ABSTRACT

The rising cost of construction material is a matter of concern. The reason for

increase in cost is high demand of concrete and scarcity of raw material. Hence most of the

researchers have focus on use of the waste materials in concrete according to their properties. In

this study, M 20 grade of concrete was produced by replacing by rubber chips. 8 cubes and 8

cylinders were casted and their compressive strength and tensile strength were evaluated at 28

days.

The compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete reduced as the percentage

replacement increased. Concrete produced by 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of coarse

aggregate by rubber chips attained 28 days compressive strength and split tensile strength. The

results show that rubber chips concrete can be used in concrete construction. Its utilization is cost

effective and eco-friendly.

Keywords: Aggregate, mortar, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength

 CONTENTS
PAGE NO
CHAPTER-1 1-9
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Back Ground 3
1.2 Problem Statement 6
1.3 Objectives of Studies 7

1.4 Scope of the Study 7

1.5 Significance of the Study 7
1.6 Applications 8

CHAPTER-2 10-12
LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Previous Studies 10

CHAPTER-3 13-21
3. MATERIALS AND METHOD 13
3.1 Tests on Cement 13
3.1.1 Fineness of Cement by Dry Sieving Method 14
3.1.2 Standard Consistency of Cement 14
3.1.3 Initial Setting and Final Setting time 15

3.1.4 Soundness of Cement 15

3.1.5 Specific Gravity of Cement 15
3.1.6 Compressive Strength of cement 16
3.2 Tests on Aggregate 17
3.2.1 Grain Size Distribution of Fine Aggregate 18
3.2.2 Grain Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregate 18

3.2.3 Aggregate Abrasion Value 18

3.2.4 Aggregate Impact Value 19
 3.2.5 Aggregate Crushing Value 19
3.2.6 Specific Gravity and Water absorption of Fine Aggregate 20
3.3. Specific Gravity and Water Absorption 21

CHAPTER-4 22-33
4. Concrete Mix Design 22
4.1 Introduction 22
4.1.1 Mix Design 22
4.1.2 Concept of Mix Design 22
4.1.3 Variables in Proportioning 22

4.2 Concrete Mix Design as per Indian Standard Code 23

4.2.1 Introduction 23
4.2.2 Requirements of Concrete Mix Design 24
4.3 Types of Mixes 24
4.3.1 Nominal Mixes 24
4.3.2 Standard Mixes 24

4.3.3 Designed Mixes 25

4.4 Factors Affecting the Choice of Mix Proportions 25
4.4.1 Compressive Strength 25
4.4.2 Workability 25
4.4.3 Durability 26
4.4.4 Maximum Nominal Size of Aggregate 26

4.4.5 Grading and Type of Aggregate 26

4.4.6 Quality Control 26
4.4.7 Mix Proportion Designations 27
4.5 Factors to be Considered for Mix Design 27
4.6 Procedure for Mix Design 27
4.7 Advantages of Mix Design 29
Mix design for M20 Grade 30

CHAPTER-5 34-47
5. TESTS ON CONCRETE 34
5.1 Introduction 34
5.1.1 Tests on Fresh Concrete 35
5.1.2 Tests Conducted to Check Quality of Concrete 35

5.1.3 Tests to be Conducted on Site as well as Lab for Quality Control 36

5.1.3.1 Slump Test 36
5.1.3.2 Compaction Factor 39
5.1.4 Preparation of Test Specimens 42
5.1.5 Curing Method 43
5.1.6 Tests on Hardened Concrete 44

5.1.6.1 Introduction 44
5.1.6.2 Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete 45
5.1.6.3 Test for Tensile Strength of Concrete 47

CHAPTER-6 51
RESULTS 51

CHAPTER-7 52
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 52

CHAPTER-8 53
REFERENCES 53

ANNEXURE-I 54-56
ANNEXURE-II 57-61
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE.NO
• Figure -1.1 rubber chips 4
• Figure-2.1 rubber chips aggregate 13

• Figure-3.1 cement 13
• Figure-3.2(a) course aggregate 21
• Figure-3.2(b) fine aggregate 21
• Figure -5.1.3.1 four types of slump 37
• Figure- 5.1.3.2 compaction factor test 40
• Figure- 5.1.5 curing of cubes 43

• Figure- 5.1.6.2(a) cubes under compression in UTM 46

• Figure- 5.1.6.2(b) cubes after compression 46
• Figure- 5.1.6.3(a) cylinder under tension in UTM 47
• Figure- 5.1.6.3(b) cylinder after failure 47
LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO
• Table: 3.1.1 test results of cement 17

• Table 3.2.1 physical test of aggregate 20

• Table 3.2.2 sieve analysis of coarse aggregate 21

• Table3.3.1 physical properties of rubber chips 21

• Table 5.1.3.1 slump values of rubber chips 38

• Table 5.1.3.3 compaction factor values of rubber chips 41

• Table 5.1.3.4 mix proportions 43

• Table 5.7.1 dimensions of specimens 44

• Table 5.7.2 no, of specimens required for 3,7&28days 45

• Table 6.1 compressive strength of cubes 48

• Table 6.2 tensile strength of cubes 48

LIST OF GRAPHS PAGE.NO

• Graph- 5.1.3.1 variation in slump 39

• Graph- 5.1.3.3 variation in compaction 41

• Graph- 6.1(a) compressive strength v/s % of rubber chips(bar) 49

• Graph- 6.1(b) compressive strength v/s % of rubber chips(line) 49

• Graph- 6.2(a) tensile strength v/s % of rubber chips(bar) 50

• Graph-6.2(b) tensile strength v/s % of rubber chips(line) 50

 NOMENCLATURE
A.A.S.H.T.O : American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials

A.C.I : American Concrete International

A.S.T.M : American Society for Testing Materials

B.I.S : Bureau of Indian Standards

C.T.M : Compression Testing Machine

U.T.M : Universal Testing Machine

Fck : Characteristic Compressive Strength in N/mm2 after 28 days

Fb : Flexural Strength

I.S : Indian Standards

M35 : Mix Characteristic Compressive Strength after 28 days curing

in N/mm2

MORTH : Ministry of Road Transportation and Highways

Mpa : Mega Pascal

Psi : Pounds per Square inch