NOSHAHI ACADEMY

CHAPTER: MEASUREMENTS
QUESTION 1:- What are physical quantities and what are its types?
Ans: - PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:-
All measureable quantities are known as “physical quantities”.
OR
All those quantities in terms of which laws of physics can be described
are called “physical quantities”.
TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:-
Physical quantities have been divides into two categories:-
1. Base quantities
2. Derived quantities.
Define Base quantities:-
Base quantities are those quantities which cannot be defined in terms of other
physical quantities.
Length, mass, time are typical examples of base quantities.
The base quantities are the minimum number of physical quantities in terms of
which other physical quantities can be defined.
Define Derived quantities:-
Derived quantities are those whose definitions are expressed in terms of
other physical quantities.
Velocity, acceleration and force are the examples of derived quantities.
What are the Measurement of Base quantity:-
The measurement of base quantity is based on two steps.
1. Selection of a standard
2. Establishment of a procedure for comparing the quantity to be measured with
the standard so that number and unit are found as the measure of that
quantity.
What are the characteristics of ideal standard?
Characteristics of Ideal Standard:-
It has two main characteristics:
1. It is accessible
2. It is invariable (permanent)

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS:-

Define the term System International?
System International:-
In 1960, an international committee agreed on a set of definitions and
standards to describe the physical quantity. The system that was established by this
committee is called the “system international” or “international system of units”.
Units in System International:-
The units included in this system are known as SI units. SI units are being used by
world’s scientific community in all scientific works.
Explain the kinds of SI?
KINDS OF SI:-
The system international is built up from three kinds of units;
1. Base units
2. Supplementary units
3. Derives units
BASE UNITS:-
In SI there are seven base units of various physical quantities which are named as:
Length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminous light (Intensity of light),
amount of substance (in terms of particles, moles).
 Physical quantity SI Unit Symbol
Length meter M
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second S
Electric current ampere
Thermodynamic kelvin k
temperature
Intensity of light candela Cd
Amount of substance mole Mol

DERIVED UNITS:-
SI unit of all other physical quantities derived from the base and
supplementary units are called “derived units”.
For example; the unit of velocity, acceleration, force, work etc. are the derived units
because the units of these quantities are the combination of two or more units.
Physical quantity Unit Symbol In term of Base
units
Force newton N Kgm/s2
Work joule J Nm=kgm2s-2
Power watt W Js-1=kgm2 s-3
Pressure pascal Pa Nm-2=kgm-1 s-2
Charge coulomb C As

SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS:-
The units which are neither base units nor derived units, are called
“supplementary units” and are usually used for geometrical quantities, they are;
1. Plane angle
2. Solid angle
PHYSICAL QUANTITY SI Unit Symbol
Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr
Define and explain the term Radian?
Ans: - RADIAN:-
It is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which
cuts off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius of
circle.
FORMULA:-
Angle in radian is measured by dividing an arc length s
Of the circle by its radius. i.e.
= s/r
RELATION BETWEEN RADIAN AND DEGREE:-
Since circumference of the circle is 2 r. so total plane angle in
radian for the whole circle is 2 radian.
As =s/r
=2 r/r
=2 radian (1)
For one circle, there is 2 radian angle at centre of the circle.
Also in degree
=360 (2)
Comparing equation 1 and 2, we get;
2 rad=360
Since 1 radian=360/2
=57.3
 Define and explain the term Steradian?
Ans:- STERADIAN:-
It is the solid angle (three dimensional) subtended at the centre
of sphere by surface element whose area is equal to the square of the radius of the
sphere, shown in figure
FORMULA:-
Solid angle in steradian is measured by dividing the
Surface element of the sphere by square of its radius.
=A/r2
Since surface area of the whole sphere is 4 r2. So total solid angle in
Steradian for the whole sphere is 4 sr.
As =A/r2
=4 r2/r2
=4 sr
=12.568 sr
NOTE:-
1 degree is the angle subtended at the centre of circle by 1\360th part of its
circumference.
1 minute is the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by 1\60th part of its
circumference.
Define scientific notation?
Ans:- Scientific Notation:-
Numbers are expressed in standard form called “Scientific
Notation”, which employs power of ten.
OR
Writing a number in powers of 10 or standard form M*10p is called “Scientific
Notation”.
The internationally accepted practice is that there should be only one non-zero digit
left of decimal. Thus the number 123.4 should be written as 1.234*102 and 0.00123
becomes 1.234*10-3.