Base (4) Chronological or Temporal Base

(1) Qualitative Base

When the data are classified according to a quality or attribute such as sex, religion, literacy,
intelligence, etc.

(2) Quantitative Base

When the data are classified by quantitative characteristics like height, weight, age, income, etc.

(3) Geographical Base

When the data are classified by geographical regions or location, like states, provinces, cities,
countries, etc.

(4) Chronological or Temporal Base

When the data are classified or arranged by their time of occurrence, such as years, months, weeks,
days, etc.

Types of classification
One-way classification
When the classification is done on the basis of single criteria is called one way classification

Two-way classification
When the classification is done on the basis of two criteria is called one way classification

Multiway classification
When the classification is done on the basis of more than two criteria is called one way classification.

Tabulation
The process of the arrangement of data in the form of rows and columns

Parts of table
1) Title
2) Head note or prefatory note
3) Caption box
4) Stub heading
5) Foot note
6) Source note

Frequency distribution
The tabular form in which firm column contain classes and the second column contain their cross-
ponding frequency is called frequency distribution

Steps to make frequency distribution

1) Smallest value
Largest value

Range = largest value - Smallest value

2) No of classes = 1+3.3logN
N = Total number of values
3) Class interval = Range/Number of classes
4) Write down the decided classes
5) Distribute the data among the classes

Class
Group of some similar elements is called class.

Frequency
The total number of values fall in in any class is called frequency

Open end class

The class without upper and lower limit is called open end class

Relative frequency
Relative frequency is obtained by the dividing each frequency by the sum of frequency is called
relative frequency

Note: sum of relative frequency is always equal to 1

Cumulative frequency
Cumulative frequency distribution is the sum of the class and all classes below it in a frequency
distribution. All that means is you're adding up a value and all of the values that came before it.

Basic terms associated with frequency distribution

1) Class boundaries
2) Class limit
3) Class mid-point
4) Class size/ interval
5) Class frequency

Class limit
If upper limit of any class and lower limit of very next class is different is called class limit.

Class boundary
If upper limit of any class and lower limit of very next class is same is called class limit.

Class mid-point
The class midpoint (or class mark) is a specific point in the center of the bins (categories) in a
frequency distribution table; It's also the center of a bar in a histogram. It is defined as the average
of the upper- and lower-class limits.

Class size
Class size/interval means gap between upper- and lower-class boundaries of the frequency
distribution

Class frequency
The frequencies available against each class of a frequency distribution is called class frequency.

Sum of frequency sign is ∑f

Types of charts
1) Simple bar chart
2) Multiple bar chart
3) Staked bar chart/ sub divided bar chart
4) Simple component bar chart
5) Percentage component bar chart
6) Sub divided rectangular bar chart
7) Pie chart
Multiple bar chart
The diagram in which more than one bar or used to present the parts of data is called
multiple bar chart

Pie chart
A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to illustrate
numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently its central angle
and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents.

Difference between graph and chart

Graph
1) It is plotted on graph paper only
2) It is plotted on graph quantitative data
3) It must have proper scaling axis

Chart
1) It is plotted on ordinary paper
2) It is plotted for qualitative data
3) Paper scaling is not a requirement

Types of graph
1) Histogram
2) Frequency curve
3) Frequency polygon
4) Cumulative frequency polygon or ogive
5) Historigram

Histogram
Frequency distribution in which height of rectangle show the frequency of class is called histogram

Frequency polygon
Both sides of the x-axis close graph which is obtained by joining the mid-points of rectangle in
histogram is called frequency curve.

Frequency curve
Smooth curve which is obtained by joining the midpoints of rectangles in histogram is called
frequency curve and not both sides of x-axis are close.

Ogive
The graph of the cumulative frequency is called ogive and it is also called cumulative frequency
polygon

Historigram: The graph of the time series data is called historigram